the french revolution, napoleon and other revolutions
TRANSCRIPT
UNIT 2 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION NAPOLEON
AND OTHER REVOLUTIONS (1789-1876)
CODE CIVIL DES FRANYAIS
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Enduring Understandings 1 The collision of social unrest and new political ideas can lead to revolution 2 In times of crisis people will turn to strong leaders to gain a sense of stability 3 Nationalism can act as both a unifying and divisive force 4 New ideas and inventions create progress but this can be accompanied by problems
Enlightenment Spreads and Leads to
1 How did the enlightenment affect the following absolute monarchs
a Frederick the Great
b Joseph II
c Catherine the Great
2 How did the enlightenment lead to a change in the relationship between the ruler and the state
The American Revolution
3 List three examples of how Britain was absolutist in its treatment of the American colonies
4 What enlightenment idea is demonstrated by the colonists complaint about taxation without
representation
5 What ideas from the enlightenment form the basis of the Declaration of Independence Explain how
the enlightenment ideas are illustrated in the Declaration of Independence
6 Why were the Americans able to defeat Britain in the American Revolution
7 How are the enlightenment ideas illustrated in the US Constitution
CD
- Causes of the French Revolution Date _
-7 Why was the wedding of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI politically significant
-7 What was the reputation of Louis XVI when he became king
-7 How was the French Revolution a product of the Enlightenment
-7 What was the impact of Louis assistance to the American colonists in their War of Independence
A Old Regime
Who How many Taxes Divisions Activities
First Estate
Second Estate
I
Third Estate
The Third Estate the Bourgeoisie the workers
the peasants
B Financial Crisis
-7 When the cost of flour increases dramatically what is the impact
-7 Who was Jacques Necker Why does he urge Louis to call together the Estates General
-7 Who was Maximillian Robespierre What is his role in the Estates General
-7 What was the Tennis Court Oath and what pledge did its authors make
Application task Create a political cartoon that comments on the social situation in Old Regime France (before the revolution) Your cartoon should provide insight as to the level of inequality that pervaded the
ench social class structure
equirements
bull Must be neat detailed and colorful
bull Must express a clear opinion on the subject
bull Provide a written explanation that describes the following
(1) what is seen (2) element(s) of humor (3) any symbols details words opinions or ideas that are expressedconveyed (4) the overall message of your cartoon
Document A Parisian Newspaper Account of the Fall of the Bastille
On July 14 1789 Parisian crowds in search of weapons attacked and captured the royal armory
known as the Bastille It had also been a state prison and its fall marked the triumph of liberty over despotism This intervention of the Parisian populace saved the Third Estate from
Louis XVIs attempted counterrevolution
First the people tried to enter this fortress by the Rue St-Antoine this fortress which no one
has ever penetrated against the wishes of this frightful despotism and where the monster still resided The treacherous governor had put out a flag of peace So a confident advance was made a detachment of French Guards with perhaps five to six thousand armed bourgeois
penetrated the Bastilles outer ltourtyardsbut as soon as some six hundred persons had passed over the first drawbridge the bridge was raised and artillery fire mowed down several French Guards and some soldiers the cannon fired on the town and the people took fright a large number of individuals were killed or wounded but then they rallied and took shelter from the fire meanwhile they tried to locate some cannon they attacked from the waters edge through the gardens of the arsenal and from there made an orderly siege they advanced from various directions beneath a ceaseless round offire It was a terrible scene The fighting grew steadily more intense the citizens had become hardened to the fire from all directions they clambered onto the roofs or broke into the rooms as soon as an enemy appeared among the turrets on the tower he was fixed in the sights of a hundred guns and mown down in an instant meanwhile cannon fire was hurriedly directed against the second drawbridge which it pierced breaking the chains in vain did the cannon on the tower reply for most people were sheltered from it the fury was at its height people bravely faced death and every danger women in their eagerness helped us to the utmost even the children after the discharge of fire from the fortress ran here and there picking up the bullets and shot [and so the Bastille fell and the governor De Launey was captured] Serene and blessed liberty for the first time has at last been introduced into this abode of horrors this frightful refuge of monstrous despotism and its crimes
Meanwhile they get ready to march they leave amidst an enormous crowd the applause the outbursts of joy the insults the oaths hurled at the treacherous prisoners of war everything is confused cries of vengeance and of pleasure issue from every heart the conquerors glorious and covered in honor carry their arms and the spoils of the conquered the flags of victory the militia mingling with the soldiers of the fatherland the victory laurels offered them from every side all this created a frightening and splendid spectacle On arriving at the square the people
anxious to avenge themselves allowed neither De Launey nor the other officers to reach the place of trial they seized them from the hands of their conquerors and trampled them
underfoot one after the other De Launey was struck by a thousand blows his head was cut off
and hoisted on the end of a pike with blood streaming down all sides This glorious day must
amaze our enemies and finally usher in for us the triumph of justice and liberty In the evening there were celebrations
Analysis questions
1 When is revolution justified
2 Were the people of Paris justified in revolting against their king
3 Was the Bastille a reasonable target for the people Why or why not
4 What do revolutions show about human nature
5 Is violence justified to deal with an unjust system Why or why not
Date __ - The French Revolution
Part 1 The Explosion
Storming of the Bastille -7 Why did the people of Paris get so upset in July 1789
-7 What is the symbol of the Revolution
-7 What happened in Paris on July 14 1789
-7 What happened to Bernard-Rene de launav the governor of the Bastille
So now youve won welcome to the National Assembly Now you have to solve the problems of France
1 What rights should men have
2 Should there be freedom of the press
3 How do you deal with the fact that the mob has started running around and terrorizing nobles and merchants
4 There are still lots of hungry people in Paris What should we do about this
What should we do with the royal family
- Louis Return and Demise Date ------shyPart 2 The Implosion
A Louis Flight to Death -7 Why does Louis flee Paris What happens when he is caught
-7 What role does the guillotine play in the revolution Why is it described as humanitarian What is its nickname
-7 Robespierre argues against declaring war on Austria Why
-7 How does Louis lose control of France
7 Who were the sans-culottes
-7 Who is Georges Danton and what role does he play in the revolution
-7 What was Marats solution to the large number of prisoners in Paris What happens after the enemy takes Verdun
-7 Why did the French kill King Louis
B Problems
1
2
C The Implosion -7 What was the Reign of Terror and why was it significant within the context of the French Revolution
-7 How do Robespierres views change during the revolution
-7 How does the Revolution strike out against the Catholic Church
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte and how does he make his name
-7 What happened to Robespierre
DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN
~ Under each statement in the declaration write what it means in your own words
1 Men are born and remain free and equal in rights Social distinctions may be founded only
upon the general good
2 The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man These rights are liberty property security and resistance to oppression
3 The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation Nobody nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation
4 Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights These limits can only be determined by law
5 Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society Nothing may be prevented which
is not forbidden by law and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law
6 Law is the expression of the general will Every citizen has a right to participate personally or through his representative in its formation It must be the same for all whether it protects or punishes All citizens being equal in the eyes of the law are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations according to their abilities and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents
7 No person shall be accused arrested or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law Anyone soliciting transmitting executing or causing to be executed
any arbitrary order shall be punished But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay as resistance constitutes an offense
8 The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously necessary
9 As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty if arrest shall be
deemed indispensable all harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoners person shall be severely repressed by law
10 No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions including his religious views provided
their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law
11 The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of
man Every citizen may accordingly speak write and print with freedom but shall be
responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law
12 The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces These forces are therefore established for the good of all and not for the personal advantage of
those to whom they shall be instructed
13 A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means
14 All the citizens have a right to decide either personally or by their representatives as to the necessity of the public contribution to grant this freely to know to what uses it is put and to fix the proportion the mode of assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes
15 Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration
16 A society in which the observance of the law is not assured nor the separation of powers defined has no constitution at all
17 Since property is an inviolable and sacred right no one shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity legally determined shall clearly demand it and then only on condition that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified
1 What was the purpose of the Declaration
2 Which philosophers and thinkers may have influenced the framers of the Declaration
3 This document is inftuenced by which famous usdocument (signed July 4 1776) Circle the paraflel ideas
- -
- -
12
Chapter Graphic Organizer I i
Frances Old Regime gives little power to majority (Third Estate) ~
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shy1789 Third Estate votes to create National Assembly and end absolute monarchy
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1 National Assembly is replaced by National Convention 1
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seizes power in France becoming emperor -
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1812-1815 Napoleon invades Russia is defeated and exiled ~ returns to power is defeated at Waterloo and exiled j
-~ - -
World History Perspectives on the Past
Name Date _
o Section 2
CONNECTIONS ACROSS TIME AND CULTURES
Comparing Revolutions in America and France Because revolutions have occurred so often historians have tried to identify some common stages that revolutions follow Study the stages below from Preface to History by Carl Gustavson After reading examples from the American Revolution give similar examples from the French Revolution
STAGE AMERICAN FRENCH
1 Writers denounce existing conditions and provide new goals and ideas
Colonial lawyers protested the Stamp Act and leaders encourshyaged conflict with British authorities
2 Public discontent results in riots and other acts ofviolence
Colonists engaged in protests and boycotts including the Boston Tea Party
3 The ruling group is frightened into making repeated concessions until power is transshy[erred
British Parliament repealed the Stamp Act Britain fought the colonists and lost
4 The reformers carry out their reforms but if their measures are drasshytic the nation splits into rival groups
The weak national government led to Shayss rebellion
5 Radicals seize power from moderates and try to impose their views on the nation
Colonial leaders created a new constitution and a new system of government
6 The public tires of the radicals and modshyerates regain power
Moderates gained the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution
From your answers what similarities and differences do you see in the American and French revolutions
54 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name _ Date
o GUIDED READING Napoleon Forges an Empire
Section 3
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleon note the goals and results of some of his actions
Goal(s) Result(s)
Actions
1 Establishment of national bankand efficient tax-collection system
2 Enacting Napoleonic Code of law
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3 Sending troops to Saint Domingue
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4 Selling Louisiana Territoryto the UnitedStates
-0 ~ Ql 5 W(1ging Battle of Trafalgar ()
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B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper write a brief explanation of how Napoleon gained power in France Use the terms coup d etat and plebiscite
J )
The French Revolution and Napoleon 39
J
Name _ Date _
o GUIDED READING Napoleons Empire Collapses
Section 4
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleons downfall write notes in the chart to explain how each action contributed to his final defeat
1 Ordered a blockade to preventtrade and communication between GreatBritain and other European nations
2 Sent an army to invade Portugal and began the Penisular VVar 7 --
i-e
3 In June 1812 invaded Russia with his Grand Army
4 Entered Moscow on September 14 1812 and stayed in the ruined city for five weeks
5 Raised another army and fought the Battle of Leipzig
6 Escaped Elba reclaimed title of emperor and fought Battle of Waterloo
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B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper briefly describe the final defeat of Napoleon using the terms Hundred Days and Waterloo
40 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name Date _
o SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE Interpreting Maps By 1812 Napoleon controlled a vast empire The map on page 208 of your textbook shows the extent of the French Empire and the lands controlled by
Section 4 Napoleon To learn as much as you can from this map study the legend the compass rose and the scale Then answer the questions below (See Skillbuilder Handbook)
1 Name at least three countries Napoleon controlled
2 What was the extent from east to west in miles or kilometers of the lands that
Napoleon governed or controlled
3 What direction would you travel to go from Paris to London
4 What part of the lands controlled by Napoleon was the farthest south
5 In 1810 Napoleon had signed alliances with Prussia the Austrian Empire and
the Russian Empire What countries shown on the map were NOT allied with
Napoleon or controlled by him
6 How does the area of the lands controlled by Napoleon compare to the combined
area of European countries that were not allied with Napoleon or controlled
by him _
7 What is the approximate distance between Paris and Moscow _
8 What were the sites of three major battles the French Army fought between 1805
and 1809 _
42 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
42 Name Date
CHAPTER WORKSHEET The Battle of Waterloo
A decisive event in European history was the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18 1815 (textbook page The map below shows the final phase of this battle Use it to answer the questions that follow
o I
1000 I
N
I T
2000 3000 yards I I
Prussian forces
BATTLEFIELD +-- Britishadvance ~~= Prussian advance
JUNE 18 1815 === Road 11111111 Ridge
THE WATERLOO -BrltlshfOrces = French forces
ltC== French advance
cent c o French retleat
1 What nationality were the troops that fought with tfie British against Napoleon _
2 From which direction did the British allies attack the French _
3 In which direction did the French retreat _
4 Napoleons headquarters were at Le Caillou The British commander Wellington had his base at
Mont St Jean How far apart were they by road _
5 (a) What land feature probably helped British troops facing a French advance _
(b) What advantage would this feature have given the British
6 (a) What was the name of the country in which the battle was fought (Refer to the map on textshy
book page 455) _
(b) What modern country is this region part or (See textbook map page 725) _
Copyright copy 1988 by Houghton Mifflin Company All rights reserved 20
46 Name Class _ Date
Chapter
Napoleon was a hero to many people in France but others saw him as a tyrant One iter who bitterly opposed him-and was exiled from France- was Madame
errnaine Necker de Stael (1766-1817) Napoleons soldiers On the other hand admired him as the speech made by one of his officers on his return to Paris in 1815 shows bull As you read think about what may have motivated each writer Then on a separate sheet
ofpaper answer the questions that follow
Two Views of Napoleon
M adame de Stael What particularly characshy Marshal Michel Ney Officers sub-officers terizes Bonapartes goverment is his profound soldiers The cause of the Bourbons is lost
contempt for all the intellectual riches of human forever The legitimate dynasty France has adopted nature virtue dignity religion
J_ ~
~
- sectshy
is about to remount the throne enthusiasm in his eyes they are To the emperor Napoleon our the eternal enemies of the contishy sovereign belongs alone the right nent to use his favorite expresshy to rule over our beautiful counshysion He would like to persuade try Whether the Bourbon nobilishymen by force and by cunning and ty choose to return to exile or he considers all else to be stupidity consent to live among us what or folly does it matter to us The times
I do not believe that when are gone when the people were Bonaparte became head of the governed by suppressing their government he had yet formulated righ ts LIberty triumphs In the the plan for a universal monarchy end and Napoleon our august
I do believe what he himself emperor comes to confirm it _~ld to one of my friends a few Soldiers I have often led you to days after the 18 Brurnaire [the victory Now I would escort you date Napoleon overthrew the to join this immortal legion Directory] It is necessary he said which the Emperor Napoleon conshyto do something new every three months in ordermiddot ducts to Pans and which in a few days will reach to captivate the imagination of the French nation the capital with whom anyone who stands still is lost His sysshytem was to encroach [intrude]daily upon Frances
Sources (1) Ten Years of Exile by Madame de Stael trans liberty and Europes independence Byalternatshy Dons Beik (Saturday Review Press J972) (2)The French ing between cunning and force he has subjugated Revolution and Napoleon An Eyewitness History by Joe H [conquered] Europe Kirchberger (Facts on File 985)
ILlUSTRA1IONPHOTO CREDIT BETIMANN
~ _-_____~-~~ ---- ~- -- ~--~---_ _--shy Questionsto Discuss
1 What does Madame de Stael say are 3 Making Comparisons Both these writers Napoleons only methods of persuasion speak about Napoleon and peoples liberty
2 What does Marshal Ney say ~bout Napoleons How do their views compare right to rule as opposed to that of the Bourbon kings
Survey and Volume 1 Editions Chapter 32 ~ Viewpoint Activity Modern Era Edition Chapter
47
2
3
Name Date
o GUIDED READING The Congress of Vienna Convenes
Section 5
A Identifying Supporting Ideas As you read about the meeting of the Congress of Vienna fill in the diagram below
GoalsMembers and Representatives
Congress ofVienna
LegacyActions Taken
Short-term
Long-term
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper briefly explain Klemens von Mettemichs efforts to create peace and stability in Europe Use the terms balance of power and Concert of Europe in your explanation
The French Revolution and Napoleon 41
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Section 1
A Recognizing Facts and Details As you read this section fill out the chart below to help you better understand why and how Latin Americans fought colonial rule
Independence for Haiti
Reasons Strategy ~
2 What events led upto General Dessaliness 1 Why did slaves in the French colonyof SaintshyDomingue revolt declaration of independence for Haiti
South American Wars of Independence
Reasons
4What tactics did Jose de San Martin and Simon the Spanish colonies
3How did events in Europe lead to revolution in Bolivar use to defeatSpanish forces in South America
End of Spanish Rule in Mexico - ~ ~-
~t~~~itfmiddot 5 What is the significance of the grito de Dolores 6 What role did Indians mestizos and creoles
play in Mexicos independence from Spain
B Writing Expository Paragraphs On the back of this paper explain the divisions within Latin American colonial society In your writing use the following terms
peninsulares creoles mulattos
56 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
GUIDED READING Revolutions Disrupt Europe Section 2
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about uprisings in Europe make notes in the chart to explain the outcomes of each action listed
1 French citizens armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
2 Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks -
~
3 Nationalist groups in Budapest Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
i
4 Charles Xtries to set up an absolute
monarchy in France t ~ ( ~
5 Paris mobs overthrowmonarchy of Louis-Philippe
gt6 Louis-lIapoleon Bonaparte is elected ~
presidentof France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
7 In the Crimean War Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
8Alexander II issues the Edictof Emancipation
~
- - --~ -0 lmiddot--middot - r
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper define the following terms
conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 57
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
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B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Enlightenment Spreads and Leads to
1 How did the enlightenment affect the following absolute monarchs
a Frederick the Great
b Joseph II
c Catherine the Great
2 How did the enlightenment lead to a change in the relationship between the ruler and the state
The American Revolution
3 List three examples of how Britain was absolutist in its treatment of the American colonies
4 What enlightenment idea is demonstrated by the colonists complaint about taxation without
representation
5 What ideas from the enlightenment form the basis of the Declaration of Independence Explain how
the enlightenment ideas are illustrated in the Declaration of Independence
6 Why were the Americans able to defeat Britain in the American Revolution
7 How are the enlightenment ideas illustrated in the US Constitution
CD
- Causes of the French Revolution Date _
-7 Why was the wedding of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI politically significant
-7 What was the reputation of Louis XVI when he became king
-7 How was the French Revolution a product of the Enlightenment
-7 What was the impact of Louis assistance to the American colonists in their War of Independence
A Old Regime
Who How many Taxes Divisions Activities
First Estate
Second Estate
I
Third Estate
The Third Estate the Bourgeoisie the workers
the peasants
B Financial Crisis
-7 When the cost of flour increases dramatically what is the impact
-7 Who was Jacques Necker Why does he urge Louis to call together the Estates General
-7 Who was Maximillian Robespierre What is his role in the Estates General
-7 What was the Tennis Court Oath and what pledge did its authors make
Application task Create a political cartoon that comments on the social situation in Old Regime France (before the revolution) Your cartoon should provide insight as to the level of inequality that pervaded the
ench social class structure
equirements
bull Must be neat detailed and colorful
bull Must express a clear opinion on the subject
bull Provide a written explanation that describes the following
(1) what is seen (2) element(s) of humor (3) any symbols details words opinions or ideas that are expressedconveyed (4) the overall message of your cartoon
Document A Parisian Newspaper Account of the Fall of the Bastille
On July 14 1789 Parisian crowds in search of weapons attacked and captured the royal armory
known as the Bastille It had also been a state prison and its fall marked the triumph of liberty over despotism This intervention of the Parisian populace saved the Third Estate from
Louis XVIs attempted counterrevolution
First the people tried to enter this fortress by the Rue St-Antoine this fortress which no one
has ever penetrated against the wishes of this frightful despotism and where the monster still resided The treacherous governor had put out a flag of peace So a confident advance was made a detachment of French Guards with perhaps five to six thousand armed bourgeois
penetrated the Bastilles outer ltourtyardsbut as soon as some six hundred persons had passed over the first drawbridge the bridge was raised and artillery fire mowed down several French Guards and some soldiers the cannon fired on the town and the people took fright a large number of individuals were killed or wounded but then they rallied and took shelter from the fire meanwhile they tried to locate some cannon they attacked from the waters edge through the gardens of the arsenal and from there made an orderly siege they advanced from various directions beneath a ceaseless round offire It was a terrible scene The fighting grew steadily more intense the citizens had become hardened to the fire from all directions they clambered onto the roofs or broke into the rooms as soon as an enemy appeared among the turrets on the tower he was fixed in the sights of a hundred guns and mown down in an instant meanwhile cannon fire was hurriedly directed against the second drawbridge which it pierced breaking the chains in vain did the cannon on the tower reply for most people were sheltered from it the fury was at its height people bravely faced death and every danger women in their eagerness helped us to the utmost even the children after the discharge of fire from the fortress ran here and there picking up the bullets and shot [and so the Bastille fell and the governor De Launey was captured] Serene and blessed liberty for the first time has at last been introduced into this abode of horrors this frightful refuge of monstrous despotism and its crimes
Meanwhile they get ready to march they leave amidst an enormous crowd the applause the outbursts of joy the insults the oaths hurled at the treacherous prisoners of war everything is confused cries of vengeance and of pleasure issue from every heart the conquerors glorious and covered in honor carry their arms and the spoils of the conquered the flags of victory the militia mingling with the soldiers of the fatherland the victory laurels offered them from every side all this created a frightening and splendid spectacle On arriving at the square the people
anxious to avenge themselves allowed neither De Launey nor the other officers to reach the place of trial they seized them from the hands of their conquerors and trampled them
underfoot one after the other De Launey was struck by a thousand blows his head was cut off
and hoisted on the end of a pike with blood streaming down all sides This glorious day must
amaze our enemies and finally usher in for us the triumph of justice and liberty In the evening there were celebrations
Analysis questions
1 When is revolution justified
2 Were the people of Paris justified in revolting against their king
3 Was the Bastille a reasonable target for the people Why or why not
4 What do revolutions show about human nature
5 Is violence justified to deal with an unjust system Why or why not
Date __ - The French Revolution
Part 1 The Explosion
Storming of the Bastille -7 Why did the people of Paris get so upset in July 1789
-7 What is the symbol of the Revolution
-7 What happened in Paris on July 14 1789
-7 What happened to Bernard-Rene de launav the governor of the Bastille
So now youve won welcome to the National Assembly Now you have to solve the problems of France
1 What rights should men have
2 Should there be freedom of the press
3 How do you deal with the fact that the mob has started running around and terrorizing nobles and merchants
4 There are still lots of hungry people in Paris What should we do about this
What should we do with the royal family
- Louis Return and Demise Date ------shyPart 2 The Implosion
A Louis Flight to Death -7 Why does Louis flee Paris What happens when he is caught
-7 What role does the guillotine play in the revolution Why is it described as humanitarian What is its nickname
-7 Robespierre argues against declaring war on Austria Why
-7 How does Louis lose control of France
7 Who were the sans-culottes
-7 Who is Georges Danton and what role does he play in the revolution
-7 What was Marats solution to the large number of prisoners in Paris What happens after the enemy takes Verdun
-7 Why did the French kill King Louis
B Problems
1
2
C The Implosion -7 What was the Reign of Terror and why was it significant within the context of the French Revolution
-7 How do Robespierres views change during the revolution
-7 How does the Revolution strike out against the Catholic Church
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte and how does he make his name
-7 What happened to Robespierre
DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN
~ Under each statement in the declaration write what it means in your own words
1 Men are born and remain free and equal in rights Social distinctions may be founded only
upon the general good
2 The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man These rights are liberty property security and resistance to oppression
3 The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation Nobody nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation
4 Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights These limits can only be determined by law
5 Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society Nothing may be prevented which
is not forbidden by law and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law
6 Law is the expression of the general will Every citizen has a right to participate personally or through his representative in its formation It must be the same for all whether it protects or punishes All citizens being equal in the eyes of the law are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations according to their abilities and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents
7 No person shall be accused arrested or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law Anyone soliciting transmitting executing or causing to be executed
any arbitrary order shall be punished But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay as resistance constitutes an offense
8 The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously necessary
9 As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty if arrest shall be
deemed indispensable all harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoners person shall be severely repressed by law
10 No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions including his religious views provided
their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law
11 The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of
man Every citizen may accordingly speak write and print with freedom but shall be
responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law
12 The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces These forces are therefore established for the good of all and not for the personal advantage of
those to whom they shall be instructed
13 A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means
14 All the citizens have a right to decide either personally or by their representatives as to the necessity of the public contribution to grant this freely to know to what uses it is put and to fix the proportion the mode of assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes
15 Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration
16 A society in which the observance of the law is not assured nor the separation of powers defined has no constitution at all
17 Since property is an inviolable and sacred right no one shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity legally determined shall clearly demand it and then only on condition that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified
1 What was the purpose of the Declaration
2 Which philosophers and thinkers may have influenced the framers of the Declaration
3 This document is inftuenced by which famous usdocument (signed July 4 1776) Circle the paraflel ideas
- -
- -
12
Chapter Graphic Organizer I i
Frances Old Regime gives little power to majority (Third Estate) ~
m9rlt~~~~~= shy ~~~~Y_C(~gtlt --- ----~- - ~ ~i-_gt-n i
shy1789 Third Estate votes to create National Assembly and end absolute monarchy
~ ~)~S~~ ~ ~-~~ll gt21pound4 nr- bull~ ~eagt_~-~lt=~~~-~ - ---=-~~=
1789 Parisian mob storms Bastille to obtain gunpowder ij 1
~ ~-H bullbull _H -~ _- ~-I -~C~~~-~ - ~ middotmiddot~~~~u~~
-~y
~ Ii11791 National Assembly creates new constitution middot1 J j
E-z==- - ~~Q- bull ~--9ft$_ -
~~)A~_ ~ ~MJ~~~-~~$S ~~~r1
~ 1792 King is formally deposed France declares war on Austria
1 National Assembly is replaced by National Convention 1
I 1
~~ ~sz~~-g~~J ~==r~~
i1793-1794 National Convention turns radical king is executed - Robespierre becomes virtual dictator and rules through terror ~
~ ~ ~ - ~ - middots1-~u~~_1
gtshyC lttl 0 E o o Ll C lttl s m CD r L o 1 OJ
~
o o
~y 1794-1795 Robespierre is executed as revolution turns
to the right directory is formed ij ~
~ ~ shylt - - =1
V 1795-1804 Napoleon conquers foreign enemies and then
seizes power in France becoming emperor -
j 5
~ I - ~ ll~-rtSigltl
~ -e )
j1805-1812 Napoleon builds vast European empire ~
~ ~ -
~
1812-1815 Napoleon invades Russia is defeated and exiled ~ returns to power is defeated at Waterloo and exiled j
-~ - -
World History Perspectives on the Past
Name Date _
o Section 2
CONNECTIONS ACROSS TIME AND CULTURES
Comparing Revolutions in America and France Because revolutions have occurred so often historians have tried to identify some common stages that revolutions follow Study the stages below from Preface to History by Carl Gustavson After reading examples from the American Revolution give similar examples from the French Revolution
STAGE AMERICAN FRENCH
1 Writers denounce existing conditions and provide new goals and ideas
Colonial lawyers protested the Stamp Act and leaders encourshyaged conflict with British authorities
2 Public discontent results in riots and other acts ofviolence
Colonists engaged in protests and boycotts including the Boston Tea Party
3 The ruling group is frightened into making repeated concessions until power is transshy[erred
British Parliament repealed the Stamp Act Britain fought the colonists and lost
4 The reformers carry out their reforms but if their measures are drasshytic the nation splits into rival groups
The weak national government led to Shayss rebellion
5 Radicals seize power from moderates and try to impose their views on the nation
Colonial leaders created a new constitution and a new system of government
6 The public tires of the radicals and modshyerates regain power
Moderates gained the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution
From your answers what similarities and differences do you see in the American and French revolutions
54 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name _ Date
o GUIDED READING Napoleon Forges an Empire
Section 3
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleon note the goals and results of some of his actions
Goal(s) Result(s)
Actions
1 Establishment of national bankand efficient tax-collection system
2 Enacting Napoleonic Code of law
L
3 Sending troops to Saint Domingue
)
4 Selling Louisiana Territoryto the UnitedStates
-0 ~ Ql 5 W(1ging Battle of Trafalgar ()
~ ()
E Cl
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper write a brief explanation of how Napoleon gained power in France Use the terms coup d etat and plebiscite
J )
The French Revolution and Napoleon 39
J
Name _ Date _
o GUIDED READING Napoleons Empire Collapses
Section 4
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleons downfall write notes in the chart to explain how each action contributed to his final defeat
1 Ordered a blockade to preventtrade and communication between GreatBritain and other European nations
2 Sent an army to invade Portugal and began the Penisular VVar 7 --
i-e
3 In June 1812 invaded Russia with his Grand Army
4 Entered Moscow on September 14 1812 and stayed in the ruined city for five weeks
5 Raised another army and fought the Battle of Leipzig
6 Escaped Elba reclaimed title of emperor and fought Battle of Waterloo
i ~-
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middotc~~~~ TX~ ~f 1lt o~- -~ x -~~~ ~ rc- -~- -r ~~ - - ~-
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper briefly describe the final defeat of Napoleon using the terms Hundred Days and Waterloo
40 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name Date _
o SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE Interpreting Maps By 1812 Napoleon controlled a vast empire The map on page 208 of your textbook shows the extent of the French Empire and the lands controlled by
Section 4 Napoleon To learn as much as you can from this map study the legend the compass rose and the scale Then answer the questions below (See Skillbuilder Handbook)
1 Name at least three countries Napoleon controlled
2 What was the extent from east to west in miles or kilometers of the lands that
Napoleon governed or controlled
3 What direction would you travel to go from Paris to London
4 What part of the lands controlled by Napoleon was the farthest south
5 In 1810 Napoleon had signed alliances with Prussia the Austrian Empire and
the Russian Empire What countries shown on the map were NOT allied with
Napoleon or controlled by him
6 How does the area of the lands controlled by Napoleon compare to the combined
area of European countries that were not allied with Napoleon or controlled
by him _
7 What is the approximate distance between Paris and Moscow _
8 What were the sites of three major battles the French Army fought between 1805
and 1809 _
42 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
42 Name Date
CHAPTER WORKSHEET The Battle of Waterloo
A decisive event in European history was the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18 1815 (textbook page The map below shows the final phase of this battle Use it to answer the questions that follow
o I
1000 I
N
I T
2000 3000 yards I I
Prussian forces
BATTLEFIELD +-- Britishadvance ~~= Prussian advance
JUNE 18 1815 === Road 11111111 Ridge
THE WATERLOO -BrltlshfOrces = French forces
ltC== French advance
cent c o French retleat
1 What nationality were the troops that fought with tfie British against Napoleon _
2 From which direction did the British allies attack the French _
3 In which direction did the French retreat _
4 Napoleons headquarters were at Le Caillou The British commander Wellington had his base at
Mont St Jean How far apart were they by road _
5 (a) What land feature probably helped British troops facing a French advance _
(b) What advantage would this feature have given the British
6 (a) What was the name of the country in which the battle was fought (Refer to the map on textshy
book page 455) _
(b) What modern country is this region part or (See textbook map page 725) _
Copyright copy 1988 by Houghton Mifflin Company All rights reserved 20
46 Name Class _ Date
Chapter
Napoleon was a hero to many people in France but others saw him as a tyrant One iter who bitterly opposed him-and was exiled from France- was Madame
errnaine Necker de Stael (1766-1817) Napoleons soldiers On the other hand admired him as the speech made by one of his officers on his return to Paris in 1815 shows bull As you read think about what may have motivated each writer Then on a separate sheet
ofpaper answer the questions that follow
Two Views of Napoleon
M adame de Stael What particularly characshy Marshal Michel Ney Officers sub-officers terizes Bonapartes goverment is his profound soldiers The cause of the Bourbons is lost
contempt for all the intellectual riches of human forever The legitimate dynasty France has adopted nature virtue dignity religion
J_ ~
~
- sectshy
is about to remount the throne enthusiasm in his eyes they are To the emperor Napoleon our the eternal enemies of the contishy sovereign belongs alone the right nent to use his favorite expresshy to rule over our beautiful counshysion He would like to persuade try Whether the Bourbon nobilishymen by force and by cunning and ty choose to return to exile or he considers all else to be stupidity consent to live among us what or folly does it matter to us The times
I do not believe that when are gone when the people were Bonaparte became head of the governed by suppressing their government he had yet formulated righ ts LIberty triumphs In the the plan for a universal monarchy end and Napoleon our august
I do believe what he himself emperor comes to confirm it _~ld to one of my friends a few Soldiers I have often led you to days after the 18 Brurnaire [the victory Now I would escort you date Napoleon overthrew the to join this immortal legion Directory] It is necessary he said which the Emperor Napoleon conshyto do something new every three months in ordermiddot ducts to Pans and which in a few days will reach to captivate the imagination of the French nation the capital with whom anyone who stands still is lost His sysshytem was to encroach [intrude]daily upon Frances
Sources (1) Ten Years of Exile by Madame de Stael trans liberty and Europes independence Byalternatshy Dons Beik (Saturday Review Press J972) (2)The French ing between cunning and force he has subjugated Revolution and Napoleon An Eyewitness History by Joe H [conquered] Europe Kirchberger (Facts on File 985)
ILlUSTRA1IONPHOTO CREDIT BETIMANN
~ _-_____~-~~ ---- ~- -- ~--~---_ _--shy Questionsto Discuss
1 What does Madame de Stael say are 3 Making Comparisons Both these writers Napoleons only methods of persuasion speak about Napoleon and peoples liberty
2 What does Marshal Ney say ~bout Napoleons How do their views compare right to rule as opposed to that of the Bourbon kings
Survey and Volume 1 Editions Chapter 32 ~ Viewpoint Activity Modern Era Edition Chapter
47
2
3
Name Date
o GUIDED READING The Congress of Vienna Convenes
Section 5
A Identifying Supporting Ideas As you read about the meeting of the Congress of Vienna fill in the diagram below
GoalsMembers and Representatives
Congress ofVienna
LegacyActions Taken
Short-term
Long-term
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper briefly explain Klemens von Mettemichs efforts to create peace and stability in Europe Use the terms balance of power and Concert of Europe in your explanation
The French Revolution and Napoleon 41
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Section 1
A Recognizing Facts and Details As you read this section fill out the chart below to help you better understand why and how Latin Americans fought colonial rule
Independence for Haiti
Reasons Strategy ~
2 What events led upto General Dessaliness 1 Why did slaves in the French colonyof SaintshyDomingue revolt declaration of independence for Haiti
South American Wars of Independence
Reasons
4What tactics did Jose de San Martin and Simon the Spanish colonies
3How did events in Europe lead to revolution in Bolivar use to defeatSpanish forces in South America
End of Spanish Rule in Mexico - ~ ~-
~t~~~itfmiddot 5 What is the significance of the grito de Dolores 6 What role did Indians mestizos and creoles
play in Mexicos independence from Spain
B Writing Expository Paragraphs On the back of this paper explain the divisions within Latin American colonial society In your writing use the following terms
peninsulares creoles mulattos
56 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
GUIDED READING Revolutions Disrupt Europe Section 2
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about uprisings in Europe make notes in the chart to explain the outcomes of each action listed
1 French citizens armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
2 Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks -
~
3 Nationalist groups in Budapest Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
i
4 Charles Xtries to set up an absolute
monarchy in France t ~ ( ~
5 Paris mobs overthrowmonarchy of Louis-Philippe
gt6 Louis-lIapoleon Bonaparte is elected ~
presidentof France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
7 In the Crimean War Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
8Alexander II issues the Edictof Emancipation
~
- - --~ -0 lmiddot--middot - r
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper define the following terms
conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 57
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
-0 Ql
~ Ql l)
~
7 policyof realpolitik 8 Seven Weeks War 9 Franco-Prussian War poundls OJ C
lti o E Qj J Cii OJ gt 0 0 o ~
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
- Causes of the French Revolution Date _
-7 Why was the wedding of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI politically significant
-7 What was the reputation of Louis XVI when he became king
-7 How was the French Revolution a product of the Enlightenment
-7 What was the impact of Louis assistance to the American colonists in their War of Independence
A Old Regime
Who How many Taxes Divisions Activities
First Estate
Second Estate
I
Third Estate
The Third Estate the Bourgeoisie the workers
the peasants
B Financial Crisis
-7 When the cost of flour increases dramatically what is the impact
-7 Who was Jacques Necker Why does he urge Louis to call together the Estates General
-7 Who was Maximillian Robespierre What is his role in the Estates General
-7 What was the Tennis Court Oath and what pledge did its authors make
Application task Create a political cartoon that comments on the social situation in Old Regime France (before the revolution) Your cartoon should provide insight as to the level of inequality that pervaded the
ench social class structure
equirements
bull Must be neat detailed and colorful
bull Must express a clear opinion on the subject
bull Provide a written explanation that describes the following
(1) what is seen (2) element(s) of humor (3) any symbols details words opinions or ideas that are expressedconveyed (4) the overall message of your cartoon
Document A Parisian Newspaper Account of the Fall of the Bastille
On July 14 1789 Parisian crowds in search of weapons attacked and captured the royal armory
known as the Bastille It had also been a state prison and its fall marked the triumph of liberty over despotism This intervention of the Parisian populace saved the Third Estate from
Louis XVIs attempted counterrevolution
First the people tried to enter this fortress by the Rue St-Antoine this fortress which no one
has ever penetrated against the wishes of this frightful despotism and where the monster still resided The treacherous governor had put out a flag of peace So a confident advance was made a detachment of French Guards with perhaps five to six thousand armed bourgeois
penetrated the Bastilles outer ltourtyardsbut as soon as some six hundred persons had passed over the first drawbridge the bridge was raised and artillery fire mowed down several French Guards and some soldiers the cannon fired on the town and the people took fright a large number of individuals were killed or wounded but then they rallied and took shelter from the fire meanwhile they tried to locate some cannon they attacked from the waters edge through the gardens of the arsenal and from there made an orderly siege they advanced from various directions beneath a ceaseless round offire It was a terrible scene The fighting grew steadily more intense the citizens had become hardened to the fire from all directions they clambered onto the roofs or broke into the rooms as soon as an enemy appeared among the turrets on the tower he was fixed in the sights of a hundred guns and mown down in an instant meanwhile cannon fire was hurriedly directed against the second drawbridge which it pierced breaking the chains in vain did the cannon on the tower reply for most people were sheltered from it the fury was at its height people bravely faced death and every danger women in their eagerness helped us to the utmost even the children after the discharge of fire from the fortress ran here and there picking up the bullets and shot [and so the Bastille fell and the governor De Launey was captured] Serene and blessed liberty for the first time has at last been introduced into this abode of horrors this frightful refuge of monstrous despotism and its crimes
Meanwhile they get ready to march they leave amidst an enormous crowd the applause the outbursts of joy the insults the oaths hurled at the treacherous prisoners of war everything is confused cries of vengeance and of pleasure issue from every heart the conquerors glorious and covered in honor carry their arms and the spoils of the conquered the flags of victory the militia mingling with the soldiers of the fatherland the victory laurels offered them from every side all this created a frightening and splendid spectacle On arriving at the square the people
anxious to avenge themselves allowed neither De Launey nor the other officers to reach the place of trial they seized them from the hands of their conquerors and trampled them
underfoot one after the other De Launey was struck by a thousand blows his head was cut off
and hoisted on the end of a pike with blood streaming down all sides This glorious day must
amaze our enemies and finally usher in for us the triumph of justice and liberty In the evening there were celebrations
Analysis questions
1 When is revolution justified
2 Were the people of Paris justified in revolting against their king
3 Was the Bastille a reasonable target for the people Why or why not
4 What do revolutions show about human nature
5 Is violence justified to deal with an unjust system Why or why not
Date __ - The French Revolution
Part 1 The Explosion
Storming of the Bastille -7 Why did the people of Paris get so upset in July 1789
-7 What is the symbol of the Revolution
-7 What happened in Paris on July 14 1789
-7 What happened to Bernard-Rene de launav the governor of the Bastille
So now youve won welcome to the National Assembly Now you have to solve the problems of France
1 What rights should men have
2 Should there be freedom of the press
3 How do you deal with the fact that the mob has started running around and terrorizing nobles and merchants
4 There are still lots of hungry people in Paris What should we do about this
What should we do with the royal family
- Louis Return and Demise Date ------shyPart 2 The Implosion
A Louis Flight to Death -7 Why does Louis flee Paris What happens when he is caught
-7 What role does the guillotine play in the revolution Why is it described as humanitarian What is its nickname
-7 Robespierre argues against declaring war on Austria Why
-7 How does Louis lose control of France
7 Who were the sans-culottes
-7 Who is Georges Danton and what role does he play in the revolution
-7 What was Marats solution to the large number of prisoners in Paris What happens after the enemy takes Verdun
-7 Why did the French kill King Louis
B Problems
1
2
C The Implosion -7 What was the Reign of Terror and why was it significant within the context of the French Revolution
-7 How do Robespierres views change during the revolution
-7 How does the Revolution strike out against the Catholic Church
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte and how does he make his name
-7 What happened to Robespierre
DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN
~ Under each statement in the declaration write what it means in your own words
1 Men are born and remain free and equal in rights Social distinctions may be founded only
upon the general good
2 The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man These rights are liberty property security and resistance to oppression
3 The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation Nobody nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation
4 Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights These limits can only be determined by law
5 Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society Nothing may be prevented which
is not forbidden by law and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law
6 Law is the expression of the general will Every citizen has a right to participate personally or through his representative in its formation It must be the same for all whether it protects or punishes All citizens being equal in the eyes of the law are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations according to their abilities and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents
7 No person shall be accused arrested or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law Anyone soliciting transmitting executing or causing to be executed
any arbitrary order shall be punished But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay as resistance constitutes an offense
8 The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously necessary
9 As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty if arrest shall be
deemed indispensable all harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoners person shall be severely repressed by law
10 No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions including his religious views provided
their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law
11 The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of
man Every citizen may accordingly speak write and print with freedom but shall be
responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law
12 The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces These forces are therefore established for the good of all and not for the personal advantage of
those to whom they shall be instructed
13 A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means
14 All the citizens have a right to decide either personally or by their representatives as to the necessity of the public contribution to grant this freely to know to what uses it is put and to fix the proportion the mode of assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes
15 Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration
16 A society in which the observance of the law is not assured nor the separation of powers defined has no constitution at all
17 Since property is an inviolable and sacred right no one shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity legally determined shall clearly demand it and then only on condition that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified
1 What was the purpose of the Declaration
2 Which philosophers and thinkers may have influenced the framers of the Declaration
3 This document is inftuenced by which famous usdocument (signed July 4 1776) Circle the paraflel ideas
- -
- -
12
Chapter Graphic Organizer I i
Frances Old Regime gives little power to majority (Third Estate) ~
m9rlt~~~~~= shy ~~~~Y_C(~gtlt --- ----~- - ~ ~i-_gt-n i
shy1789 Third Estate votes to create National Assembly and end absolute monarchy
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1789 Parisian mob storms Bastille to obtain gunpowder ij 1
~ ~-H bullbull _H -~ _- ~-I -~C~~~-~ - ~ middotmiddot~~~~u~~
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~ Ii11791 National Assembly creates new constitution middot1 J j
E-z==- - ~~Q- bull ~--9ft$_ -
~~)A~_ ~ ~MJ~~~-~~$S ~~~r1
~ 1792 King is formally deposed France declares war on Austria
1 National Assembly is replaced by National Convention 1
I 1
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i1793-1794 National Convention turns radical king is executed - Robespierre becomes virtual dictator and rules through terror ~
~ ~ ~ - ~ - middots1-~u~~_1
gtshyC lttl 0 E o o Ll C lttl s m CD r L o 1 OJ
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~y 1794-1795 Robespierre is executed as revolution turns
to the right directory is formed ij ~
~ ~ shylt - - =1
V 1795-1804 Napoleon conquers foreign enemies and then
seizes power in France becoming emperor -
j 5
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j1805-1812 Napoleon builds vast European empire ~
~ ~ -
~
1812-1815 Napoleon invades Russia is defeated and exiled ~ returns to power is defeated at Waterloo and exiled j
-~ - -
World History Perspectives on the Past
Name Date _
o Section 2
CONNECTIONS ACROSS TIME AND CULTURES
Comparing Revolutions in America and France Because revolutions have occurred so often historians have tried to identify some common stages that revolutions follow Study the stages below from Preface to History by Carl Gustavson After reading examples from the American Revolution give similar examples from the French Revolution
STAGE AMERICAN FRENCH
1 Writers denounce existing conditions and provide new goals and ideas
Colonial lawyers protested the Stamp Act and leaders encourshyaged conflict with British authorities
2 Public discontent results in riots and other acts ofviolence
Colonists engaged in protests and boycotts including the Boston Tea Party
3 The ruling group is frightened into making repeated concessions until power is transshy[erred
British Parliament repealed the Stamp Act Britain fought the colonists and lost
4 The reformers carry out their reforms but if their measures are drasshytic the nation splits into rival groups
The weak national government led to Shayss rebellion
5 Radicals seize power from moderates and try to impose their views on the nation
Colonial leaders created a new constitution and a new system of government
6 The public tires of the radicals and modshyerates regain power
Moderates gained the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution
From your answers what similarities and differences do you see in the American and French revolutions
54 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name _ Date
o GUIDED READING Napoleon Forges an Empire
Section 3
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleon note the goals and results of some of his actions
Goal(s) Result(s)
Actions
1 Establishment of national bankand efficient tax-collection system
2 Enacting Napoleonic Code of law
L
3 Sending troops to Saint Domingue
)
4 Selling Louisiana Territoryto the UnitedStates
-0 ~ Ql 5 W(1ging Battle of Trafalgar ()
~ ()
E Cl
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper write a brief explanation of how Napoleon gained power in France Use the terms coup d etat and plebiscite
J )
The French Revolution and Napoleon 39
J
Name _ Date _
o GUIDED READING Napoleons Empire Collapses
Section 4
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleons downfall write notes in the chart to explain how each action contributed to his final defeat
1 Ordered a blockade to preventtrade and communication between GreatBritain and other European nations
2 Sent an army to invade Portugal and began the Penisular VVar 7 --
i-e
3 In June 1812 invaded Russia with his Grand Army
4 Entered Moscow on September 14 1812 and stayed in the ruined city for five weeks
5 Raised another army and fought the Battle of Leipzig
6 Escaped Elba reclaimed title of emperor and fought Battle of Waterloo
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B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper briefly describe the final defeat of Napoleon using the terms Hundred Days and Waterloo
40 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name Date _
o SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE Interpreting Maps By 1812 Napoleon controlled a vast empire The map on page 208 of your textbook shows the extent of the French Empire and the lands controlled by
Section 4 Napoleon To learn as much as you can from this map study the legend the compass rose and the scale Then answer the questions below (See Skillbuilder Handbook)
1 Name at least three countries Napoleon controlled
2 What was the extent from east to west in miles or kilometers of the lands that
Napoleon governed or controlled
3 What direction would you travel to go from Paris to London
4 What part of the lands controlled by Napoleon was the farthest south
5 In 1810 Napoleon had signed alliances with Prussia the Austrian Empire and
the Russian Empire What countries shown on the map were NOT allied with
Napoleon or controlled by him
6 How does the area of the lands controlled by Napoleon compare to the combined
area of European countries that were not allied with Napoleon or controlled
by him _
7 What is the approximate distance between Paris and Moscow _
8 What were the sites of three major battles the French Army fought between 1805
and 1809 _
42 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
42 Name Date
CHAPTER WORKSHEET The Battle of Waterloo
A decisive event in European history was the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18 1815 (textbook page The map below shows the final phase of this battle Use it to answer the questions that follow
o I
1000 I
N
I T
2000 3000 yards I I
Prussian forces
BATTLEFIELD +-- Britishadvance ~~= Prussian advance
JUNE 18 1815 === Road 11111111 Ridge
THE WATERLOO -BrltlshfOrces = French forces
ltC== French advance
cent c o French retleat
1 What nationality were the troops that fought with tfie British against Napoleon _
2 From which direction did the British allies attack the French _
3 In which direction did the French retreat _
4 Napoleons headquarters were at Le Caillou The British commander Wellington had his base at
Mont St Jean How far apart were they by road _
5 (a) What land feature probably helped British troops facing a French advance _
(b) What advantage would this feature have given the British
6 (a) What was the name of the country in which the battle was fought (Refer to the map on textshy
book page 455) _
(b) What modern country is this region part or (See textbook map page 725) _
Copyright copy 1988 by Houghton Mifflin Company All rights reserved 20
46 Name Class _ Date
Chapter
Napoleon was a hero to many people in France but others saw him as a tyrant One iter who bitterly opposed him-and was exiled from France- was Madame
errnaine Necker de Stael (1766-1817) Napoleons soldiers On the other hand admired him as the speech made by one of his officers on his return to Paris in 1815 shows bull As you read think about what may have motivated each writer Then on a separate sheet
ofpaper answer the questions that follow
Two Views of Napoleon
M adame de Stael What particularly characshy Marshal Michel Ney Officers sub-officers terizes Bonapartes goverment is his profound soldiers The cause of the Bourbons is lost
contempt for all the intellectual riches of human forever The legitimate dynasty France has adopted nature virtue dignity religion
J_ ~
~
- sectshy
is about to remount the throne enthusiasm in his eyes they are To the emperor Napoleon our the eternal enemies of the contishy sovereign belongs alone the right nent to use his favorite expresshy to rule over our beautiful counshysion He would like to persuade try Whether the Bourbon nobilishymen by force and by cunning and ty choose to return to exile or he considers all else to be stupidity consent to live among us what or folly does it matter to us The times
I do not believe that when are gone when the people were Bonaparte became head of the governed by suppressing their government he had yet formulated righ ts LIberty triumphs In the the plan for a universal monarchy end and Napoleon our august
I do believe what he himself emperor comes to confirm it _~ld to one of my friends a few Soldiers I have often led you to days after the 18 Brurnaire [the victory Now I would escort you date Napoleon overthrew the to join this immortal legion Directory] It is necessary he said which the Emperor Napoleon conshyto do something new every three months in ordermiddot ducts to Pans and which in a few days will reach to captivate the imagination of the French nation the capital with whom anyone who stands still is lost His sysshytem was to encroach [intrude]daily upon Frances
Sources (1) Ten Years of Exile by Madame de Stael trans liberty and Europes independence Byalternatshy Dons Beik (Saturday Review Press J972) (2)The French ing between cunning and force he has subjugated Revolution and Napoleon An Eyewitness History by Joe H [conquered] Europe Kirchberger (Facts on File 985)
ILlUSTRA1IONPHOTO CREDIT BETIMANN
~ _-_____~-~~ ---- ~- -- ~--~---_ _--shy Questionsto Discuss
1 What does Madame de Stael say are 3 Making Comparisons Both these writers Napoleons only methods of persuasion speak about Napoleon and peoples liberty
2 What does Marshal Ney say ~bout Napoleons How do their views compare right to rule as opposed to that of the Bourbon kings
Survey and Volume 1 Editions Chapter 32 ~ Viewpoint Activity Modern Era Edition Chapter
47
2
3
Name Date
o GUIDED READING The Congress of Vienna Convenes
Section 5
A Identifying Supporting Ideas As you read about the meeting of the Congress of Vienna fill in the diagram below
GoalsMembers and Representatives
Congress ofVienna
LegacyActions Taken
Short-term
Long-term
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper briefly explain Klemens von Mettemichs efforts to create peace and stability in Europe Use the terms balance of power and Concert of Europe in your explanation
The French Revolution and Napoleon 41
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Section 1
A Recognizing Facts and Details As you read this section fill out the chart below to help you better understand why and how Latin Americans fought colonial rule
Independence for Haiti
Reasons Strategy ~
2 What events led upto General Dessaliness 1 Why did slaves in the French colonyof SaintshyDomingue revolt declaration of independence for Haiti
South American Wars of Independence
Reasons
4What tactics did Jose de San Martin and Simon the Spanish colonies
3How did events in Europe lead to revolution in Bolivar use to defeatSpanish forces in South America
End of Spanish Rule in Mexico - ~ ~-
~t~~~itfmiddot 5 What is the significance of the grito de Dolores 6 What role did Indians mestizos and creoles
play in Mexicos independence from Spain
B Writing Expository Paragraphs On the back of this paper explain the divisions within Latin American colonial society In your writing use the following terms
peninsulares creoles mulattos
56 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
GUIDED READING Revolutions Disrupt Europe Section 2
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about uprisings in Europe make notes in the chart to explain the outcomes of each action listed
1 French citizens armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
2 Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks -
~
3 Nationalist groups in Budapest Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
i
4 Charles Xtries to set up an absolute
monarchy in France t ~ ( ~
5 Paris mobs overthrowmonarchy of Louis-Philippe
gt6 Louis-lIapoleon Bonaparte is elected ~
presidentof France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
7 In the Crimean War Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
8Alexander II issues the Edictof Emancipation
~
- - --~ -0 lmiddot--middot - r
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper define the following terms
conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 57
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
-0 Ql
~ Ql l)
~
7 policyof realpolitik 8 Seven Weeks War 9 Franco-Prussian War poundls OJ C
lti o E Qj J Cii OJ gt 0 0 o ~
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
The Third Estate the Bourgeoisie the workers
the peasants
B Financial Crisis
-7 When the cost of flour increases dramatically what is the impact
-7 Who was Jacques Necker Why does he urge Louis to call together the Estates General
-7 Who was Maximillian Robespierre What is his role in the Estates General
-7 What was the Tennis Court Oath and what pledge did its authors make
Application task Create a political cartoon that comments on the social situation in Old Regime France (before the revolution) Your cartoon should provide insight as to the level of inequality that pervaded the
ench social class structure
equirements
bull Must be neat detailed and colorful
bull Must express a clear opinion on the subject
bull Provide a written explanation that describes the following
(1) what is seen (2) element(s) of humor (3) any symbols details words opinions or ideas that are expressedconveyed (4) the overall message of your cartoon
Document A Parisian Newspaper Account of the Fall of the Bastille
On July 14 1789 Parisian crowds in search of weapons attacked and captured the royal armory
known as the Bastille It had also been a state prison and its fall marked the triumph of liberty over despotism This intervention of the Parisian populace saved the Third Estate from
Louis XVIs attempted counterrevolution
First the people tried to enter this fortress by the Rue St-Antoine this fortress which no one
has ever penetrated against the wishes of this frightful despotism and where the monster still resided The treacherous governor had put out a flag of peace So a confident advance was made a detachment of French Guards with perhaps five to six thousand armed bourgeois
penetrated the Bastilles outer ltourtyardsbut as soon as some six hundred persons had passed over the first drawbridge the bridge was raised and artillery fire mowed down several French Guards and some soldiers the cannon fired on the town and the people took fright a large number of individuals were killed or wounded but then they rallied and took shelter from the fire meanwhile they tried to locate some cannon they attacked from the waters edge through the gardens of the arsenal and from there made an orderly siege they advanced from various directions beneath a ceaseless round offire It was a terrible scene The fighting grew steadily more intense the citizens had become hardened to the fire from all directions they clambered onto the roofs or broke into the rooms as soon as an enemy appeared among the turrets on the tower he was fixed in the sights of a hundred guns and mown down in an instant meanwhile cannon fire was hurriedly directed against the second drawbridge which it pierced breaking the chains in vain did the cannon on the tower reply for most people were sheltered from it the fury was at its height people bravely faced death and every danger women in their eagerness helped us to the utmost even the children after the discharge of fire from the fortress ran here and there picking up the bullets and shot [and so the Bastille fell and the governor De Launey was captured] Serene and blessed liberty for the first time has at last been introduced into this abode of horrors this frightful refuge of monstrous despotism and its crimes
Meanwhile they get ready to march they leave amidst an enormous crowd the applause the outbursts of joy the insults the oaths hurled at the treacherous prisoners of war everything is confused cries of vengeance and of pleasure issue from every heart the conquerors glorious and covered in honor carry their arms and the spoils of the conquered the flags of victory the militia mingling with the soldiers of the fatherland the victory laurels offered them from every side all this created a frightening and splendid spectacle On arriving at the square the people
anxious to avenge themselves allowed neither De Launey nor the other officers to reach the place of trial they seized them from the hands of their conquerors and trampled them
underfoot one after the other De Launey was struck by a thousand blows his head was cut off
and hoisted on the end of a pike with blood streaming down all sides This glorious day must
amaze our enemies and finally usher in for us the triumph of justice and liberty In the evening there were celebrations
Analysis questions
1 When is revolution justified
2 Were the people of Paris justified in revolting against their king
3 Was the Bastille a reasonable target for the people Why or why not
4 What do revolutions show about human nature
5 Is violence justified to deal with an unjust system Why or why not
Date __ - The French Revolution
Part 1 The Explosion
Storming of the Bastille -7 Why did the people of Paris get so upset in July 1789
-7 What is the symbol of the Revolution
-7 What happened in Paris on July 14 1789
-7 What happened to Bernard-Rene de launav the governor of the Bastille
So now youve won welcome to the National Assembly Now you have to solve the problems of France
1 What rights should men have
2 Should there be freedom of the press
3 How do you deal with the fact that the mob has started running around and terrorizing nobles and merchants
4 There are still lots of hungry people in Paris What should we do about this
What should we do with the royal family
- Louis Return and Demise Date ------shyPart 2 The Implosion
A Louis Flight to Death -7 Why does Louis flee Paris What happens when he is caught
-7 What role does the guillotine play in the revolution Why is it described as humanitarian What is its nickname
-7 Robespierre argues against declaring war on Austria Why
-7 How does Louis lose control of France
7 Who were the sans-culottes
-7 Who is Georges Danton and what role does he play in the revolution
-7 What was Marats solution to the large number of prisoners in Paris What happens after the enemy takes Verdun
-7 Why did the French kill King Louis
B Problems
1
2
C The Implosion -7 What was the Reign of Terror and why was it significant within the context of the French Revolution
-7 How do Robespierres views change during the revolution
-7 How does the Revolution strike out against the Catholic Church
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte and how does he make his name
-7 What happened to Robespierre
DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN
~ Under each statement in the declaration write what it means in your own words
1 Men are born and remain free and equal in rights Social distinctions may be founded only
upon the general good
2 The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man These rights are liberty property security and resistance to oppression
3 The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation Nobody nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation
4 Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights These limits can only be determined by law
5 Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society Nothing may be prevented which
is not forbidden by law and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law
6 Law is the expression of the general will Every citizen has a right to participate personally or through his representative in its formation It must be the same for all whether it protects or punishes All citizens being equal in the eyes of the law are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations according to their abilities and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents
7 No person shall be accused arrested or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law Anyone soliciting transmitting executing or causing to be executed
any arbitrary order shall be punished But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay as resistance constitutes an offense
8 The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously necessary
9 As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty if arrest shall be
deemed indispensable all harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoners person shall be severely repressed by law
10 No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions including his religious views provided
their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law
11 The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of
man Every citizen may accordingly speak write and print with freedom but shall be
responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law
12 The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces These forces are therefore established for the good of all and not for the personal advantage of
those to whom they shall be instructed
13 A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means
14 All the citizens have a right to decide either personally or by their representatives as to the necessity of the public contribution to grant this freely to know to what uses it is put and to fix the proportion the mode of assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes
15 Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration
16 A society in which the observance of the law is not assured nor the separation of powers defined has no constitution at all
17 Since property is an inviolable and sacred right no one shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity legally determined shall clearly demand it and then only on condition that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified
1 What was the purpose of the Declaration
2 Which philosophers and thinkers may have influenced the framers of the Declaration
3 This document is inftuenced by which famous usdocument (signed July 4 1776) Circle the paraflel ideas
- -
- -
12
Chapter Graphic Organizer I i
Frances Old Regime gives little power to majority (Third Estate) ~
m9rlt~~~~~= shy ~~~~Y_C(~gtlt --- ----~- - ~ ~i-_gt-n i
shy1789 Third Estate votes to create National Assembly and end absolute monarchy
~ ~)~S~~ ~ ~-~~ll gt21pound4 nr- bull~ ~eagt_~-~lt=~~~-~ - ---=-~~=
1789 Parisian mob storms Bastille to obtain gunpowder ij 1
~ ~-H bullbull _H -~ _- ~-I -~C~~~-~ - ~ middotmiddot~~~~u~~
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~ Ii11791 National Assembly creates new constitution middot1 J j
E-z==- - ~~Q- bull ~--9ft$_ -
~~)A~_ ~ ~MJ~~~-~~$S ~~~r1
~ 1792 King is formally deposed France declares war on Austria
1 National Assembly is replaced by National Convention 1
I 1
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i1793-1794 National Convention turns radical king is executed - Robespierre becomes virtual dictator and rules through terror ~
~ ~ ~ - ~ - middots1-~u~~_1
gtshyC lttl 0 E o o Ll C lttl s m CD r L o 1 OJ
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~y 1794-1795 Robespierre is executed as revolution turns
to the right directory is formed ij ~
~ ~ shylt - - =1
V 1795-1804 Napoleon conquers foreign enemies and then
seizes power in France becoming emperor -
j 5
~ I - ~ ll~-rtSigltl
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j1805-1812 Napoleon builds vast European empire ~
~ ~ -
~
1812-1815 Napoleon invades Russia is defeated and exiled ~ returns to power is defeated at Waterloo and exiled j
-~ - -
World History Perspectives on the Past
Name Date _
o Section 2
CONNECTIONS ACROSS TIME AND CULTURES
Comparing Revolutions in America and France Because revolutions have occurred so often historians have tried to identify some common stages that revolutions follow Study the stages below from Preface to History by Carl Gustavson After reading examples from the American Revolution give similar examples from the French Revolution
STAGE AMERICAN FRENCH
1 Writers denounce existing conditions and provide new goals and ideas
Colonial lawyers protested the Stamp Act and leaders encourshyaged conflict with British authorities
2 Public discontent results in riots and other acts ofviolence
Colonists engaged in protests and boycotts including the Boston Tea Party
3 The ruling group is frightened into making repeated concessions until power is transshy[erred
British Parliament repealed the Stamp Act Britain fought the colonists and lost
4 The reformers carry out their reforms but if their measures are drasshytic the nation splits into rival groups
The weak national government led to Shayss rebellion
5 Radicals seize power from moderates and try to impose their views on the nation
Colonial leaders created a new constitution and a new system of government
6 The public tires of the radicals and modshyerates regain power
Moderates gained the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution
From your answers what similarities and differences do you see in the American and French revolutions
54 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name _ Date
o GUIDED READING Napoleon Forges an Empire
Section 3
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleon note the goals and results of some of his actions
Goal(s) Result(s)
Actions
1 Establishment of national bankand efficient tax-collection system
2 Enacting Napoleonic Code of law
L
3 Sending troops to Saint Domingue
)
4 Selling Louisiana Territoryto the UnitedStates
-0 ~ Ql 5 W(1ging Battle of Trafalgar ()
~ ()
E Cl
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper write a brief explanation of how Napoleon gained power in France Use the terms coup d etat and plebiscite
J )
The French Revolution and Napoleon 39
J
Name _ Date _
o GUIDED READING Napoleons Empire Collapses
Section 4
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleons downfall write notes in the chart to explain how each action contributed to his final defeat
1 Ordered a blockade to preventtrade and communication between GreatBritain and other European nations
2 Sent an army to invade Portugal and began the Penisular VVar 7 --
i-e
3 In June 1812 invaded Russia with his Grand Army
4 Entered Moscow on September 14 1812 and stayed in the ruined city for five weeks
5 Raised another army and fought the Battle of Leipzig
6 Escaped Elba reclaimed title of emperor and fought Battle of Waterloo
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B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper briefly describe the final defeat of Napoleon using the terms Hundred Days and Waterloo
40 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name Date _
o SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE Interpreting Maps By 1812 Napoleon controlled a vast empire The map on page 208 of your textbook shows the extent of the French Empire and the lands controlled by
Section 4 Napoleon To learn as much as you can from this map study the legend the compass rose and the scale Then answer the questions below (See Skillbuilder Handbook)
1 Name at least three countries Napoleon controlled
2 What was the extent from east to west in miles or kilometers of the lands that
Napoleon governed or controlled
3 What direction would you travel to go from Paris to London
4 What part of the lands controlled by Napoleon was the farthest south
5 In 1810 Napoleon had signed alliances with Prussia the Austrian Empire and
the Russian Empire What countries shown on the map were NOT allied with
Napoleon or controlled by him
6 How does the area of the lands controlled by Napoleon compare to the combined
area of European countries that were not allied with Napoleon or controlled
by him _
7 What is the approximate distance between Paris and Moscow _
8 What were the sites of three major battles the French Army fought between 1805
and 1809 _
42 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
42 Name Date
CHAPTER WORKSHEET The Battle of Waterloo
A decisive event in European history was the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18 1815 (textbook page The map below shows the final phase of this battle Use it to answer the questions that follow
o I
1000 I
N
I T
2000 3000 yards I I
Prussian forces
BATTLEFIELD +-- Britishadvance ~~= Prussian advance
JUNE 18 1815 === Road 11111111 Ridge
THE WATERLOO -BrltlshfOrces = French forces
ltC== French advance
cent c o French retleat
1 What nationality were the troops that fought with tfie British against Napoleon _
2 From which direction did the British allies attack the French _
3 In which direction did the French retreat _
4 Napoleons headquarters were at Le Caillou The British commander Wellington had his base at
Mont St Jean How far apart were they by road _
5 (a) What land feature probably helped British troops facing a French advance _
(b) What advantage would this feature have given the British
6 (a) What was the name of the country in which the battle was fought (Refer to the map on textshy
book page 455) _
(b) What modern country is this region part or (See textbook map page 725) _
Copyright copy 1988 by Houghton Mifflin Company All rights reserved 20
46 Name Class _ Date
Chapter
Napoleon was a hero to many people in France but others saw him as a tyrant One iter who bitterly opposed him-and was exiled from France- was Madame
errnaine Necker de Stael (1766-1817) Napoleons soldiers On the other hand admired him as the speech made by one of his officers on his return to Paris in 1815 shows bull As you read think about what may have motivated each writer Then on a separate sheet
ofpaper answer the questions that follow
Two Views of Napoleon
M adame de Stael What particularly characshy Marshal Michel Ney Officers sub-officers terizes Bonapartes goverment is his profound soldiers The cause of the Bourbons is lost
contempt for all the intellectual riches of human forever The legitimate dynasty France has adopted nature virtue dignity religion
J_ ~
~
- sectshy
is about to remount the throne enthusiasm in his eyes they are To the emperor Napoleon our the eternal enemies of the contishy sovereign belongs alone the right nent to use his favorite expresshy to rule over our beautiful counshysion He would like to persuade try Whether the Bourbon nobilishymen by force and by cunning and ty choose to return to exile or he considers all else to be stupidity consent to live among us what or folly does it matter to us The times
I do not believe that when are gone when the people were Bonaparte became head of the governed by suppressing their government he had yet formulated righ ts LIberty triumphs In the the plan for a universal monarchy end and Napoleon our august
I do believe what he himself emperor comes to confirm it _~ld to one of my friends a few Soldiers I have often led you to days after the 18 Brurnaire [the victory Now I would escort you date Napoleon overthrew the to join this immortal legion Directory] It is necessary he said which the Emperor Napoleon conshyto do something new every three months in ordermiddot ducts to Pans and which in a few days will reach to captivate the imagination of the French nation the capital with whom anyone who stands still is lost His sysshytem was to encroach [intrude]daily upon Frances
Sources (1) Ten Years of Exile by Madame de Stael trans liberty and Europes independence Byalternatshy Dons Beik (Saturday Review Press J972) (2)The French ing between cunning and force he has subjugated Revolution and Napoleon An Eyewitness History by Joe H [conquered] Europe Kirchberger (Facts on File 985)
ILlUSTRA1IONPHOTO CREDIT BETIMANN
~ _-_____~-~~ ---- ~- -- ~--~---_ _--shy Questionsto Discuss
1 What does Madame de Stael say are 3 Making Comparisons Both these writers Napoleons only methods of persuasion speak about Napoleon and peoples liberty
2 What does Marshal Ney say ~bout Napoleons How do their views compare right to rule as opposed to that of the Bourbon kings
Survey and Volume 1 Editions Chapter 32 ~ Viewpoint Activity Modern Era Edition Chapter
47
2
3
Name Date
o GUIDED READING The Congress of Vienna Convenes
Section 5
A Identifying Supporting Ideas As you read about the meeting of the Congress of Vienna fill in the diagram below
GoalsMembers and Representatives
Congress ofVienna
LegacyActions Taken
Short-term
Long-term
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper briefly explain Klemens von Mettemichs efforts to create peace and stability in Europe Use the terms balance of power and Concert of Europe in your explanation
The French Revolution and Napoleon 41
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Section 1
A Recognizing Facts and Details As you read this section fill out the chart below to help you better understand why and how Latin Americans fought colonial rule
Independence for Haiti
Reasons Strategy ~
2 What events led upto General Dessaliness 1 Why did slaves in the French colonyof SaintshyDomingue revolt declaration of independence for Haiti
South American Wars of Independence
Reasons
4What tactics did Jose de San Martin and Simon the Spanish colonies
3How did events in Europe lead to revolution in Bolivar use to defeatSpanish forces in South America
End of Spanish Rule in Mexico - ~ ~-
~t~~~itfmiddot 5 What is the significance of the grito de Dolores 6 What role did Indians mestizos and creoles
play in Mexicos independence from Spain
B Writing Expository Paragraphs On the back of this paper explain the divisions within Latin American colonial society In your writing use the following terms
peninsulares creoles mulattos
56 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
GUIDED READING Revolutions Disrupt Europe Section 2
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about uprisings in Europe make notes in the chart to explain the outcomes of each action listed
1 French citizens armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
2 Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks -
~
3 Nationalist groups in Budapest Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
i
4 Charles Xtries to set up an absolute
monarchy in France t ~ ( ~
5 Paris mobs overthrowmonarchy of Louis-Philippe
gt6 Louis-lIapoleon Bonaparte is elected ~
presidentof France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
7 In the Crimean War Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
8Alexander II issues the Edictof Emancipation
~
- - --~ -0 lmiddot--middot - r
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper define the following terms
conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 57
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
-0 Ql
~ Ql l)
~
7 policyof realpolitik 8 Seven Weeks War 9 Franco-Prussian War poundls OJ C
lti o E Qj J Cii OJ gt 0 0 o ~
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Application task Create a political cartoon that comments on the social situation in Old Regime France (before the revolution) Your cartoon should provide insight as to the level of inequality that pervaded the
ench social class structure
equirements
bull Must be neat detailed and colorful
bull Must express a clear opinion on the subject
bull Provide a written explanation that describes the following
(1) what is seen (2) element(s) of humor (3) any symbols details words opinions or ideas that are expressedconveyed (4) the overall message of your cartoon
Document A Parisian Newspaper Account of the Fall of the Bastille
On July 14 1789 Parisian crowds in search of weapons attacked and captured the royal armory
known as the Bastille It had also been a state prison and its fall marked the triumph of liberty over despotism This intervention of the Parisian populace saved the Third Estate from
Louis XVIs attempted counterrevolution
First the people tried to enter this fortress by the Rue St-Antoine this fortress which no one
has ever penetrated against the wishes of this frightful despotism and where the monster still resided The treacherous governor had put out a flag of peace So a confident advance was made a detachment of French Guards with perhaps five to six thousand armed bourgeois
penetrated the Bastilles outer ltourtyardsbut as soon as some six hundred persons had passed over the first drawbridge the bridge was raised and artillery fire mowed down several French Guards and some soldiers the cannon fired on the town and the people took fright a large number of individuals were killed or wounded but then they rallied and took shelter from the fire meanwhile they tried to locate some cannon they attacked from the waters edge through the gardens of the arsenal and from there made an orderly siege they advanced from various directions beneath a ceaseless round offire It was a terrible scene The fighting grew steadily more intense the citizens had become hardened to the fire from all directions they clambered onto the roofs or broke into the rooms as soon as an enemy appeared among the turrets on the tower he was fixed in the sights of a hundred guns and mown down in an instant meanwhile cannon fire was hurriedly directed against the second drawbridge which it pierced breaking the chains in vain did the cannon on the tower reply for most people were sheltered from it the fury was at its height people bravely faced death and every danger women in their eagerness helped us to the utmost even the children after the discharge of fire from the fortress ran here and there picking up the bullets and shot [and so the Bastille fell and the governor De Launey was captured] Serene and blessed liberty for the first time has at last been introduced into this abode of horrors this frightful refuge of monstrous despotism and its crimes
Meanwhile they get ready to march they leave amidst an enormous crowd the applause the outbursts of joy the insults the oaths hurled at the treacherous prisoners of war everything is confused cries of vengeance and of pleasure issue from every heart the conquerors glorious and covered in honor carry their arms and the spoils of the conquered the flags of victory the militia mingling with the soldiers of the fatherland the victory laurels offered them from every side all this created a frightening and splendid spectacle On arriving at the square the people
anxious to avenge themselves allowed neither De Launey nor the other officers to reach the place of trial they seized them from the hands of their conquerors and trampled them
underfoot one after the other De Launey was struck by a thousand blows his head was cut off
and hoisted on the end of a pike with blood streaming down all sides This glorious day must
amaze our enemies and finally usher in for us the triumph of justice and liberty In the evening there were celebrations
Analysis questions
1 When is revolution justified
2 Were the people of Paris justified in revolting against their king
3 Was the Bastille a reasonable target for the people Why or why not
4 What do revolutions show about human nature
5 Is violence justified to deal with an unjust system Why or why not
Date __ - The French Revolution
Part 1 The Explosion
Storming of the Bastille -7 Why did the people of Paris get so upset in July 1789
-7 What is the symbol of the Revolution
-7 What happened in Paris on July 14 1789
-7 What happened to Bernard-Rene de launav the governor of the Bastille
So now youve won welcome to the National Assembly Now you have to solve the problems of France
1 What rights should men have
2 Should there be freedom of the press
3 How do you deal with the fact that the mob has started running around and terrorizing nobles and merchants
4 There are still lots of hungry people in Paris What should we do about this
What should we do with the royal family
- Louis Return and Demise Date ------shyPart 2 The Implosion
A Louis Flight to Death -7 Why does Louis flee Paris What happens when he is caught
-7 What role does the guillotine play in the revolution Why is it described as humanitarian What is its nickname
-7 Robespierre argues against declaring war on Austria Why
-7 How does Louis lose control of France
7 Who were the sans-culottes
-7 Who is Georges Danton and what role does he play in the revolution
-7 What was Marats solution to the large number of prisoners in Paris What happens after the enemy takes Verdun
-7 Why did the French kill King Louis
B Problems
1
2
C The Implosion -7 What was the Reign of Terror and why was it significant within the context of the French Revolution
-7 How do Robespierres views change during the revolution
-7 How does the Revolution strike out against the Catholic Church
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte and how does he make his name
-7 What happened to Robespierre
DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN
~ Under each statement in the declaration write what it means in your own words
1 Men are born and remain free and equal in rights Social distinctions may be founded only
upon the general good
2 The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man These rights are liberty property security and resistance to oppression
3 The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation Nobody nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation
4 Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights These limits can only be determined by law
5 Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society Nothing may be prevented which
is not forbidden by law and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law
6 Law is the expression of the general will Every citizen has a right to participate personally or through his representative in its formation It must be the same for all whether it protects or punishes All citizens being equal in the eyes of the law are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations according to their abilities and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents
7 No person shall be accused arrested or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law Anyone soliciting transmitting executing or causing to be executed
any arbitrary order shall be punished But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay as resistance constitutes an offense
8 The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously necessary
9 As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty if arrest shall be
deemed indispensable all harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoners person shall be severely repressed by law
10 No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions including his religious views provided
their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law
11 The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of
man Every citizen may accordingly speak write and print with freedom but shall be
responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law
12 The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces These forces are therefore established for the good of all and not for the personal advantage of
those to whom they shall be instructed
13 A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means
14 All the citizens have a right to decide either personally or by their representatives as to the necessity of the public contribution to grant this freely to know to what uses it is put and to fix the proportion the mode of assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes
15 Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration
16 A society in which the observance of the law is not assured nor the separation of powers defined has no constitution at all
17 Since property is an inviolable and sacred right no one shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity legally determined shall clearly demand it and then only on condition that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified
1 What was the purpose of the Declaration
2 Which philosophers and thinkers may have influenced the framers of the Declaration
3 This document is inftuenced by which famous usdocument (signed July 4 1776) Circle the paraflel ideas
- -
- -
12
Chapter Graphic Organizer I i
Frances Old Regime gives little power to majority (Third Estate) ~
m9rlt~~~~~= shy ~~~~Y_C(~gtlt --- ----~- - ~ ~i-_gt-n i
shy1789 Third Estate votes to create National Assembly and end absolute monarchy
~ ~)~S~~ ~ ~-~~ll gt21pound4 nr- bull~ ~eagt_~-~lt=~~~-~ - ---=-~~=
1789 Parisian mob storms Bastille to obtain gunpowder ij 1
~ ~-H bullbull _H -~ _- ~-I -~C~~~-~ - ~ middotmiddot~~~~u~~
-~y
~ Ii11791 National Assembly creates new constitution middot1 J j
E-z==- - ~~Q- bull ~--9ft$_ -
~~)A~_ ~ ~MJ~~~-~~$S ~~~r1
~ 1792 King is formally deposed France declares war on Austria
1 National Assembly is replaced by National Convention 1
I 1
~~ ~sz~~-g~~J ~==r~~
i1793-1794 National Convention turns radical king is executed - Robespierre becomes virtual dictator and rules through terror ~
~ ~ ~ - ~ - middots1-~u~~_1
gtshyC lttl 0 E o o Ll C lttl s m CD r L o 1 OJ
~
o o
~y 1794-1795 Robespierre is executed as revolution turns
to the right directory is formed ij ~
~ ~ shylt - - =1
V 1795-1804 Napoleon conquers foreign enemies and then
seizes power in France becoming emperor -
j 5
~ I - ~ ll~-rtSigltl
~ -e )
j1805-1812 Napoleon builds vast European empire ~
~ ~ -
~
1812-1815 Napoleon invades Russia is defeated and exiled ~ returns to power is defeated at Waterloo and exiled j
-~ - -
World History Perspectives on the Past
Name Date _
o Section 2
CONNECTIONS ACROSS TIME AND CULTURES
Comparing Revolutions in America and France Because revolutions have occurred so often historians have tried to identify some common stages that revolutions follow Study the stages below from Preface to History by Carl Gustavson After reading examples from the American Revolution give similar examples from the French Revolution
STAGE AMERICAN FRENCH
1 Writers denounce existing conditions and provide new goals and ideas
Colonial lawyers protested the Stamp Act and leaders encourshyaged conflict with British authorities
2 Public discontent results in riots and other acts ofviolence
Colonists engaged in protests and boycotts including the Boston Tea Party
3 The ruling group is frightened into making repeated concessions until power is transshy[erred
British Parliament repealed the Stamp Act Britain fought the colonists and lost
4 The reformers carry out their reforms but if their measures are drasshytic the nation splits into rival groups
The weak national government led to Shayss rebellion
5 Radicals seize power from moderates and try to impose their views on the nation
Colonial leaders created a new constitution and a new system of government
6 The public tires of the radicals and modshyerates regain power
Moderates gained the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution
From your answers what similarities and differences do you see in the American and French revolutions
54 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name _ Date
o GUIDED READING Napoleon Forges an Empire
Section 3
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleon note the goals and results of some of his actions
Goal(s) Result(s)
Actions
1 Establishment of national bankand efficient tax-collection system
2 Enacting Napoleonic Code of law
L
3 Sending troops to Saint Domingue
)
4 Selling Louisiana Territoryto the UnitedStates
-0 ~ Ql 5 W(1ging Battle of Trafalgar ()
~ ()
E Cl
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper write a brief explanation of how Napoleon gained power in France Use the terms coup d etat and plebiscite
J )
The French Revolution and Napoleon 39
J
Name _ Date _
o GUIDED READING Napoleons Empire Collapses
Section 4
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleons downfall write notes in the chart to explain how each action contributed to his final defeat
1 Ordered a blockade to preventtrade and communication between GreatBritain and other European nations
2 Sent an army to invade Portugal and began the Penisular VVar 7 --
i-e
3 In June 1812 invaded Russia with his Grand Army
4 Entered Moscow on September 14 1812 and stayed in the ruined city for five weeks
5 Raised another army and fought the Battle of Leipzig
6 Escaped Elba reclaimed title of emperor and fought Battle of Waterloo
i ~-
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B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper briefly describe the final defeat of Napoleon using the terms Hundred Days and Waterloo
40 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name Date _
o SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE Interpreting Maps By 1812 Napoleon controlled a vast empire The map on page 208 of your textbook shows the extent of the French Empire and the lands controlled by
Section 4 Napoleon To learn as much as you can from this map study the legend the compass rose and the scale Then answer the questions below (See Skillbuilder Handbook)
1 Name at least three countries Napoleon controlled
2 What was the extent from east to west in miles or kilometers of the lands that
Napoleon governed or controlled
3 What direction would you travel to go from Paris to London
4 What part of the lands controlled by Napoleon was the farthest south
5 In 1810 Napoleon had signed alliances with Prussia the Austrian Empire and
the Russian Empire What countries shown on the map were NOT allied with
Napoleon or controlled by him
6 How does the area of the lands controlled by Napoleon compare to the combined
area of European countries that were not allied with Napoleon or controlled
by him _
7 What is the approximate distance between Paris and Moscow _
8 What were the sites of three major battles the French Army fought between 1805
and 1809 _
42 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
42 Name Date
CHAPTER WORKSHEET The Battle of Waterloo
A decisive event in European history was the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18 1815 (textbook page The map below shows the final phase of this battle Use it to answer the questions that follow
o I
1000 I
N
I T
2000 3000 yards I I
Prussian forces
BATTLEFIELD +-- Britishadvance ~~= Prussian advance
JUNE 18 1815 === Road 11111111 Ridge
THE WATERLOO -BrltlshfOrces = French forces
ltC== French advance
cent c o French retleat
1 What nationality were the troops that fought with tfie British against Napoleon _
2 From which direction did the British allies attack the French _
3 In which direction did the French retreat _
4 Napoleons headquarters were at Le Caillou The British commander Wellington had his base at
Mont St Jean How far apart were they by road _
5 (a) What land feature probably helped British troops facing a French advance _
(b) What advantage would this feature have given the British
6 (a) What was the name of the country in which the battle was fought (Refer to the map on textshy
book page 455) _
(b) What modern country is this region part or (See textbook map page 725) _
Copyright copy 1988 by Houghton Mifflin Company All rights reserved 20
46 Name Class _ Date
Chapter
Napoleon was a hero to many people in France but others saw him as a tyrant One iter who bitterly opposed him-and was exiled from France- was Madame
errnaine Necker de Stael (1766-1817) Napoleons soldiers On the other hand admired him as the speech made by one of his officers on his return to Paris in 1815 shows bull As you read think about what may have motivated each writer Then on a separate sheet
ofpaper answer the questions that follow
Two Views of Napoleon
M adame de Stael What particularly characshy Marshal Michel Ney Officers sub-officers terizes Bonapartes goverment is his profound soldiers The cause of the Bourbons is lost
contempt for all the intellectual riches of human forever The legitimate dynasty France has adopted nature virtue dignity religion
J_ ~
~
- sectshy
is about to remount the throne enthusiasm in his eyes they are To the emperor Napoleon our the eternal enemies of the contishy sovereign belongs alone the right nent to use his favorite expresshy to rule over our beautiful counshysion He would like to persuade try Whether the Bourbon nobilishymen by force and by cunning and ty choose to return to exile or he considers all else to be stupidity consent to live among us what or folly does it matter to us The times
I do not believe that when are gone when the people were Bonaparte became head of the governed by suppressing their government he had yet formulated righ ts LIberty triumphs In the the plan for a universal monarchy end and Napoleon our august
I do believe what he himself emperor comes to confirm it _~ld to one of my friends a few Soldiers I have often led you to days after the 18 Brurnaire [the victory Now I would escort you date Napoleon overthrew the to join this immortal legion Directory] It is necessary he said which the Emperor Napoleon conshyto do something new every three months in ordermiddot ducts to Pans and which in a few days will reach to captivate the imagination of the French nation the capital with whom anyone who stands still is lost His sysshytem was to encroach [intrude]daily upon Frances
Sources (1) Ten Years of Exile by Madame de Stael trans liberty and Europes independence Byalternatshy Dons Beik (Saturday Review Press J972) (2)The French ing between cunning and force he has subjugated Revolution and Napoleon An Eyewitness History by Joe H [conquered] Europe Kirchberger (Facts on File 985)
ILlUSTRA1IONPHOTO CREDIT BETIMANN
~ _-_____~-~~ ---- ~- -- ~--~---_ _--shy Questionsto Discuss
1 What does Madame de Stael say are 3 Making Comparisons Both these writers Napoleons only methods of persuasion speak about Napoleon and peoples liberty
2 What does Marshal Ney say ~bout Napoleons How do their views compare right to rule as opposed to that of the Bourbon kings
Survey and Volume 1 Editions Chapter 32 ~ Viewpoint Activity Modern Era Edition Chapter
47
2
3
Name Date
o GUIDED READING The Congress of Vienna Convenes
Section 5
A Identifying Supporting Ideas As you read about the meeting of the Congress of Vienna fill in the diagram below
GoalsMembers and Representatives
Congress ofVienna
LegacyActions Taken
Short-term
Long-term
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper briefly explain Klemens von Mettemichs efforts to create peace and stability in Europe Use the terms balance of power and Concert of Europe in your explanation
The French Revolution and Napoleon 41
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Section 1
A Recognizing Facts and Details As you read this section fill out the chart below to help you better understand why and how Latin Americans fought colonial rule
Independence for Haiti
Reasons Strategy ~
2 What events led upto General Dessaliness 1 Why did slaves in the French colonyof SaintshyDomingue revolt declaration of independence for Haiti
South American Wars of Independence
Reasons
4What tactics did Jose de San Martin and Simon the Spanish colonies
3How did events in Europe lead to revolution in Bolivar use to defeatSpanish forces in South America
End of Spanish Rule in Mexico - ~ ~-
~t~~~itfmiddot 5 What is the significance of the grito de Dolores 6 What role did Indians mestizos and creoles
play in Mexicos independence from Spain
B Writing Expository Paragraphs On the back of this paper explain the divisions within Latin American colonial society In your writing use the following terms
peninsulares creoles mulattos
56 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
GUIDED READING Revolutions Disrupt Europe Section 2
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about uprisings in Europe make notes in the chart to explain the outcomes of each action listed
1 French citizens armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
2 Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks -
~
3 Nationalist groups in Budapest Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
i
4 Charles Xtries to set up an absolute
monarchy in France t ~ ( ~
5 Paris mobs overthrowmonarchy of Louis-Philippe
gt6 Louis-lIapoleon Bonaparte is elected ~
presidentof France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
7 In the Crimean War Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
8Alexander II issues the Edictof Emancipation
~
- - --~ -0 lmiddot--middot - r
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper define the following terms
conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 57
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
-0 Ql
~ Ql l)
~
7 policyof realpolitik 8 Seven Weeks War 9 Franco-Prussian War poundls OJ C
lti o E Qj J Cii OJ gt 0 0 o ~
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Document A Parisian Newspaper Account of the Fall of the Bastille
On July 14 1789 Parisian crowds in search of weapons attacked and captured the royal armory
known as the Bastille It had also been a state prison and its fall marked the triumph of liberty over despotism This intervention of the Parisian populace saved the Third Estate from
Louis XVIs attempted counterrevolution
First the people tried to enter this fortress by the Rue St-Antoine this fortress which no one
has ever penetrated against the wishes of this frightful despotism and where the monster still resided The treacherous governor had put out a flag of peace So a confident advance was made a detachment of French Guards with perhaps five to six thousand armed bourgeois
penetrated the Bastilles outer ltourtyardsbut as soon as some six hundred persons had passed over the first drawbridge the bridge was raised and artillery fire mowed down several French Guards and some soldiers the cannon fired on the town and the people took fright a large number of individuals were killed or wounded but then they rallied and took shelter from the fire meanwhile they tried to locate some cannon they attacked from the waters edge through the gardens of the arsenal and from there made an orderly siege they advanced from various directions beneath a ceaseless round offire It was a terrible scene The fighting grew steadily more intense the citizens had become hardened to the fire from all directions they clambered onto the roofs or broke into the rooms as soon as an enemy appeared among the turrets on the tower he was fixed in the sights of a hundred guns and mown down in an instant meanwhile cannon fire was hurriedly directed against the second drawbridge which it pierced breaking the chains in vain did the cannon on the tower reply for most people were sheltered from it the fury was at its height people bravely faced death and every danger women in their eagerness helped us to the utmost even the children after the discharge of fire from the fortress ran here and there picking up the bullets and shot [and so the Bastille fell and the governor De Launey was captured] Serene and blessed liberty for the first time has at last been introduced into this abode of horrors this frightful refuge of monstrous despotism and its crimes
Meanwhile they get ready to march they leave amidst an enormous crowd the applause the outbursts of joy the insults the oaths hurled at the treacherous prisoners of war everything is confused cries of vengeance and of pleasure issue from every heart the conquerors glorious and covered in honor carry their arms and the spoils of the conquered the flags of victory the militia mingling with the soldiers of the fatherland the victory laurels offered them from every side all this created a frightening and splendid spectacle On arriving at the square the people
anxious to avenge themselves allowed neither De Launey nor the other officers to reach the place of trial they seized them from the hands of their conquerors and trampled them
underfoot one after the other De Launey was struck by a thousand blows his head was cut off
and hoisted on the end of a pike with blood streaming down all sides This glorious day must
amaze our enemies and finally usher in for us the triumph of justice and liberty In the evening there were celebrations
Analysis questions
1 When is revolution justified
2 Were the people of Paris justified in revolting against their king
3 Was the Bastille a reasonable target for the people Why or why not
4 What do revolutions show about human nature
5 Is violence justified to deal with an unjust system Why or why not
Date __ - The French Revolution
Part 1 The Explosion
Storming of the Bastille -7 Why did the people of Paris get so upset in July 1789
-7 What is the symbol of the Revolution
-7 What happened in Paris on July 14 1789
-7 What happened to Bernard-Rene de launav the governor of the Bastille
So now youve won welcome to the National Assembly Now you have to solve the problems of France
1 What rights should men have
2 Should there be freedom of the press
3 How do you deal with the fact that the mob has started running around and terrorizing nobles and merchants
4 There are still lots of hungry people in Paris What should we do about this
What should we do with the royal family
- Louis Return and Demise Date ------shyPart 2 The Implosion
A Louis Flight to Death -7 Why does Louis flee Paris What happens when he is caught
-7 What role does the guillotine play in the revolution Why is it described as humanitarian What is its nickname
-7 Robespierre argues against declaring war on Austria Why
-7 How does Louis lose control of France
7 Who were the sans-culottes
-7 Who is Georges Danton and what role does he play in the revolution
-7 What was Marats solution to the large number of prisoners in Paris What happens after the enemy takes Verdun
-7 Why did the French kill King Louis
B Problems
1
2
C The Implosion -7 What was the Reign of Terror and why was it significant within the context of the French Revolution
-7 How do Robespierres views change during the revolution
-7 How does the Revolution strike out against the Catholic Church
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte and how does he make his name
-7 What happened to Robespierre
DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN
~ Under each statement in the declaration write what it means in your own words
1 Men are born and remain free and equal in rights Social distinctions may be founded only
upon the general good
2 The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man These rights are liberty property security and resistance to oppression
3 The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation Nobody nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation
4 Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights These limits can only be determined by law
5 Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society Nothing may be prevented which
is not forbidden by law and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law
6 Law is the expression of the general will Every citizen has a right to participate personally or through his representative in its formation It must be the same for all whether it protects or punishes All citizens being equal in the eyes of the law are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations according to their abilities and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents
7 No person shall be accused arrested or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law Anyone soliciting transmitting executing or causing to be executed
any arbitrary order shall be punished But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay as resistance constitutes an offense
8 The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously necessary
9 As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty if arrest shall be
deemed indispensable all harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoners person shall be severely repressed by law
10 No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions including his religious views provided
their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law
11 The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of
man Every citizen may accordingly speak write and print with freedom but shall be
responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law
12 The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces These forces are therefore established for the good of all and not for the personal advantage of
those to whom they shall be instructed
13 A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means
14 All the citizens have a right to decide either personally or by their representatives as to the necessity of the public contribution to grant this freely to know to what uses it is put and to fix the proportion the mode of assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes
15 Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration
16 A society in which the observance of the law is not assured nor the separation of powers defined has no constitution at all
17 Since property is an inviolable and sacred right no one shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity legally determined shall clearly demand it and then only on condition that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified
1 What was the purpose of the Declaration
2 Which philosophers and thinkers may have influenced the framers of the Declaration
3 This document is inftuenced by which famous usdocument (signed July 4 1776) Circle the paraflel ideas
- -
- -
12
Chapter Graphic Organizer I i
Frances Old Regime gives little power to majority (Third Estate) ~
m9rlt~~~~~= shy ~~~~Y_C(~gtlt --- ----~- - ~ ~i-_gt-n i
shy1789 Third Estate votes to create National Assembly and end absolute monarchy
~ ~)~S~~ ~ ~-~~ll gt21pound4 nr- bull~ ~eagt_~-~lt=~~~-~ - ---=-~~=
1789 Parisian mob storms Bastille to obtain gunpowder ij 1
~ ~-H bullbull _H -~ _- ~-I -~C~~~-~ - ~ middotmiddot~~~~u~~
-~y
~ Ii11791 National Assembly creates new constitution middot1 J j
E-z==- - ~~Q- bull ~--9ft$_ -
~~)A~_ ~ ~MJ~~~-~~$S ~~~r1
~ 1792 King is formally deposed France declares war on Austria
1 National Assembly is replaced by National Convention 1
I 1
~~ ~sz~~-g~~J ~==r~~
i1793-1794 National Convention turns radical king is executed - Robespierre becomes virtual dictator and rules through terror ~
~ ~ ~ - ~ - middots1-~u~~_1
gtshyC lttl 0 E o o Ll C lttl s m CD r L o 1 OJ
~
o o
~y 1794-1795 Robespierre is executed as revolution turns
to the right directory is formed ij ~
~ ~ shylt - - =1
V 1795-1804 Napoleon conquers foreign enemies and then
seizes power in France becoming emperor -
j 5
~ I - ~ ll~-rtSigltl
~ -e )
j1805-1812 Napoleon builds vast European empire ~
~ ~ -
~
1812-1815 Napoleon invades Russia is defeated and exiled ~ returns to power is defeated at Waterloo and exiled j
-~ - -
World History Perspectives on the Past
Name Date _
o Section 2
CONNECTIONS ACROSS TIME AND CULTURES
Comparing Revolutions in America and France Because revolutions have occurred so often historians have tried to identify some common stages that revolutions follow Study the stages below from Preface to History by Carl Gustavson After reading examples from the American Revolution give similar examples from the French Revolution
STAGE AMERICAN FRENCH
1 Writers denounce existing conditions and provide new goals and ideas
Colonial lawyers protested the Stamp Act and leaders encourshyaged conflict with British authorities
2 Public discontent results in riots and other acts ofviolence
Colonists engaged in protests and boycotts including the Boston Tea Party
3 The ruling group is frightened into making repeated concessions until power is transshy[erred
British Parliament repealed the Stamp Act Britain fought the colonists and lost
4 The reformers carry out their reforms but if their measures are drasshytic the nation splits into rival groups
The weak national government led to Shayss rebellion
5 Radicals seize power from moderates and try to impose their views on the nation
Colonial leaders created a new constitution and a new system of government
6 The public tires of the radicals and modshyerates regain power
Moderates gained the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution
From your answers what similarities and differences do you see in the American and French revolutions
54 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name _ Date
o GUIDED READING Napoleon Forges an Empire
Section 3
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleon note the goals and results of some of his actions
Goal(s) Result(s)
Actions
1 Establishment of national bankand efficient tax-collection system
2 Enacting Napoleonic Code of law
L
3 Sending troops to Saint Domingue
)
4 Selling Louisiana Territoryto the UnitedStates
-0 ~ Ql 5 W(1ging Battle of Trafalgar ()
~ ()
E Cl
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper write a brief explanation of how Napoleon gained power in France Use the terms coup d etat and plebiscite
J )
The French Revolution and Napoleon 39
J
Name _ Date _
o GUIDED READING Napoleons Empire Collapses
Section 4
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleons downfall write notes in the chart to explain how each action contributed to his final defeat
1 Ordered a blockade to preventtrade and communication between GreatBritain and other European nations
2 Sent an army to invade Portugal and began the Penisular VVar 7 --
i-e
3 In June 1812 invaded Russia with his Grand Army
4 Entered Moscow on September 14 1812 and stayed in the ruined city for five weeks
5 Raised another army and fought the Battle of Leipzig
6 Escaped Elba reclaimed title of emperor and fought Battle of Waterloo
i ~-
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middotc~~~~ TX~ ~f 1lt o~- -~ x -~~~ ~ rc- -~- -r ~~ - - ~-
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper briefly describe the final defeat of Napoleon using the terms Hundred Days and Waterloo
40 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name Date _
o SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE Interpreting Maps By 1812 Napoleon controlled a vast empire The map on page 208 of your textbook shows the extent of the French Empire and the lands controlled by
Section 4 Napoleon To learn as much as you can from this map study the legend the compass rose and the scale Then answer the questions below (See Skillbuilder Handbook)
1 Name at least three countries Napoleon controlled
2 What was the extent from east to west in miles or kilometers of the lands that
Napoleon governed or controlled
3 What direction would you travel to go from Paris to London
4 What part of the lands controlled by Napoleon was the farthest south
5 In 1810 Napoleon had signed alliances with Prussia the Austrian Empire and
the Russian Empire What countries shown on the map were NOT allied with
Napoleon or controlled by him
6 How does the area of the lands controlled by Napoleon compare to the combined
area of European countries that were not allied with Napoleon or controlled
by him _
7 What is the approximate distance between Paris and Moscow _
8 What were the sites of three major battles the French Army fought between 1805
and 1809 _
42 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
42 Name Date
CHAPTER WORKSHEET The Battle of Waterloo
A decisive event in European history was the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18 1815 (textbook page The map below shows the final phase of this battle Use it to answer the questions that follow
o I
1000 I
N
I T
2000 3000 yards I I
Prussian forces
BATTLEFIELD +-- Britishadvance ~~= Prussian advance
JUNE 18 1815 === Road 11111111 Ridge
THE WATERLOO -BrltlshfOrces = French forces
ltC== French advance
cent c o French retleat
1 What nationality were the troops that fought with tfie British against Napoleon _
2 From which direction did the British allies attack the French _
3 In which direction did the French retreat _
4 Napoleons headquarters were at Le Caillou The British commander Wellington had his base at
Mont St Jean How far apart were they by road _
5 (a) What land feature probably helped British troops facing a French advance _
(b) What advantage would this feature have given the British
6 (a) What was the name of the country in which the battle was fought (Refer to the map on textshy
book page 455) _
(b) What modern country is this region part or (See textbook map page 725) _
Copyright copy 1988 by Houghton Mifflin Company All rights reserved 20
46 Name Class _ Date
Chapter
Napoleon was a hero to many people in France but others saw him as a tyrant One iter who bitterly opposed him-and was exiled from France- was Madame
errnaine Necker de Stael (1766-1817) Napoleons soldiers On the other hand admired him as the speech made by one of his officers on his return to Paris in 1815 shows bull As you read think about what may have motivated each writer Then on a separate sheet
ofpaper answer the questions that follow
Two Views of Napoleon
M adame de Stael What particularly characshy Marshal Michel Ney Officers sub-officers terizes Bonapartes goverment is his profound soldiers The cause of the Bourbons is lost
contempt for all the intellectual riches of human forever The legitimate dynasty France has adopted nature virtue dignity religion
J_ ~
~
- sectshy
is about to remount the throne enthusiasm in his eyes they are To the emperor Napoleon our the eternal enemies of the contishy sovereign belongs alone the right nent to use his favorite expresshy to rule over our beautiful counshysion He would like to persuade try Whether the Bourbon nobilishymen by force and by cunning and ty choose to return to exile or he considers all else to be stupidity consent to live among us what or folly does it matter to us The times
I do not believe that when are gone when the people were Bonaparte became head of the governed by suppressing their government he had yet formulated righ ts LIberty triumphs In the the plan for a universal monarchy end and Napoleon our august
I do believe what he himself emperor comes to confirm it _~ld to one of my friends a few Soldiers I have often led you to days after the 18 Brurnaire [the victory Now I would escort you date Napoleon overthrew the to join this immortal legion Directory] It is necessary he said which the Emperor Napoleon conshyto do something new every three months in ordermiddot ducts to Pans and which in a few days will reach to captivate the imagination of the French nation the capital with whom anyone who stands still is lost His sysshytem was to encroach [intrude]daily upon Frances
Sources (1) Ten Years of Exile by Madame de Stael trans liberty and Europes independence Byalternatshy Dons Beik (Saturday Review Press J972) (2)The French ing between cunning and force he has subjugated Revolution and Napoleon An Eyewitness History by Joe H [conquered] Europe Kirchberger (Facts on File 985)
ILlUSTRA1IONPHOTO CREDIT BETIMANN
~ _-_____~-~~ ---- ~- -- ~--~---_ _--shy Questionsto Discuss
1 What does Madame de Stael say are 3 Making Comparisons Both these writers Napoleons only methods of persuasion speak about Napoleon and peoples liberty
2 What does Marshal Ney say ~bout Napoleons How do their views compare right to rule as opposed to that of the Bourbon kings
Survey and Volume 1 Editions Chapter 32 ~ Viewpoint Activity Modern Era Edition Chapter
47
2
3
Name Date
o GUIDED READING The Congress of Vienna Convenes
Section 5
A Identifying Supporting Ideas As you read about the meeting of the Congress of Vienna fill in the diagram below
GoalsMembers and Representatives
Congress ofVienna
LegacyActions Taken
Short-term
Long-term
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper briefly explain Klemens von Mettemichs efforts to create peace and stability in Europe Use the terms balance of power and Concert of Europe in your explanation
The French Revolution and Napoleon 41
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Section 1
A Recognizing Facts and Details As you read this section fill out the chart below to help you better understand why and how Latin Americans fought colonial rule
Independence for Haiti
Reasons Strategy ~
2 What events led upto General Dessaliness 1 Why did slaves in the French colonyof SaintshyDomingue revolt declaration of independence for Haiti
South American Wars of Independence
Reasons
4What tactics did Jose de San Martin and Simon the Spanish colonies
3How did events in Europe lead to revolution in Bolivar use to defeatSpanish forces in South America
End of Spanish Rule in Mexico - ~ ~-
~t~~~itfmiddot 5 What is the significance of the grito de Dolores 6 What role did Indians mestizos and creoles
play in Mexicos independence from Spain
B Writing Expository Paragraphs On the back of this paper explain the divisions within Latin American colonial society In your writing use the following terms
peninsulares creoles mulattos
56 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
GUIDED READING Revolutions Disrupt Europe Section 2
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about uprisings in Europe make notes in the chart to explain the outcomes of each action listed
1 French citizens armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
2 Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks -
~
3 Nationalist groups in Budapest Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
i
4 Charles Xtries to set up an absolute
monarchy in France t ~ ( ~
5 Paris mobs overthrowmonarchy of Louis-Philippe
gt6 Louis-lIapoleon Bonaparte is elected ~
presidentof France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
7 In the Crimean War Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
8Alexander II issues the Edictof Emancipation
~
- - --~ -0 lmiddot--middot - r
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper define the following terms
conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 57
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
-0 Ql
~ Ql l)
~
7 policyof realpolitik 8 Seven Weeks War 9 Franco-Prussian War poundls OJ C
lti o E Qj J Cii OJ gt 0 0 o ~
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Analysis questions
1 When is revolution justified
2 Were the people of Paris justified in revolting against their king
3 Was the Bastille a reasonable target for the people Why or why not
4 What do revolutions show about human nature
5 Is violence justified to deal with an unjust system Why or why not
Date __ - The French Revolution
Part 1 The Explosion
Storming of the Bastille -7 Why did the people of Paris get so upset in July 1789
-7 What is the symbol of the Revolution
-7 What happened in Paris on July 14 1789
-7 What happened to Bernard-Rene de launav the governor of the Bastille
So now youve won welcome to the National Assembly Now you have to solve the problems of France
1 What rights should men have
2 Should there be freedom of the press
3 How do you deal with the fact that the mob has started running around and terrorizing nobles and merchants
4 There are still lots of hungry people in Paris What should we do about this
What should we do with the royal family
- Louis Return and Demise Date ------shyPart 2 The Implosion
A Louis Flight to Death -7 Why does Louis flee Paris What happens when he is caught
-7 What role does the guillotine play in the revolution Why is it described as humanitarian What is its nickname
-7 Robespierre argues against declaring war on Austria Why
-7 How does Louis lose control of France
7 Who were the sans-culottes
-7 Who is Georges Danton and what role does he play in the revolution
-7 What was Marats solution to the large number of prisoners in Paris What happens after the enemy takes Verdun
-7 Why did the French kill King Louis
B Problems
1
2
C The Implosion -7 What was the Reign of Terror and why was it significant within the context of the French Revolution
-7 How do Robespierres views change during the revolution
-7 How does the Revolution strike out against the Catholic Church
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte and how does he make his name
-7 What happened to Robespierre
DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN
~ Under each statement in the declaration write what it means in your own words
1 Men are born and remain free and equal in rights Social distinctions may be founded only
upon the general good
2 The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man These rights are liberty property security and resistance to oppression
3 The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation Nobody nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation
4 Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights These limits can only be determined by law
5 Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society Nothing may be prevented which
is not forbidden by law and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law
6 Law is the expression of the general will Every citizen has a right to participate personally or through his representative in its formation It must be the same for all whether it protects or punishes All citizens being equal in the eyes of the law are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations according to their abilities and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents
7 No person shall be accused arrested or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law Anyone soliciting transmitting executing or causing to be executed
any arbitrary order shall be punished But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay as resistance constitutes an offense
8 The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously necessary
9 As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty if arrest shall be
deemed indispensable all harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoners person shall be severely repressed by law
10 No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions including his religious views provided
their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law
11 The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of
man Every citizen may accordingly speak write and print with freedom but shall be
responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law
12 The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces These forces are therefore established for the good of all and not for the personal advantage of
those to whom they shall be instructed
13 A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means
14 All the citizens have a right to decide either personally or by their representatives as to the necessity of the public contribution to grant this freely to know to what uses it is put and to fix the proportion the mode of assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes
15 Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration
16 A society in which the observance of the law is not assured nor the separation of powers defined has no constitution at all
17 Since property is an inviolable and sacred right no one shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity legally determined shall clearly demand it and then only on condition that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified
1 What was the purpose of the Declaration
2 Which philosophers and thinkers may have influenced the framers of the Declaration
3 This document is inftuenced by which famous usdocument (signed July 4 1776) Circle the paraflel ideas
- -
- -
12
Chapter Graphic Organizer I i
Frances Old Regime gives little power to majority (Third Estate) ~
m9rlt~~~~~= shy ~~~~Y_C(~gtlt --- ----~- - ~ ~i-_gt-n i
shy1789 Third Estate votes to create National Assembly and end absolute monarchy
~ ~)~S~~ ~ ~-~~ll gt21pound4 nr- bull~ ~eagt_~-~lt=~~~-~ - ---=-~~=
1789 Parisian mob storms Bastille to obtain gunpowder ij 1
~ ~-H bullbull _H -~ _- ~-I -~C~~~-~ - ~ middotmiddot~~~~u~~
-~y
~ Ii11791 National Assembly creates new constitution middot1 J j
E-z==- - ~~Q- bull ~--9ft$_ -
~~)A~_ ~ ~MJ~~~-~~$S ~~~r1
~ 1792 King is formally deposed France declares war on Austria
1 National Assembly is replaced by National Convention 1
I 1
~~ ~sz~~-g~~J ~==r~~
i1793-1794 National Convention turns radical king is executed - Robespierre becomes virtual dictator and rules through terror ~
~ ~ ~ - ~ - middots1-~u~~_1
gtshyC lttl 0 E o o Ll C lttl s m CD r L o 1 OJ
~
o o
~y 1794-1795 Robespierre is executed as revolution turns
to the right directory is formed ij ~
~ ~ shylt - - =1
V 1795-1804 Napoleon conquers foreign enemies and then
seizes power in France becoming emperor -
j 5
~ I - ~ ll~-rtSigltl
~ -e )
j1805-1812 Napoleon builds vast European empire ~
~ ~ -
~
1812-1815 Napoleon invades Russia is defeated and exiled ~ returns to power is defeated at Waterloo and exiled j
-~ - -
World History Perspectives on the Past
Name Date _
o Section 2
CONNECTIONS ACROSS TIME AND CULTURES
Comparing Revolutions in America and France Because revolutions have occurred so often historians have tried to identify some common stages that revolutions follow Study the stages below from Preface to History by Carl Gustavson After reading examples from the American Revolution give similar examples from the French Revolution
STAGE AMERICAN FRENCH
1 Writers denounce existing conditions and provide new goals and ideas
Colonial lawyers protested the Stamp Act and leaders encourshyaged conflict with British authorities
2 Public discontent results in riots and other acts ofviolence
Colonists engaged in protests and boycotts including the Boston Tea Party
3 The ruling group is frightened into making repeated concessions until power is transshy[erred
British Parliament repealed the Stamp Act Britain fought the colonists and lost
4 The reformers carry out their reforms but if their measures are drasshytic the nation splits into rival groups
The weak national government led to Shayss rebellion
5 Radicals seize power from moderates and try to impose their views on the nation
Colonial leaders created a new constitution and a new system of government
6 The public tires of the radicals and modshyerates regain power
Moderates gained the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution
From your answers what similarities and differences do you see in the American and French revolutions
54 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name _ Date
o GUIDED READING Napoleon Forges an Empire
Section 3
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleon note the goals and results of some of his actions
Goal(s) Result(s)
Actions
1 Establishment of national bankand efficient tax-collection system
2 Enacting Napoleonic Code of law
L
3 Sending troops to Saint Domingue
)
4 Selling Louisiana Territoryto the UnitedStates
-0 ~ Ql 5 W(1ging Battle of Trafalgar ()
~ ()
E Cl
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper write a brief explanation of how Napoleon gained power in France Use the terms coup d etat and plebiscite
J )
The French Revolution and Napoleon 39
J
Name _ Date _
o GUIDED READING Napoleons Empire Collapses
Section 4
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleons downfall write notes in the chart to explain how each action contributed to his final defeat
1 Ordered a blockade to preventtrade and communication between GreatBritain and other European nations
2 Sent an army to invade Portugal and began the Penisular VVar 7 --
i-e
3 In June 1812 invaded Russia with his Grand Army
4 Entered Moscow on September 14 1812 and stayed in the ruined city for five weeks
5 Raised another army and fought the Battle of Leipzig
6 Escaped Elba reclaimed title of emperor and fought Battle of Waterloo
i ~-
L ~~
~ -- t 0-
~-lt
~
t i -- shyk ~ ~
~~ J l~
- --t
t ~
(shy
~
I ~ ~
~~ pound --
~ ~ f 1
yen n-c -s
c
~
lt d lt~
f~
)
middotc~~~~ TX~ ~f 1lt o~- -~ x -~~~ ~ rc- -~- -r ~~ - - ~-
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper briefly describe the final defeat of Napoleon using the terms Hundred Days and Waterloo
40 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name Date _
o SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE Interpreting Maps By 1812 Napoleon controlled a vast empire The map on page 208 of your textbook shows the extent of the French Empire and the lands controlled by
Section 4 Napoleon To learn as much as you can from this map study the legend the compass rose and the scale Then answer the questions below (See Skillbuilder Handbook)
1 Name at least three countries Napoleon controlled
2 What was the extent from east to west in miles or kilometers of the lands that
Napoleon governed or controlled
3 What direction would you travel to go from Paris to London
4 What part of the lands controlled by Napoleon was the farthest south
5 In 1810 Napoleon had signed alliances with Prussia the Austrian Empire and
the Russian Empire What countries shown on the map were NOT allied with
Napoleon or controlled by him
6 How does the area of the lands controlled by Napoleon compare to the combined
area of European countries that were not allied with Napoleon or controlled
by him _
7 What is the approximate distance between Paris and Moscow _
8 What were the sites of three major battles the French Army fought between 1805
and 1809 _
42 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
42 Name Date
CHAPTER WORKSHEET The Battle of Waterloo
A decisive event in European history was the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18 1815 (textbook page The map below shows the final phase of this battle Use it to answer the questions that follow
o I
1000 I
N
I T
2000 3000 yards I I
Prussian forces
BATTLEFIELD +-- Britishadvance ~~= Prussian advance
JUNE 18 1815 === Road 11111111 Ridge
THE WATERLOO -BrltlshfOrces = French forces
ltC== French advance
cent c o French retleat
1 What nationality were the troops that fought with tfie British against Napoleon _
2 From which direction did the British allies attack the French _
3 In which direction did the French retreat _
4 Napoleons headquarters were at Le Caillou The British commander Wellington had his base at
Mont St Jean How far apart were they by road _
5 (a) What land feature probably helped British troops facing a French advance _
(b) What advantage would this feature have given the British
6 (a) What was the name of the country in which the battle was fought (Refer to the map on textshy
book page 455) _
(b) What modern country is this region part or (See textbook map page 725) _
Copyright copy 1988 by Houghton Mifflin Company All rights reserved 20
46 Name Class _ Date
Chapter
Napoleon was a hero to many people in France but others saw him as a tyrant One iter who bitterly opposed him-and was exiled from France- was Madame
errnaine Necker de Stael (1766-1817) Napoleons soldiers On the other hand admired him as the speech made by one of his officers on his return to Paris in 1815 shows bull As you read think about what may have motivated each writer Then on a separate sheet
ofpaper answer the questions that follow
Two Views of Napoleon
M adame de Stael What particularly characshy Marshal Michel Ney Officers sub-officers terizes Bonapartes goverment is his profound soldiers The cause of the Bourbons is lost
contempt for all the intellectual riches of human forever The legitimate dynasty France has adopted nature virtue dignity religion
J_ ~
~
- sectshy
is about to remount the throne enthusiasm in his eyes they are To the emperor Napoleon our the eternal enemies of the contishy sovereign belongs alone the right nent to use his favorite expresshy to rule over our beautiful counshysion He would like to persuade try Whether the Bourbon nobilishymen by force and by cunning and ty choose to return to exile or he considers all else to be stupidity consent to live among us what or folly does it matter to us The times
I do not believe that when are gone when the people were Bonaparte became head of the governed by suppressing their government he had yet formulated righ ts LIberty triumphs In the the plan for a universal monarchy end and Napoleon our august
I do believe what he himself emperor comes to confirm it _~ld to one of my friends a few Soldiers I have often led you to days after the 18 Brurnaire [the victory Now I would escort you date Napoleon overthrew the to join this immortal legion Directory] It is necessary he said which the Emperor Napoleon conshyto do something new every three months in ordermiddot ducts to Pans and which in a few days will reach to captivate the imagination of the French nation the capital with whom anyone who stands still is lost His sysshytem was to encroach [intrude]daily upon Frances
Sources (1) Ten Years of Exile by Madame de Stael trans liberty and Europes independence Byalternatshy Dons Beik (Saturday Review Press J972) (2)The French ing between cunning and force he has subjugated Revolution and Napoleon An Eyewitness History by Joe H [conquered] Europe Kirchberger (Facts on File 985)
ILlUSTRA1IONPHOTO CREDIT BETIMANN
~ _-_____~-~~ ---- ~- -- ~--~---_ _--shy Questionsto Discuss
1 What does Madame de Stael say are 3 Making Comparisons Both these writers Napoleons only methods of persuasion speak about Napoleon and peoples liberty
2 What does Marshal Ney say ~bout Napoleons How do their views compare right to rule as opposed to that of the Bourbon kings
Survey and Volume 1 Editions Chapter 32 ~ Viewpoint Activity Modern Era Edition Chapter
47
2
3
Name Date
o GUIDED READING The Congress of Vienna Convenes
Section 5
A Identifying Supporting Ideas As you read about the meeting of the Congress of Vienna fill in the diagram below
GoalsMembers and Representatives
Congress ofVienna
LegacyActions Taken
Short-term
Long-term
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper briefly explain Klemens von Mettemichs efforts to create peace and stability in Europe Use the terms balance of power and Concert of Europe in your explanation
The French Revolution and Napoleon 41
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Section 1
A Recognizing Facts and Details As you read this section fill out the chart below to help you better understand why and how Latin Americans fought colonial rule
Independence for Haiti
Reasons Strategy ~
2 What events led upto General Dessaliness 1 Why did slaves in the French colonyof SaintshyDomingue revolt declaration of independence for Haiti
South American Wars of Independence
Reasons
4What tactics did Jose de San Martin and Simon the Spanish colonies
3How did events in Europe lead to revolution in Bolivar use to defeatSpanish forces in South America
End of Spanish Rule in Mexico - ~ ~-
~t~~~itfmiddot 5 What is the significance of the grito de Dolores 6 What role did Indians mestizos and creoles
play in Mexicos independence from Spain
B Writing Expository Paragraphs On the back of this paper explain the divisions within Latin American colonial society In your writing use the following terms
peninsulares creoles mulattos
56 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
GUIDED READING Revolutions Disrupt Europe Section 2
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about uprisings in Europe make notes in the chart to explain the outcomes of each action listed
1 French citizens armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
2 Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks -
~
3 Nationalist groups in Budapest Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
i
4 Charles Xtries to set up an absolute
monarchy in France t ~ ( ~
5 Paris mobs overthrowmonarchy of Louis-Philippe
gt6 Louis-lIapoleon Bonaparte is elected ~
presidentof France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
7 In the Crimean War Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
8Alexander II issues the Edictof Emancipation
~
- - --~ -0 lmiddot--middot - r
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper define the following terms
conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 57
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
-0 Ql
~ Ql l)
~
7 policyof realpolitik 8 Seven Weeks War 9 Franco-Prussian War poundls OJ C
lti o E Qj J Cii OJ gt 0 0 o ~
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Date __ - The French Revolution
Part 1 The Explosion
Storming of the Bastille -7 Why did the people of Paris get so upset in July 1789
-7 What is the symbol of the Revolution
-7 What happened in Paris on July 14 1789
-7 What happened to Bernard-Rene de launav the governor of the Bastille
So now youve won welcome to the National Assembly Now you have to solve the problems of France
1 What rights should men have
2 Should there be freedom of the press
3 How do you deal with the fact that the mob has started running around and terrorizing nobles and merchants
4 There are still lots of hungry people in Paris What should we do about this
What should we do with the royal family
- Louis Return and Demise Date ------shyPart 2 The Implosion
A Louis Flight to Death -7 Why does Louis flee Paris What happens when he is caught
-7 What role does the guillotine play in the revolution Why is it described as humanitarian What is its nickname
-7 Robespierre argues against declaring war on Austria Why
-7 How does Louis lose control of France
7 Who were the sans-culottes
-7 Who is Georges Danton and what role does he play in the revolution
-7 What was Marats solution to the large number of prisoners in Paris What happens after the enemy takes Verdun
-7 Why did the French kill King Louis
B Problems
1
2
C The Implosion -7 What was the Reign of Terror and why was it significant within the context of the French Revolution
-7 How do Robespierres views change during the revolution
-7 How does the Revolution strike out against the Catholic Church
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte and how does he make his name
-7 What happened to Robespierre
DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN
~ Under each statement in the declaration write what it means in your own words
1 Men are born and remain free and equal in rights Social distinctions may be founded only
upon the general good
2 The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man These rights are liberty property security and resistance to oppression
3 The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation Nobody nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation
4 Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights These limits can only be determined by law
5 Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society Nothing may be prevented which
is not forbidden by law and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law
6 Law is the expression of the general will Every citizen has a right to participate personally or through his representative in its formation It must be the same for all whether it protects or punishes All citizens being equal in the eyes of the law are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations according to their abilities and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents
7 No person shall be accused arrested or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law Anyone soliciting transmitting executing or causing to be executed
any arbitrary order shall be punished But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay as resistance constitutes an offense
8 The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously necessary
9 As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty if arrest shall be
deemed indispensable all harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoners person shall be severely repressed by law
10 No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions including his religious views provided
their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law
11 The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of
man Every citizen may accordingly speak write and print with freedom but shall be
responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law
12 The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces These forces are therefore established for the good of all and not for the personal advantage of
those to whom they shall be instructed
13 A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means
14 All the citizens have a right to decide either personally or by their representatives as to the necessity of the public contribution to grant this freely to know to what uses it is put and to fix the proportion the mode of assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes
15 Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration
16 A society in which the observance of the law is not assured nor the separation of powers defined has no constitution at all
17 Since property is an inviolable and sacred right no one shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity legally determined shall clearly demand it and then only on condition that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified
1 What was the purpose of the Declaration
2 Which philosophers and thinkers may have influenced the framers of the Declaration
3 This document is inftuenced by which famous usdocument (signed July 4 1776) Circle the paraflel ideas
- -
- -
12
Chapter Graphic Organizer I i
Frances Old Regime gives little power to majority (Third Estate) ~
m9rlt~~~~~= shy ~~~~Y_C(~gtlt --- ----~- - ~ ~i-_gt-n i
shy1789 Third Estate votes to create National Assembly and end absolute monarchy
~ ~)~S~~ ~ ~-~~ll gt21pound4 nr- bull~ ~eagt_~-~lt=~~~-~ - ---=-~~=
1789 Parisian mob storms Bastille to obtain gunpowder ij 1
~ ~-H bullbull _H -~ _- ~-I -~C~~~-~ - ~ middotmiddot~~~~u~~
-~y
~ Ii11791 National Assembly creates new constitution middot1 J j
E-z==- - ~~Q- bull ~--9ft$_ -
~~)A~_ ~ ~MJ~~~-~~$S ~~~r1
~ 1792 King is formally deposed France declares war on Austria
1 National Assembly is replaced by National Convention 1
I 1
~~ ~sz~~-g~~J ~==r~~
i1793-1794 National Convention turns radical king is executed - Robespierre becomes virtual dictator and rules through terror ~
~ ~ ~ - ~ - middots1-~u~~_1
gtshyC lttl 0 E o o Ll C lttl s m CD r L o 1 OJ
~
o o
~y 1794-1795 Robespierre is executed as revolution turns
to the right directory is formed ij ~
~ ~ shylt - - =1
V 1795-1804 Napoleon conquers foreign enemies and then
seizes power in France becoming emperor -
j 5
~ I - ~ ll~-rtSigltl
~ -e )
j1805-1812 Napoleon builds vast European empire ~
~ ~ -
~
1812-1815 Napoleon invades Russia is defeated and exiled ~ returns to power is defeated at Waterloo and exiled j
-~ - -
World History Perspectives on the Past
Name Date _
o Section 2
CONNECTIONS ACROSS TIME AND CULTURES
Comparing Revolutions in America and France Because revolutions have occurred so often historians have tried to identify some common stages that revolutions follow Study the stages below from Preface to History by Carl Gustavson After reading examples from the American Revolution give similar examples from the French Revolution
STAGE AMERICAN FRENCH
1 Writers denounce existing conditions and provide new goals and ideas
Colonial lawyers protested the Stamp Act and leaders encourshyaged conflict with British authorities
2 Public discontent results in riots and other acts ofviolence
Colonists engaged in protests and boycotts including the Boston Tea Party
3 The ruling group is frightened into making repeated concessions until power is transshy[erred
British Parliament repealed the Stamp Act Britain fought the colonists and lost
4 The reformers carry out their reforms but if their measures are drasshytic the nation splits into rival groups
The weak national government led to Shayss rebellion
5 Radicals seize power from moderates and try to impose their views on the nation
Colonial leaders created a new constitution and a new system of government
6 The public tires of the radicals and modshyerates regain power
Moderates gained the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution
From your answers what similarities and differences do you see in the American and French revolutions
54 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name _ Date
o GUIDED READING Napoleon Forges an Empire
Section 3
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleon note the goals and results of some of his actions
Goal(s) Result(s)
Actions
1 Establishment of national bankand efficient tax-collection system
2 Enacting Napoleonic Code of law
L
3 Sending troops to Saint Domingue
)
4 Selling Louisiana Territoryto the UnitedStates
-0 ~ Ql 5 W(1ging Battle of Trafalgar ()
~ ()
E Cl
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper write a brief explanation of how Napoleon gained power in France Use the terms coup d etat and plebiscite
J )
The French Revolution and Napoleon 39
J
Name _ Date _
o GUIDED READING Napoleons Empire Collapses
Section 4
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleons downfall write notes in the chart to explain how each action contributed to his final defeat
1 Ordered a blockade to preventtrade and communication between GreatBritain and other European nations
2 Sent an army to invade Portugal and began the Penisular VVar 7 --
i-e
3 In June 1812 invaded Russia with his Grand Army
4 Entered Moscow on September 14 1812 and stayed in the ruined city for five weeks
5 Raised another army and fought the Battle of Leipzig
6 Escaped Elba reclaimed title of emperor and fought Battle of Waterloo
i ~-
L ~~
~ -- t 0-
~-lt
~
t i -- shyk ~ ~
~~ J l~
- --t
t ~
(shy
~
I ~ ~
~~ pound --
~ ~ f 1
yen n-c -s
c
~
lt d lt~
f~
)
middotc~~~~ TX~ ~f 1lt o~- -~ x -~~~ ~ rc- -~- -r ~~ - - ~-
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper briefly describe the final defeat of Napoleon using the terms Hundred Days and Waterloo
40 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name Date _
o SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE Interpreting Maps By 1812 Napoleon controlled a vast empire The map on page 208 of your textbook shows the extent of the French Empire and the lands controlled by
Section 4 Napoleon To learn as much as you can from this map study the legend the compass rose and the scale Then answer the questions below (See Skillbuilder Handbook)
1 Name at least three countries Napoleon controlled
2 What was the extent from east to west in miles or kilometers of the lands that
Napoleon governed or controlled
3 What direction would you travel to go from Paris to London
4 What part of the lands controlled by Napoleon was the farthest south
5 In 1810 Napoleon had signed alliances with Prussia the Austrian Empire and
the Russian Empire What countries shown on the map were NOT allied with
Napoleon or controlled by him
6 How does the area of the lands controlled by Napoleon compare to the combined
area of European countries that were not allied with Napoleon or controlled
by him _
7 What is the approximate distance between Paris and Moscow _
8 What were the sites of three major battles the French Army fought between 1805
and 1809 _
42 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
42 Name Date
CHAPTER WORKSHEET The Battle of Waterloo
A decisive event in European history was the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18 1815 (textbook page The map below shows the final phase of this battle Use it to answer the questions that follow
o I
1000 I
N
I T
2000 3000 yards I I
Prussian forces
BATTLEFIELD +-- Britishadvance ~~= Prussian advance
JUNE 18 1815 === Road 11111111 Ridge
THE WATERLOO -BrltlshfOrces = French forces
ltC== French advance
cent c o French retleat
1 What nationality were the troops that fought with tfie British against Napoleon _
2 From which direction did the British allies attack the French _
3 In which direction did the French retreat _
4 Napoleons headquarters were at Le Caillou The British commander Wellington had his base at
Mont St Jean How far apart were they by road _
5 (a) What land feature probably helped British troops facing a French advance _
(b) What advantage would this feature have given the British
6 (a) What was the name of the country in which the battle was fought (Refer to the map on textshy
book page 455) _
(b) What modern country is this region part or (See textbook map page 725) _
Copyright copy 1988 by Houghton Mifflin Company All rights reserved 20
46 Name Class _ Date
Chapter
Napoleon was a hero to many people in France but others saw him as a tyrant One iter who bitterly opposed him-and was exiled from France- was Madame
errnaine Necker de Stael (1766-1817) Napoleons soldiers On the other hand admired him as the speech made by one of his officers on his return to Paris in 1815 shows bull As you read think about what may have motivated each writer Then on a separate sheet
ofpaper answer the questions that follow
Two Views of Napoleon
M adame de Stael What particularly characshy Marshal Michel Ney Officers sub-officers terizes Bonapartes goverment is his profound soldiers The cause of the Bourbons is lost
contempt for all the intellectual riches of human forever The legitimate dynasty France has adopted nature virtue dignity religion
J_ ~
~
- sectshy
is about to remount the throne enthusiasm in his eyes they are To the emperor Napoleon our the eternal enemies of the contishy sovereign belongs alone the right nent to use his favorite expresshy to rule over our beautiful counshysion He would like to persuade try Whether the Bourbon nobilishymen by force and by cunning and ty choose to return to exile or he considers all else to be stupidity consent to live among us what or folly does it matter to us The times
I do not believe that when are gone when the people were Bonaparte became head of the governed by suppressing their government he had yet formulated righ ts LIberty triumphs In the the plan for a universal monarchy end and Napoleon our august
I do believe what he himself emperor comes to confirm it _~ld to one of my friends a few Soldiers I have often led you to days after the 18 Brurnaire [the victory Now I would escort you date Napoleon overthrew the to join this immortal legion Directory] It is necessary he said which the Emperor Napoleon conshyto do something new every three months in ordermiddot ducts to Pans and which in a few days will reach to captivate the imagination of the French nation the capital with whom anyone who stands still is lost His sysshytem was to encroach [intrude]daily upon Frances
Sources (1) Ten Years of Exile by Madame de Stael trans liberty and Europes independence Byalternatshy Dons Beik (Saturday Review Press J972) (2)The French ing between cunning and force he has subjugated Revolution and Napoleon An Eyewitness History by Joe H [conquered] Europe Kirchberger (Facts on File 985)
ILlUSTRA1IONPHOTO CREDIT BETIMANN
~ _-_____~-~~ ---- ~- -- ~--~---_ _--shy Questionsto Discuss
1 What does Madame de Stael say are 3 Making Comparisons Both these writers Napoleons only methods of persuasion speak about Napoleon and peoples liberty
2 What does Marshal Ney say ~bout Napoleons How do their views compare right to rule as opposed to that of the Bourbon kings
Survey and Volume 1 Editions Chapter 32 ~ Viewpoint Activity Modern Era Edition Chapter
47
2
3
Name Date
o GUIDED READING The Congress of Vienna Convenes
Section 5
A Identifying Supporting Ideas As you read about the meeting of the Congress of Vienna fill in the diagram below
GoalsMembers and Representatives
Congress ofVienna
LegacyActions Taken
Short-term
Long-term
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper briefly explain Klemens von Mettemichs efforts to create peace and stability in Europe Use the terms balance of power and Concert of Europe in your explanation
The French Revolution and Napoleon 41
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Section 1
A Recognizing Facts and Details As you read this section fill out the chart below to help you better understand why and how Latin Americans fought colonial rule
Independence for Haiti
Reasons Strategy ~
2 What events led upto General Dessaliness 1 Why did slaves in the French colonyof SaintshyDomingue revolt declaration of independence for Haiti
South American Wars of Independence
Reasons
4What tactics did Jose de San Martin and Simon the Spanish colonies
3How did events in Europe lead to revolution in Bolivar use to defeatSpanish forces in South America
End of Spanish Rule in Mexico - ~ ~-
~t~~~itfmiddot 5 What is the significance of the grito de Dolores 6 What role did Indians mestizos and creoles
play in Mexicos independence from Spain
B Writing Expository Paragraphs On the back of this paper explain the divisions within Latin American colonial society In your writing use the following terms
peninsulares creoles mulattos
56 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
GUIDED READING Revolutions Disrupt Europe Section 2
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about uprisings in Europe make notes in the chart to explain the outcomes of each action listed
1 French citizens armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
2 Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks -
~
3 Nationalist groups in Budapest Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
i
4 Charles Xtries to set up an absolute
monarchy in France t ~ ( ~
5 Paris mobs overthrowmonarchy of Louis-Philippe
gt6 Louis-lIapoleon Bonaparte is elected ~
presidentof France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
7 In the Crimean War Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
8Alexander II issues the Edictof Emancipation
~
- - --~ -0 lmiddot--middot - r
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper define the following terms
conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 57
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
-0 Ql
~ Ql l)
~
7 policyof realpolitik 8 Seven Weeks War 9 Franco-Prussian War poundls OJ C
lti o E Qj J Cii OJ gt 0 0 o ~
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
- Louis Return and Demise Date ------shyPart 2 The Implosion
A Louis Flight to Death -7 Why does Louis flee Paris What happens when he is caught
-7 What role does the guillotine play in the revolution Why is it described as humanitarian What is its nickname
-7 Robespierre argues against declaring war on Austria Why
-7 How does Louis lose control of France
7 Who were the sans-culottes
-7 Who is Georges Danton and what role does he play in the revolution
-7 What was Marats solution to the large number of prisoners in Paris What happens after the enemy takes Verdun
-7 Why did the French kill King Louis
B Problems
1
2
C The Implosion -7 What was the Reign of Terror and why was it significant within the context of the French Revolution
-7 How do Robespierres views change during the revolution
-7 How does the Revolution strike out against the Catholic Church
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte and how does he make his name
-7 What happened to Robespierre
DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN
~ Under each statement in the declaration write what it means in your own words
1 Men are born and remain free and equal in rights Social distinctions may be founded only
upon the general good
2 The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man These rights are liberty property security and resistance to oppression
3 The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation Nobody nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation
4 Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights These limits can only be determined by law
5 Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society Nothing may be prevented which
is not forbidden by law and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law
6 Law is the expression of the general will Every citizen has a right to participate personally or through his representative in its formation It must be the same for all whether it protects or punishes All citizens being equal in the eyes of the law are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations according to their abilities and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents
7 No person shall be accused arrested or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law Anyone soliciting transmitting executing or causing to be executed
any arbitrary order shall be punished But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay as resistance constitutes an offense
8 The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously necessary
9 As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty if arrest shall be
deemed indispensable all harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoners person shall be severely repressed by law
10 No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions including his religious views provided
their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law
11 The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of
man Every citizen may accordingly speak write and print with freedom but shall be
responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law
12 The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces These forces are therefore established for the good of all and not for the personal advantage of
those to whom they shall be instructed
13 A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means
14 All the citizens have a right to decide either personally or by their representatives as to the necessity of the public contribution to grant this freely to know to what uses it is put and to fix the proportion the mode of assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes
15 Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration
16 A society in which the observance of the law is not assured nor the separation of powers defined has no constitution at all
17 Since property is an inviolable and sacred right no one shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity legally determined shall clearly demand it and then only on condition that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified
1 What was the purpose of the Declaration
2 Which philosophers and thinkers may have influenced the framers of the Declaration
3 This document is inftuenced by which famous usdocument (signed July 4 1776) Circle the paraflel ideas
- -
- -
12
Chapter Graphic Organizer I i
Frances Old Regime gives little power to majority (Third Estate) ~
m9rlt~~~~~= shy ~~~~Y_C(~gtlt --- ----~- - ~ ~i-_gt-n i
shy1789 Third Estate votes to create National Assembly and end absolute monarchy
~ ~)~S~~ ~ ~-~~ll gt21pound4 nr- bull~ ~eagt_~-~lt=~~~-~ - ---=-~~=
1789 Parisian mob storms Bastille to obtain gunpowder ij 1
~ ~-H bullbull _H -~ _- ~-I -~C~~~-~ - ~ middotmiddot~~~~u~~
-~y
~ Ii11791 National Assembly creates new constitution middot1 J j
E-z==- - ~~Q- bull ~--9ft$_ -
~~)A~_ ~ ~MJ~~~-~~$S ~~~r1
~ 1792 King is formally deposed France declares war on Austria
1 National Assembly is replaced by National Convention 1
I 1
~~ ~sz~~-g~~J ~==r~~
i1793-1794 National Convention turns radical king is executed - Robespierre becomes virtual dictator and rules through terror ~
~ ~ ~ - ~ - middots1-~u~~_1
gtshyC lttl 0 E o o Ll C lttl s m CD r L o 1 OJ
~
o o
~y 1794-1795 Robespierre is executed as revolution turns
to the right directory is formed ij ~
~ ~ shylt - - =1
V 1795-1804 Napoleon conquers foreign enemies and then
seizes power in France becoming emperor -
j 5
~ I - ~ ll~-rtSigltl
~ -e )
j1805-1812 Napoleon builds vast European empire ~
~ ~ -
~
1812-1815 Napoleon invades Russia is defeated and exiled ~ returns to power is defeated at Waterloo and exiled j
-~ - -
World History Perspectives on the Past
Name Date _
o Section 2
CONNECTIONS ACROSS TIME AND CULTURES
Comparing Revolutions in America and France Because revolutions have occurred so often historians have tried to identify some common stages that revolutions follow Study the stages below from Preface to History by Carl Gustavson After reading examples from the American Revolution give similar examples from the French Revolution
STAGE AMERICAN FRENCH
1 Writers denounce existing conditions and provide new goals and ideas
Colonial lawyers protested the Stamp Act and leaders encourshyaged conflict with British authorities
2 Public discontent results in riots and other acts ofviolence
Colonists engaged in protests and boycotts including the Boston Tea Party
3 The ruling group is frightened into making repeated concessions until power is transshy[erred
British Parliament repealed the Stamp Act Britain fought the colonists and lost
4 The reformers carry out their reforms but if their measures are drasshytic the nation splits into rival groups
The weak national government led to Shayss rebellion
5 Radicals seize power from moderates and try to impose their views on the nation
Colonial leaders created a new constitution and a new system of government
6 The public tires of the radicals and modshyerates regain power
Moderates gained the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution
From your answers what similarities and differences do you see in the American and French revolutions
54 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name _ Date
o GUIDED READING Napoleon Forges an Empire
Section 3
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleon note the goals and results of some of his actions
Goal(s) Result(s)
Actions
1 Establishment of national bankand efficient tax-collection system
2 Enacting Napoleonic Code of law
L
3 Sending troops to Saint Domingue
)
4 Selling Louisiana Territoryto the UnitedStates
-0 ~ Ql 5 W(1ging Battle of Trafalgar ()
~ ()
E Cl
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper write a brief explanation of how Napoleon gained power in France Use the terms coup d etat and plebiscite
J )
The French Revolution and Napoleon 39
J
Name _ Date _
o GUIDED READING Napoleons Empire Collapses
Section 4
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleons downfall write notes in the chart to explain how each action contributed to his final defeat
1 Ordered a blockade to preventtrade and communication between GreatBritain and other European nations
2 Sent an army to invade Portugal and began the Penisular VVar 7 --
i-e
3 In June 1812 invaded Russia with his Grand Army
4 Entered Moscow on September 14 1812 and stayed in the ruined city for five weeks
5 Raised another army and fought the Battle of Leipzig
6 Escaped Elba reclaimed title of emperor and fought Battle of Waterloo
i ~-
L ~~
~ -- t 0-
~-lt
~
t i -- shyk ~ ~
~~ J l~
- --t
t ~
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~
I ~ ~
~~ pound --
~ ~ f 1
yen n-c -s
c
~
lt d lt~
f~
)
middotc~~~~ TX~ ~f 1lt o~- -~ x -~~~ ~ rc- -~- -r ~~ - - ~-
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper briefly describe the final defeat of Napoleon using the terms Hundred Days and Waterloo
40 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name Date _
o SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE Interpreting Maps By 1812 Napoleon controlled a vast empire The map on page 208 of your textbook shows the extent of the French Empire and the lands controlled by
Section 4 Napoleon To learn as much as you can from this map study the legend the compass rose and the scale Then answer the questions below (See Skillbuilder Handbook)
1 Name at least three countries Napoleon controlled
2 What was the extent from east to west in miles or kilometers of the lands that
Napoleon governed or controlled
3 What direction would you travel to go from Paris to London
4 What part of the lands controlled by Napoleon was the farthest south
5 In 1810 Napoleon had signed alliances with Prussia the Austrian Empire and
the Russian Empire What countries shown on the map were NOT allied with
Napoleon or controlled by him
6 How does the area of the lands controlled by Napoleon compare to the combined
area of European countries that were not allied with Napoleon or controlled
by him _
7 What is the approximate distance between Paris and Moscow _
8 What were the sites of three major battles the French Army fought between 1805
and 1809 _
42 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
42 Name Date
CHAPTER WORKSHEET The Battle of Waterloo
A decisive event in European history was the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18 1815 (textbook page The map below shows the final phase of this battle Use it to answer the questions that follow
o I
1000 I
N
I T
2000 3000 yards I I
Prussian forces
BATTLEFIELD +-- Britishadvance ~~= Prussian advance
JUNE 18 1815 === Road 11111111 Ridge
THE WATERLOO -BrltlshfOrces = French forces
ltC== French advance
cent c o French retleat
1 What nationality were the troops that fought with tfie British against Napoleon _
2 From which direction did the British allies attack the French _
3 In which direction did the French retreat _
4 Napoleons headquarters were at Le Caillou The British commander Wellington had his base at
Mont St Jean How far apart were they by road _
5 (a) What land feature probably helped British troops facing a French advance _
(b) What advantage would this feature have given the British
6 (a) What was the name of the country in which the battle was fought (Refer to the map on textshy
book page 455) _
(b) What modern country is this region part or (See textbook map page 725) _
Copyright copy 1988 by Houghton Mifflin Company All rights reserved 20
46 Name Class _ Date
Chapter
Napoleon was a hero to many people in France but others saw him as a tyrant One iter who bitterly opposed him-and was exiled from France- was Madame
errnaine Necker de Stael (1766-1817) Napoleons soldiers On the other hand admired him as the speech made by one of his officers on his return to Paris in 1815 shows bull As you read think about what may have motivated each writer Then on a separate sheet
ofpaper answer the questions that follow
Two Views of Napoleon
M adame de Stael What particularly characshy Marshal Michel Ney Officers sub-officers terizes Bonapartes goverment is his profound soldiers The cause of the Bourbons is lost
contempt for all the intellectual riches of human forever The legitimate dynasty France has adopted nature virtue dignity religion
J_ ~
~
- sectshy
is about to remount the throne enthusiasm in his eyes they are To the emperor Napoleon our the eternal enemies of the contishy sovereign belongs alone the right nent to use his favorite expresshy to rule over our beautiful counshysion He would like to persuade try Whether the Bourbon nobilishymen by force and by cunning and ty choose to return to exile or he considers all else to be stupidity consent to live among us what or folly does it matter to us The times
I do not believe that when are gone when the people were Bonaparte became head of the governed by suppressing their government he had yet formulated righ ts LIberty triumphs In the the plan for a universal monarchy end and Napoleon our august
I do believe what he himself emperor comes to confirm it _~ld to one of my friends a few Soldiers I have often led you to days after the 18 Brurnaire [the victory Now I would escort you date Napoleon overthrew the to join this immortal legion Directory] It is necessary he said which the Emperor Napoleon conshyto do something new every three months in ordermiddot ducts to Pans and which in a few days will reach to captivate the imagination of the French nation the capital with whom anyone who stands still is lost His sysshytem was to encroach [intrude]daily upon Frances
Sources (1) Ten Years of Exile by Madame de Stael trans liberty and Europes independence Byalternatshy Dons Beik (Saturday Review Press J972) (2)The French ing between cunning and force he has subjugated Revolution and Napoleon An Eyewitness History by Joe H [conquered] Europe Kirchberger (Facts on File 985)
ILlUSTRA1IONPHOTO CREDIT BETIMANN
~ _-_____~-~~ ---- ~- -- ~--~---_ _--shy Questionsto Discuss
1 What does Madame de Stael say are 3 Making Comparisons Both these writers Napoleons only methods of persuasion speak about Napoleon and peoples liberty
2 What does Marshal Ney say ~bout Napoleons How do their views compare right to rule as opposed to that of the Bourbon kings
Survey and Volume 1 Editions Chapter 32 ~ Viewpoint Activity Modern Era Edition Chapter
47
2
3
Name Date
o GUIDED READING The Congress of Vienna Convenes
Section 5
A Identifying Supporting Ideas As you read about the meeting of the Congress of Vienna fill in the diagram below
GoalsMembers and Representatives
Congress ofVienna
LegacyActions Taken
Short-term
Long-term
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper briefly explain Klemens von Mettemichs efforts to create peace and stability in Europe Use the terms balance of power and Concert of Europe in your explanation
The French Revolution and Napoleon 41
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Section 1
A Recognizing Facts and Details As you read this section fill out the chart below to help you better understand why and how Latin Americans fought colonial rule
Independence for Haiti
Reasons Strategy ~
2 What events led upto General Dessaliness 1 Why did slaves in the French colonyof SaintshyDomingue revolt declaration of independence for Haiti
South American Wars of Independence
Reasons
4What tactics did Jose de San Martin and Simon the Spanish colonies
3How did events in Europe lead to revolution in Bolivar use to defeatSpanish forces in South America
End of Spanish Rule in Mexico - ~ ~-
~t~~~itfmiddot 5 What is the significance of the grito de Dolores 6 What role did Indians mestizos and creoles
play in Mexicos independence from Spain
B Writing Expository Paragraphs On the back of this paper explain the divisions within Latin American colonial society In your writing use the following terms
peninsulares creoles mulattos
56 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
GUIDED READING Revolutions Disrupt Europe Section 2
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about uprisings in Europe make notes in the chart to explain the outcomes of each action listed
1 French citizens armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
2 Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks -
~
3 Nationalist groups in Budapest Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
i
4 Charles Xtries to set up an absolute
monarchy in France t ~ ( ~
5 Paris mobs overthrowmonarchy of Louis-Philippe
gt6 Louis-lIapoleon Bonaparte is elected ~
presidentof France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
7 In the Crimean War Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
8Alexander II issues the Edictof Emancipation
~
- - --~ -0 lmiddot--middot - r
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper define the following terms
conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 57
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
-0 Ql
~ Ql l)
~
7 policyof realpolitik 8 Seven Weeks War 9 Franco-Prussian War poundls OJ C
lti o E Qj J Cii OJ gt 0 0 o ~
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
B Problems
1
2
C The Implosion -7 What was the Reign of Terror and why was it significant within the context of the French Revolution
-7 How do Robespierres views change during the revolution
-7 How does the Revolution strike out against the Catholic Church
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte and how does he make his name
-7 What happened to Robespierre
DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN
~ Under each statement in the declaration write what it means in your own words
1 Men are born and remain free and equal in rights Social distinctions may be founded only
upon the general good
2 The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man These rights are liberty property security and resistance to oppression
3 The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation Nobody nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation
4 Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights These limits can only be determined by law
5 Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society Nothing may be prevented which
is not forbidden by law and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law
6 Law is the expression of the general will Every citizen has a right to participate personally or through his representative in its formation It must be the same for all whether it protects or punishes All citizens being equal in the eyes of the law are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations according to their abilities and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents
7 No person shall be accused arrested or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law Anyone soliciting transmitting executing or causing to be executed
any arbitrary order shall be punished But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay as resistance constitutes an offense
8 The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously necessary
9 As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty if arrest shall be
deemed indispensable all harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoners person shall be severely repressed by law
10 No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions including his religious views provided
their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law
11 The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of
man Every citizen may accordingly speak write and print with freedom but shall be
responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law
12 The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces These forces are therefore established for the good of all and not for the personal advantage of
those to whom they shall be instructed
13 A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means
14 All the citizens have a right to decide either personally or by their representatives as to the necessity of the public contribution to grant this freely to know to what uses it is put and to fix the proportion the mode of assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes
15 Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration
16 A society in which the observance of the law is not assured nor the separation of powers defined has no constitution at all
17 Since property is an inviolable and sacred right no one shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity legally determined shall clearly demand it and then only on condition that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified
1 What was the purpose of the Declaration
2 Which philosophers and thinkers may have influenced the framers of the Declaration
3 This document is inftuenced by which famous usdocument (signed July 4 1776) Circle the paraflel ideas
- -
- -
12
Chapter Graphic Organizer I i
Frances Old Regime gives little power to majority (Third Estate) ~
m9rlt~~~~~= shy ~~~~Y_C(~gtlt --- ----~- - ~ ~i-_gt-n i
shy1789 Third Estate votes to create National Assembly and end absolute monarchy
~ ~)~S~~ ~ ~-~~ll gt21pound4 nr- bull~ ~eagt_~-~lt=~~~-~ - ---=-~~=
1789 Parisian mob storms Bastille to obtain gunpowder ij 1
~ ~-H bullbull _H -~ _- ~-I -~C~~~-~ - ~ middotmiddot~~~~u~~
-~y
~ Ii11791 National Assembly creates new constitution middot1 J j
E-z==- - ~~Q- bull ~--9ft$_ -
~~)A~_ ~ ~MJ~~~-~~$S ~~~r1
~ 1792 King is formally deposed France declares war on Austria
1 National Assembly is replaced by National Convention 1
I 1
~~ ~sz~~-g~~J ~==r~~
i1793-1794 National Convention turns radical king is executed - Robespierre becomes virtual dictator and rules through terror ~
~ ~ ~ - ~ - middots1-~u~~_1
gtshyC lttl 0 E o o Ll C lttl s m CD r L o 1 OJ
~
o o
~y 1794-1795 Robespierre is executed as revolution turns
to the right directory is formed ij ~
~ ~ shylt - - =1
V 1795-1804 Napoleon conquers foreign enemies and then
seizes power in France becoming emperor -
j 5
~ I - ~ ll~-rtSigltl
~ -e )
j1805-1812 Napoleon builds vast European empire ~
~ ~ -
~
1812-1815 Napoleon invades Russia is defeated and exiled ~ returns to power is defeated at Waterloo and exiled j
-~ - -
World History Perspectives on the Past
Name Date _
o Section 2
CONNECTIONS ACROSS TIME AND CULTURES
Comparing Revolutions in America and France Because revolutions have occurred so often historians have tried to identify some common stages that revolutions follow Study the stages below from Preface to History by Carl Gustavson After reading examples from the American Revolution give similar examples from the French Revolution
STAGE AMERICAN FRENCH
1 Writers denounce existing conditions and provide new goals and ideas
Colonial lawyers protested the Stamp Act and leaders encourshyaged conflict with British authorities
2 Public discontent results in riots and other acts ofviolence
Colonists engaged in protests and boycotts including the Boston Tea Party
3 The ruling group is frightened into making repeated concessions until power is transshy[erred
British Parliament repealed the Stamp Act Britain fought the colonists and lost
4 The reformers carry out their reforms but if their measures are drasshytic the nation splits into rival groups
The weak national government led to Shayss rebellion
5 Radicals seize power from moderates and try to impose their views on the nation
Colonial leaders created a new constitution and a new system of government
6 The public tires of the radicals and modshyerates regain power
Moderates gained the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution
From your answers what similarities and differences do you see in the American and French revolutions
54 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name _ Date
o GUIDED READING Napoleon Forges an Empire
Section 3
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleon note the goals and results of some of his actions
Goal(s) Result(s)
Actions
1 Establishment of national bankand efficient tax-collection system
2 Enacting Napoleonic Code of law
L
3 Sending troops to Saint Domingue
)
4 Selling Louisiana Territoryto the UnitedStates
-0 ~ Ql 5 W(1ging Battle of Trafalgar ()
~ ()
E Cl
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper write a brief explanation of how Napoleon gained power in France Use the terms coup d etat and plebiscite
J )
The French Revolution and Napoleon 39
J
Name _ Date _
o GUIDED READING Napoleons Empire Collapses
Section 4
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleons downfall write notes in the chart to explain how each action contributed to his final defeat
1 Ordered a blockade to preventtrade and communication between GreatBritain and other European nations
2 Sent an army to invade Portugal and began the Penisular VVar 7 --
i-e
3 In June 1812 invaded Russia with his Grand Army
4 Entered Moscow on September 14 1812 and stayed in the ruined city for five weeks
5 Raised another army and fought the Battle of Leipzig
6 Escaped Elba reclaimed title of emperor and fought Battle of Waterloo
i ~-
L ~~
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c
~
lt d lt~
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middotc~~~~ TX~ ~f 1lt o~- -~ x -~~~ ~ rc- -~- -r ~~ - - ~-
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper briefly describe the final defeat of Napoleon using the terms Hundred Days and Waterloo
40 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name Date _
o SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE Interpreting Maps By 1812 Napoleon controlled a vast empire The map on page 208 of your textbook shows the extent of the French Empire and the lands controlled by
Section 4 Napoleon To learn as much as you can from this map study the legend the compass rose and the scale Then answer the questions below (See Skillbuilder Handbook)
1 Name at least three countries Napoleon controlled
2 What was the extent from east to west in miles or kilometers of the lands that
Napoleon governed or controlled
3 What direction would you travel to go from Paris to London
4 What part of the lands controlled by Napoleon was the farthest south
5 In 1810 Napoleon had signed alliances with Prussia the Austrian Empire and
the Russian Empire What countries shown on the map were NOT allied with
Napoleon or controlled by him
6 How does the area of the lands controlled by Napoleon compare to the combined
area of European countries that were not allied with Napoleon or controlled
by him _
7 What is the approximate distance between Paris and Moscow _
8 What were the sites of three major battles the French Army fought between 1805
and 1809 _
42 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
42 Name Date
CHAPTER WORKSHEET The Battle of Waterloo
A decisive event in European history was the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18 1815 (textbook page The map below shows the final phase of this battle Use it to answer the questions that follow
o I
1000 I
N
I T
2000 3000 yards I I
Prussian forces
BATTLEFIELD +-- Britishadvance ~~= Prussian advance
JUNE 18 1815 === Road 11111111 Ridge
THE WATERLOO -BrltlshfOrces = French forces
ltC== French advance
cent c o French retleat
1 What nationality were the troops that fought with tfie British against Napoleon _
2 From which direction did the British allies attack the French _
3 In which direction did the French retreat _
4 Napoleons headquarters were at Le Caillou The British commander Wellington had his base at
Mont St Jean How far apart were they by road _
5 (a) What land feature probably helped British troops facing a French advance _
(b) What advantage would this feature have given the British
6 (a) What was the name of the country in which the battle was fought (Refer to the map on textshy
book page 455) _
(b) What modern country is this region part or (See textbook map page 725) _
Copyright copy 1988 by Houghton Mifflin Company All rights reserved 20
46 Name Class _ Date
Chapter
Napoleon was a hero to many people in France but others saw him as a tyrant One iter who bitterly opposed him-and was exiled from France- was Madame
errnaine Necker de Stael (1766-1817) Napoleons soldiers On the other hand admired him as the speech made by one of his officers on his return to Paris in 1815 shows bull As you read think about what may have motivated each writer Then on a separate sheet
ofpaper answer the questions that follow
Two Views of Napoleon
M adame de Stael What particularly characshy Marshal Michel Ney Officers sub-officers terizes Bonapartes goverment is his profound soldiers The cause of the Bourbons is lost
contempt for all the intellectual riches of human forever The legitimate dynasty France has adopted nature virtue dignity religion
J_ ~
~
- sectshy
is about to remount the throne enthusiasm in his eyes they are To the emperor Napoleon our the eternal enemies of the contishy sovereign belongs alone the right nent to use his favorite expresshy to rule over our beautiful counshysion He would like to persuade try Whether the Bourbon nobilishymen by force and by cunning and ty choose to return to exile or he considers all else to be stupidity consent to live among us what or folly does it matter to us The times
I do not believe that when are gone when the people were Bonaparte became head of the governed by suppressing their government he had yet formulated righ ts LIberty triumphs In the the plan for a universal monarchy end and Napoleon our august
I do believe what he himself emperor comes to confirm it _~ld to one of my friends a few Soldiers I have often led you to days after the 18 Brurnaire [the victory Now I would escort you date Napoleon overthrew the to join this immortal legion Directory] It is necessary he said which the Emperor Napoleon conshyto do something new every three months in ordermiddot ducts to Pans and which in a few days will reach to captivate the imagination of the French nation the capital with whom anyone who stands still is lost His sysshytem was to encroach [intrude]daily upon Frances
Sources (1) Ten Years of Exile by Madame de Stael trans liberty and Europes independence Byalternatshy Dons Beik (Saturday Review Press J972) (2)The French ing between cunning and force he has subjugated Revolution and Napoleon An Eyewitness History by Joe H [conquered] Europe Kirchberger (Facts on File 985)
ILlUSTRA1IONPHOTO CREDIT BETIMANN
~ _-_____~-~~ ---- ~- -- ~--~---_ _--shy Questionsto Discuss
1 What does Madame de Stael say are 3 Making Comparisons Both these writers Napoleons only methods of persuasion speak about Napoleon and peoples liberty
2 What does Marshal Ney say ~bout Napoleons How do their views compare right to rule as opposed to that of the Bourbon kings
Survey and Volume 1 Editions Chapter 32 ~ Viewpoint Activity Modern Era Edition Chapter
47
2
3
Name Date
o GUIDED READING The Congress of Vienna Convenes
Section 5
A Identifying Supporting Ideas As you read about the meeting of the Congress of Vienna fill in the diagram below
GoalsMembers and Representatives
Congress ofVienna
LegacyActions Taken
Short-term
Long-term
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper briefly explain Klemens von Mettemichs efforts to create peace and stability in Europe Use the terms balance of power and Concert of Europe in your explanation
The French Revolution and Napoleon 41
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Section 1
A Recognizing Facts and Details As you read this section fill out the chart below to help you better understand why and how Latin Americans fought colonial rule
Independence for Haiti
Reasons Strategy ~
2 What events led upto General Dessaliness 1 Why did slaves in the French colonyof SaintshyDomingue revolt declaration of independence for Haiti
South American Wars of Independence
Reasons
4What tactics did Jose de San Martin and Simon the Spanish colonies
3How did events in Europe lead to revolution in Bolivar use to defeatSpanish forces in South America
End of Spanish Rule in Mexico - ~ ~-
~t~~~itfmiddot 5 What is the significance of the grito de Dolores 6 What role did Indians mestizos and creoles
play in Mexicos independence from Spain
B Writing Expository Paragraphs On the back of this paper explain the divisions within Latin American colonial society In your writing use the following terms
peninsulares creoles mulattos
56 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
GUIDED READING Revolutions Disrupt Europe Section 2
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about uprisings in Europe make notes in the chart to explain the outcomes of each action listed
1 French citizens armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
2 Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks -
~
3 Nationalist groups in Budapest Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
i
4 Charles Xtries to set up an absolute
monarchy in France t ~ ( ~
5 Paris mobs overthrowmonarchy of Louis-Philippe
gt6 Louis-lIapoleon Bonaparte is elected ~
presidentof France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
7 In the Crimean War Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
8Alexander II issues the Edictof Emancipation
~
- - --~ -0 lmiddot--middot - r
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper define the following terms
conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 57
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
-0 Ql
~ Ql l)
~
7 policyof realpolitik 8 Seven Weeks War 9 Franco-Prussian War poundls OJ C
lti o E Qj J Cii OJ gt 0 0 o ~
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN
~ Under each statement in the declaration write what it means in your own words
1 Men are born and remain free and equal in rights Social distinctions may be founded only
upon the general good
2 The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man These rights are liberty property security and resistance to oppression
3 The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation Nobody nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation
4 Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights These limits can only be determined by law
5 Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society Nothing may be prevented which
is not forbidden by law and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law
6 Law is the expression of the general will Every citizen has a right to participate personally or through his representative in its formation It must be the same for all whether it protects or punishes All citizens being equal in the eyes of the law are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations according to their abilities and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents
7 No person shall be accused arrested or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law Anyone soliciting transmitting executing or causing to be executed
any arbitrary order shall be punished But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay as resistance constitutes an offense
8 The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously necessary
9 As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty if arrest shall be
deemed indispensable all harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoners person shall be severely repressed by law
10 No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions including his religious views provided
their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law
11 The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of
man Every citizen may accordingly speak write and print with freedom but shall be
responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law
12 The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces These forces are therefore established for the good of all and not for the personal advantage of
those to whom they shall be instructed
13 A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means
14 All the citizens have a right to decide either personally or by their representatives as to the necessity of the public contribution to grant this freely to know to what uses it is put and to fix the proportion the mode of assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes
15 Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration
16 A society in which the observance of the law is not assured nor the separation of powers defined has no constitution at all
17 Since property is an inviolable and sacred right no one shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity legally determined shall clearly demand it and then only on condition that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified
1 What was the purpose of the Declaration
2 Which philosophers and thinkers may have influenced the framers of the Declaration
3 This document is inftuenced by which famous usdocument (signed July 4 1776) Circle the paraflel ideas
- -
- -
12
Chapter Graphic Organizer I i
Frances Old Regime gives little power to majority (Third Estate) ~
m9rlt~~~~~= shy ~~~~Y_C(~gtlt --- ----~- - ~ ~i-_gt-n i
shy1789 Third Estate votes to create National Assembly and end absolute monarchy
~ ~)~S~~ ~ ~-~~ll gt21pound4 nr- bull~ ~eagt_~-~lt=~~~-~ - ---=-~~=
1789 Parisian mob storms Bastille to obtain gunpowder ij 1
~ ~-H bullbull _H -~ _- ~-I -~C~~~-~ - ~ middotmiddot~~~~u~~
-~y
~ Ii11791 National Assembly creates new constitution middot1 J j
E-z==- - ~~Q- bull ~--9ft$_ -
~~)A~_ ~ ~MJ~~~-~~$S ~~~r1
~ 1792 King is formally deposed France declares war on Austria
1 National Assembly is replaced by National Convention 1
I 1
~~ ~sz~~-g~~J ~==r~~
i1793-1794 National Convention turns radical king is executed - Robespierre becomes virtual dictator and rules through terror ~
~ ~ ~ - ~ - middots1-~u~~_1
gtshyC lttl 0 E o o Ll C lttl s m CD r L o 1 OJ
~
o o
~y 1794-1795 Robespierre is executed as revolution turns
to the right directory is formed ij ~
~ ~ shylt - - =1
V 1795-1804 Napoleon conquers foreign enemies and then
seizes power in France becoming emperor -
j 5
~ I - ~ ll~-rtSigltl
~ -e )
j1805-1812 Napoleon builds vast European empire ~
~ ~ -
~
1812-1815 Napoleon invades Russia is defeated and exiled ~ returns to power is defeated at Waterloo and exiled j
-~ - -
World History Perspectives on the Past
Name Date _
o Section 2
CONNECTIONS ACROSS TIME AND CULTURES
Comparing Revolutions in America and France Because revolutions have occurred so often historians have tried to identify some common stages that revolutions follow Study the stages below from Preface to History by Carl Gustavson After reading examples from the American Revolution give similar examples from the French Revolution
STAGE AMERICAN FRENCH
1 Writers denounce existing conditions and provide new goals and ideas
Colonial lawyers protested the Stamp Act and leaders encourshyaged conflict with British authorities
2 Public discontent results in riots and other acts ofviolence
Colonists engaged in protests and boycotts including the Boston Tea Party
3 The ruling group is frightened into making repeated concessions until power is transshy[erred
British Parliament repealed the Stamp Act Britain fought the colonists and lost
4 The reformers carry out their reforms but if their measures are drasshytic the nation splits into rival groups
The weak national government led to Shayss rebellion
5 Radicals seize power from moderates and try to impose their views on the nation
Colonial leaders created a new constitution and a new system of government
6 The public tires of the radicals and modshyerates regain power
Moderates gained the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution
From your answers what similarities and differences do you see in the American and French revolutions
54 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name _ Date
o GUIDED READING Napoleon Forges an Empire
Section 3
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleon note the goals and results of some of his actions
Goal(s) Result(s)
Actions
1 Establishment of national bankand efficient tax-collection system
2 Enacting Napoleonic Code of law
L
3 Sending troops to Saint Domingue
)
4 Selling Louisiana Territoryto the UnitedStates
-0 ~ Ql 5 W(1ging Battle of Trafalgar ()
~ ()
E Cl
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper write a brief explanation of how Napoleon gained power in France Use the terms coup d etat and plebiscite
J )
The French Revolution and Napoleon 39
J
Name _ Date _
o GUIDED READING Napoleons Empire Collapses
Section 4
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleons downfall write notes in the chart to explain how each action contributed to his final defeat
1 Ordered a blockade to preventtrade and communication between GreatBritain and other European nations
2 Sent an army to invade Portugal and began the Penisular VVar 7 --
i-e
3 In June 1812 invaded Russia with his Grand Army
4 Entered Moscow on September 14 1812 and stayed in the ruined city for five weeks
5 Raised another army and fought the Battle of Leipzig
6 Escaped Elba reclaimed title of emperor and fought Battle of Waterloo
i ~-
L ~~
~ -- t 0-
~-lt
~
t i -- shyk ~ ~
~~ J l~
- --t
t ~
(shy
~
I ~ ~
~~ pound --
~ ~ f 1
yen n-c -s
c
~
lt d lt~
f~
)
middotc~~~~ TX~ ~f 1lt o~- -~ x -~~~ ~ rc- -~- -r ~~ - - ~-
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper briefly describe the final defeat of Napoleon using the terms Hundred Days and Waterloo
40 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name Date _
o SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE Interpreting Maps By 1812 Napoleon controlled a vast empire The map on page 208 of your textbook shows the extent of the French Empire and the lands controlled by
Section 4 Napoleon To learn as much as you can from this map study the legend the compass rose and the scale Then answer the questions below (See Skillbuilder Handbook)
1 Name at least three countries Napoleon controlled
2 What was the extent from east to west in miles or kilometers of the lands that
Napoleon governed or controlled
3 What direction would you travel to go from Paris to London
4 What part of the lands controlled by Napoleon was the farthest south
5 In 1810 Napoleon had signed alliances with Prussia the Austrian Empire and
the Russian Empire What countries shown on the map were NOT allied with
Napoleon or controlled by him
6 How does the area of the lands controlled by Napoleon compare to the combined
area of European countries that were not allied with Napoleon or controlled
by him _
7 What is the approximate distance between Paris and Moscow _
8 What were the sites of three major battles the French Army fought between 1805
and 1809 _
42 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
42 Name Date
CHAPTER WORKSHEET The Battle of Waterloo
A decisive event in European history was the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18 1815 (textbook page The map below shows the final phase of this battle Use it to answer the questions that follow
o I
1000 I
N
I T
2000 3000 yards I I
Prussian forces
BATTLEFIELD +-- Britishadvance ~~= Prussian advance
JUNE 18 1815 === Road 11111111 Ridge
THE WATERLOO -BrltlshfOrces = French forces
ltC== French advance
cent c o French retleat
1 What nationality were the troops that fought with tfie British against Napoleon _
2 From which direction did the British allies attack the French _
3 In which direction did the French retreat _
4 Napoleons headquarters were at Le Caillou The British commander Wellington had his base at
Mont St Jean How far apart were they by road _
5 (a) What land feature probably helped British troops facing a French advance _
(b) What advantage would this feature have given the British
6 (a) What was the name of the country in which the battle was fought (Refer to the map on textshy
book page 455) _
(b) What modern country is this region part or (See textbook map page 725) _
Copyright copy 1988 by Houghton Mifflin Company All rights reserved 20
46 Name Class _ Date
Chapter
Napoleon was a hero to many people in France but others saw him as a tyrant One iter who bitterly opposed him-and was exiled from France- was Madame
errnaine Necker de Stael (1766-1817) Napoleons soldiers On the other hand admired him as the speech made by one of his officers on his return to Paris in 1815 shows bull As you read think about what may have motivated each writer Then on a separate sheet
ofpaper answer the questions that follow
Two Views of Napoleon
M adame de Stael What particularly characshy Marshal Michel Ney Officers sub-officers terizes Bonapartes goverment is his profound soldiers The cause of the Bourbons is lost
contempt for all the intellectual riches of human forever The legitimate dynasty France has adopted nature virtue dignity religion
J_ ~
~
- sectshy
is about to remount the throne enthusiasm in his eyes they are To the emperor Napoleon our the eternal enemies of the contishy sovereign belongs alone the right nent to use his favorite expresshy to rule over our beautiful counshysion He would like to persuade try Whether the Bourbon nobilishymen by force and by cunning and ty choose to return to exile or he considers all else to be stupidity consent to live among us what or folly does it matter to us The times
I do not believe that when are gone when the people were Bonaparte became head of the governed by suppressing their government he had yet formulated righ ts LIberty triumphs In the the plan for a universal monarchy end and Napoleon our august
I do believe what he himself emperor comes to confirm it _~ld to one of my friends a few Soldiers I have often led you to days after the 18 Brurnaire [the victory Now I would escort you date Napoleon overthrew the to join this immortal legion Directory] It is necessary he said which the Emperor Napoleon conshyto do something new every three months in ordermiddot ducts to Pans and which in a few days will reach to captivate the imagination of the French nation the capital with whom anyone who stands still is lost His sysshytem was to encroach [intrude]daily upon Frances
Sources (1) Ten Years of Exile by Madame de Stael trans liberty and Europes independence Byalternatshy Dons Beik (Saturday Review Press J972) (2)The French ing between cunning and force he has subjugated Revolution and Napoleon An Eyewitness History by Joe H [conquered] Europe Kirchberger (Facts on File 985)
ILlUSTRA1IONPHOTO CREDIT BETIMANN
~ _-_____~-~~ ---- ~- -- ~--~---_ _--shy Questionsto Discuss
1 What does Madame de Stael say are 3 Making Comparisons Both these writers Napoleons only methods of persuasion speak about Napoleon and peoples liberty
2 What does Marshal Ney say ~bout Napoleons How do their views compare right to rule as opposed to that of the Bourbon kings
Survey and Volume 1 Editions Chapter 32 ~ Viewpoint Activity Modern Era Edition Chapter
47
2
3
Name Date
o GUIDED READING The Congress of Vienna Convenes
Section 5
A Identifying Supporting Ideas As you read about the meeting of the Congress of Vienna fill in the diagram below
GoalsMembers and Representatives
Congress ofVienna
LegacyActions Taken
Short-term
Long-term
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper briefly explain Klemens von Mettemichs efforts to create peace and stability in Europe Use the terms balance of power and Concert of Europe in your explanation
The French Revolution and Napoleon 41
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Section 1
A Recognizing Facts and Details As you read this section fill out the chart below to help you better understand why and how Latin Americans fought colonial rule
Independence for Haiti
Reasons Strategy ~
2 What events led upto General Dessaliness 1 Why did slaves in the French colonyof SaintshyDomingue revolt declaration of independence for Haiti
South American Wars of Independence
Reasons
4What tactics did Jose de San Martin and Simon the Spanish colonies
3How did events in Europe lead to revolution in Bolivar use to defeatSpanish forces in South America
End of Spanish Rule in Mexico - ~ ~-
~t~~~itfmiddot 5 What is the significance of the grito de Dolores 6 What role did Indians mestizos and creoles
play in Mexicos independence from Spain
B Writing Expository Paragraphs On the back of this paper explain the divisions within Latin American colonial society In your writing use the following terms
peninsulares creoles mulattos
56 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
GUIDED READING Revolutions Disrupt Europe Section 2
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about uprisings in Europe make notes in the chart to explain the outcomes of each action listed
1 French citizens armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
2 Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks -
~
3 Nationalist groups in Budapest Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
i
4 Charles Xtries to set up an absolute
monarchy in France t ~ ( ~
5 Paris mobs overthrowmonarchy of Louis-Philippe
gt6 Louis-lIapoleon Bonaparte is elected ~
presidentof France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
7 In the Crimean War Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
8Alexander II issues the Edictof Emancipation
~
- - --~ -0 lmiddot--middot - r
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper define the following terms
conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 57
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
-0 Ql
~ Ql l)
~
7 policyof realpolitik 8 Seven Weeks War 9 Franco-Prussian War poundls OJ C
lti o E Qj J Cii OJ gt 0 0 o ~
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
10 No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions including his religious views provided
their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law
11 The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of
man Every citizen may accordingly speak write and print with freedom but shall be
responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law
12 The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces These forces are therefore established for the good of all and not for the personal advantage of
those to whom they shall be instructed
13 A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means
14 All the citizens have a right to decide either personally or by their representatives as to the necessity of the public contribution to grant this freely to know to what uses it is put and to fix the proportion the mode of assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes
15 Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration
16 A society in which the observance of the law is not assured nor the separation of powers defined has no constitution at all
17 Since property is an inviolable and sacred right no one shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity legally determined shall clearly demand it and then only on condition that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified
1 What was the purpose of the Declaration
2 Which philosophers and thinkers may have influenced the framers of the Declaration
3 This document is inftuenced by which famous usdocument (signed July 4 1776) Circle the paraflel ideas
- -
- -
12
Chapter Graphic Organizer I i
Frances Old Regime gives little power to majority (Third Estate) ~
m9rlt~~~~~= shy ~~~~Y_C(~gtlt --- ----~- - ~ ~i-_gt-n i
shy1789 Third Estate votes to create National Assembly and end absolute monarchy
~ ~)~S~~ ~ ~-~~ll gt21pound4 nr- bull~ ~eagt_~-~lt=~~~-~ - ---=-~~=
1789 Parisian mob storms Bastille to obtain gunpowder ij 1
~ ~-H bullbull _H -~ _- ~-I -~C~~~-~ - ~ middotmiddot~~~~u~~
-~y
~ Ii11791 National Assembly creates new constitution middot1 J j
E-z==- - ~~Q- bull ~--9ft$_ -
~~)A~_ ~ ~MJ~~~-~~$S ~~~r1
~ 1792 King is formally deposed France declares war on Austria
1 National Assembly is replaced by National Convention 1
I 1
~~ ~sz~~-g~~J ~==r~~
i1793-1794 National Convention turns radical king is executed - Robespierre becomes virtual dictator and rules through terror ~
~ ~ ~ - ~ - middots1-~u~~_1
gtshyC lttl 0 E o o Ll C lttl s m CD r L o 1 OJ
~
o o
~y 1794-1795 Robespierre is executed as revolution turns
to the right directory is formed ij ~
~ ~ shylt - - =1
V 1795-1804 Napoleon conquers foreign enemies and then
seizes power in France becoming emperor -
j 5
~ I - ~ ll~-rtSigltl
~ -e )
j1805-1812 Napoleon builds vast European empire ~
~ ~ -
~
1812-1815 Napoleon invades Russia is defeated and exiled ~ returns to power is defeated at Waterloo and exiled j
-~ - -
World History Perspectives on the Past
Name Date _
o Section 2
CONNECTIONS ACROSS TIME AND CULTURES
Comparing Revolutions in America and France Because revolutions have occurred so often historians have tried to identify some common stages that revolutions follow Study the stages below from Preface to History by Carl Gustavson After reading examples from the American Revolution give similar examples from the French Revolution
STAGE AMERICAN FRENCH
1 Writers denounce existing conditions and provide new goals and ideas
Colonial lawyers protested the Stamp Act and leaders encourshyaged conflict with British authorities
2 Public discontent results in riots and other acts ofviolence
Colonists engaged in protests and boycotts including the Boston Tea Party
3 The ruling group is frightened into making repeated concessions until power is transshy[erred
British Parliament repealed the Stamp Act Britain fought the colonists and lost
4 The reformers carry out their reforms but if their measures are drasshytic the nation splits into rival groups
The weak national government led to Shayss rebellion
5 Radicals seize power from moderates and try to impose their views on the nation
Colonial leaders created a new constitution and a new system of government
6 The public tires of the radicals and modshyerates regain power
Moderates gained the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution
From your answers what similarities and differences do you see in the American and French revolutions
54 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name _ Date
o GUIDED READING Napoleon Forges an Empire
Section 3
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleon note the goals and results of some of his actions
Goal(s) Result(s)
Actions
1 Establishment of national bankand efficient tax-collection system
2 Enacting Napoleonic Code of law
L
3 Sending troops to Saint Domingue
)
4 Selling Louisiana Territoryto the UnitedStates
-0 ~ Ql 5 W(1ging Battle of Trafalgar ()
~ ()
E Cl
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper write a brief explanation of how Napoleon gained power in France Use the terms coup d etat and plebiscite
J )
The French Revolution and Napoleon 39
J
Name _ Date _
o GUIDED READING Napoleons Empire Collapses
Section 4
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleons downfall write notes in the chart to explain how each action contributed to his final defeat
1 Ordered a blockade to preventtrade and communication between GreatBritain and other European nations
2 Sent an army to invade Portugal and began the Penisular VVar 7 --
i-e
3 In June 1812 invaded Russia with his Grand Army
4 Entered Moscow on September 14 1812 and stayed in the ruined city for five weeks
5 Raised another army and fought the Battle of Leipzig
6 Escaped Elba reclaimed title of emperor and fought Battle of Waterloo
i ~-
L ~~
~ -- t 0-
~-lt
~
t i -- shyk ~ ~
~~ J l~
- --t
t ~
(shy
~
I ~ ~
~~ pound --
~ ~ f 1
yen n-c -s
c
~
lt d lt~
f~
)
middotc~~~~ TX~ ~f 1lt o~- -~ x -~~~ ~ rc- -~- -r ~~ - - ~-
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper briefly describe the final defeat of Napoleon using the terms Hundred Days and Waterloo
40 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name Date _
o SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE Interpreting Maps By 1812 Napoleon controlled a vast empire The map on page 208 of your textbook shows the extent of the French Empire and the lands controlled by
Section 4 Napoleon To learn as much as you can from this map study the legend the compass rose and the scale Then answer the questions below (See Skillbuilder Handbook)
1 Name at least three countries Napoleon controlled
2 What was the extent from east to west in miles or kilometers of the lands that
Napoleon governed or controlled
3 What direction would you travel to go from Paris to London
4 What part of the lands controlled by Napoleon was the farthest south
5 In 1810 Napoleon had signed alliances with Prussia the Austrian Empire and
the Russian Empire What countries shown on the map were NOT allied with
Napoleon or controlled by him
6 How does the area of the lands controlled by Napoleon compare to the combined
area of European countries that were not allied with Napoleon or controlled
by him _
7 What is the approximate distance between Paris and Moscow _
8 What were the sites of three major battles the French Army fought between 1805
and 1809 _
42 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
42 Name Date
CHAPTER WORKSHEET The Battle of Waterloo
A decisive event in European history was the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18 1815 (textbook page The map below shows the final phase of this battle Use it to answer the questions that follow
o I
1000 I
N
I T
2000 3000 yards I I
Prussian forces
BATTLEFIELD +-- Britishadvance ~~= Prussian advance
JUNE 18 1815 === Road 11111111 Ridge
THE WATERLOO -BrltlshfOrces = French forces
ltC== French advance
cent c o French retleat
1 What nationality were the troops that fought with tfie British against Napoleon _
2 From which direction did the British allies attack the French _
3 In which direction did the French retreat _
4 Napoleons headquarters were at Le Caillou The British commander Wellington had his base at
Mont St Jean How far apart were they by road _
5 (a) What land feature probably helped British troops facing a French advance _
(b) What advantage would this feature have given the British
6 (a) What was the name of the country in which the battle was fought (Refer to the map on textshy
book page 455) _
(b) What modern country is this region part or (See textbook map page 725) _
Copyright copy 1988 by Houghton Mifflin Company All rights reserved 20
46 Name Class _ Date
Chapter
Napoleon was a hero to many people in France but others saw him as a tyrant One iter who bitterly opposed him-and was exiled from France- was Madame
errnaine Necker de Stael (1766-1817) Napoleons soldiers On the other hand admired him as the speech made by one of his officers on his return to Paris in 1815 shows bull As you read think about what may have motivated each writer Then on a separate sheet
ofpaper answer the questions that follow
Two Views of Napoleon
M adame de Stael What particularly characshy Marshal Michel Ney Officers sub-officers terizes Bonapartes goverment is his profound soldiers The cause of the Bourbons is lost
contempt for all the intellectual riches of human forever The legitimate dynasty France has adopted nature virtue dignity religion
J_ ~
~
- sectshy
is about to remount the throne enthusiasm in his eyes they are To the emperor Napoleon our the eternal enemies of the contishy sovereign belongs alone the right nent to use his favorite expresshy to rule over our beautiful counshysion He would like to persuade try Whether the Bourbon nobilishymen by force and by cunning and ty choose to return to exile or he considers all else to be stupidity consent to live among us what or folly does it matter to us The times
I do not believe that when are gone when the people were Bonaparte became head of the governed by suppressing their government he had yet formulated righ ts LIberty triumphs In the the plan for a universal monarchy end and Napoleon our august
I do believe what he himself emperor comes to confirm it _~ld to one of my friends a few Soldiers I have often led you to days after the 18 Brurnaire [the victory Now I would escort you date Napoleon overthrew the to join this immortal legion Directory] It is necessary he said which the Emperor Napoleon conshyto do something new every three months in ordermiddot ducts to Pans and which in a few days will reach to captivate the imagination of the French nation the capital with whom anyone who stands still is lost His sysshytem was to encroach [intrude]daily upon Frances
Sources (1) Ten Years of Exile by Madame de Stael trans liberty and Europes independence Byalternatshy Dons Beik (Saturday Review Press J972) (2)The French ing between cunning and force he has subjugated Revolution and Napoleon An Eyewitness History by Joe H [conquered] Europe Kirchberger (Facts on File 985)
ILlUSTRA1IONPHOTO CREDIT BETIMANN
~ _-_____~-~~ ---- ~- -- ~--~---_ _--shy Questionsto Discuss
1 What does Madame de Stael say are 3 Making Comparisons Both these writers Napoleons only methods of persuasion speak about Napoleon and peoples liberty
2 What does Marshal Ney say ~bout Napoleons How do their views compare right to rule as opposed to that of the Bourbon kings
Survey and Volume 1 Editions Chapter 32 ~ Viewpoint Activity Modern Era Edition Chapter
47
2
3
Name Date
o GUIDED READING The Congress of Vienna Convenes
Section 5
A Identifying Supporting Ideas As you read about the meeting of the Congress of Vienna fill in the diagram below
GoalsMembers and Representatives
Congress ofVienna
LegacyActions Taken
Short-term
Long-term
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper briefly explain Klemens von Mettemichs efforts to create peace and stability in Europe Use the terms balance of power and Concert of Europe in your explanation
The French Revolution and Napoleon 41
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Section 1
A Recognizing Facts and Details As you read this section fill out the chart below to help you better understand why and how Latin Americans fought colonial rule
Independence for Haiti
Reasons Strategy ~
2 What events led upto General Dessaliness 1 Why did slaves in the French colonyof SaintshyDomingue revolt declaration of independence for Haiti
South American Wars of Independence
Reasons
4What tactics did Jose de San Martin and Simon the Spanish colonies
3How did events in Europe lead to revolution in Bolivar use to defeatSpanish forces in South America
End of Spanish Rule in Mexico - ~ ~-
~t~~~itfmiddot 5 What is the significance of the grito de Dolores 6 What role did Indians mestizos and creoles
play in Mexicos independence from Spain
B Writing Expository Paragraphs On the back of this paper explain the divisions within Latin American colonial society In your writing use the following terms
peninsulares creoles mulattos
56 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
GUIDED READING Revolutions Disrupt Europe Section 2
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about uprisings in Europe make notes in the chart to explain the outcomes of each action listed
1 French citizens armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
2 Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks -
~
3 Nationalist groups in Budapest Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
i
4 Charles Xtries to set up an absolute
monarchy in France t ~ ( ~
5 Paris mobs overthrowmonarchy of Louis-Philippe
gt6 Louis-lIapoleon Bonaparte is elected ~
presidentof France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
7 In the Crimean War Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
8Alexander II issues the Edictof Emancipation
~
- - --~ -0 lmiddot--middot - r
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper define the following terms
conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 57
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
-0 Ql
~ Ql l)
~
7 policyof realpolitik 8 Seven Weeks War 9 Franco-Prussian War poundls OJ C
lti o E Qj J Cii OJ gt 0 0 o ~
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
- -
- -
12
Chapter Graphic Organizer I i
Frances Old Regime gives little power to majority (Third Estate) ~
m9rlt~~~~~= shy ~~~~Y_C(~gtlt --- ----~- - ~ ~i-_gt-n i
shy1789 Third Estate votes to create National Assembly and end absolute monarchy
~ ~)~S~~ ~ ~-~~ll gt21pound4 nr- bull~ ~eagt_~-~lt=~~~-~ - ---=-~~=
1789 Parisian mob storms Bastille to obtain gunpowder ij 1
~ ~-H bullbull _H -~ _- ~-I -~C~~~-~ - ~ middotmiddot~~~~u~~
-~y
~ Ii11791 National Assembly creates new constitution middot1 J j
E-z==- - ~~Q- bull ~--9ft$_ -
~~)A~_ ~ ~MJ~~~-~~$S ~~~r1
~ 1792 King is formally deposed France declares war on Austria
1 National Assembly is replaced by National Convention 1
I 1
~~ ~sz~~-g~~J ~==r~~
i1793-1794 National Convention turns radical king is executed - Robespierre becomes virtual dictator and rules through terror ~
~ ~ ~ - ~ - middots1-~u~~_1
gtshyC lttl 0 E o o Ll C lttl s m CD r L o 1 OJ
~
o o
~y 1794-1795 Robespierre is executed as revolution turns
to the right directory is formed ij ~
~ ~ shylt - - =1
V 1795-1804 Napoleon conquers foreign enemies and then
seizes power in France becoming emperor -
j 5
~ I - ~ ll~-rtSigltl
~ -e )
j1805-1812 Napoleon builds vast European empire ~
~ ~ -
~
1812-1815 Napoleon invades Russia is defeated and exiled ~ returns to power is defeated at Waterloo and exiled j
-~ - -
World History Perspectives on the Past
Name Date _
o Section 2
CONNECTIONS ACROSS TIME AND CULTURES
Comparing Revolutions in America and France Because revolutions have occurred so often historians have tried to identify some common stages that revolutions follow Study the stages below from Preface to History by Carl Gustavson After reading examples from the American Revolution give similar examples from the French Revolution
STAGE AMERICAN FRENCH
1 Writers denounce existing conditions and provide new goals and ideas
Colonial lawyers protested the Stamp Act and leaders encourshyaged conflict with British authorities
2 Public discontent results in riots and other acts ofviolence
Colonists engaged in protests and boycotts including the Boston Tea Party
3 The ruling group is frightened into making repeated concessions until power is transshy[erred
British Parliament repealed the Stamp Act Britain fought the colonists and lost
4 The reformers carry out their reforms but if their measures are drasshytic the nation splits into rival groups
The weak national government led to Shayss rebellion
5 Radicals seize power from moderates and try to impose their views on the nation
Colonial leaders created a new constitution and a new system of government
6 The public tires of the radicals and modshyerates regain power
Moderates gained the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution
From your answers what similarities and differences do you see in the American and French revolutions
54 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name _ Date
o GUIDED READING Napoleon Forges an Empire
Section 3
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleon note the goals and results of some of his actions
Goal(s) Result(s)
Actions
1 Establishment of national bankand efficient tax-collection system
2 Enacting Napoleonic Code of law
L
3 Sending troops to Saint Domingue
)
4 Selling Louisiana Territoryto the UnitedStates
-0 ~ Ql 5 W(1ging Battle of Trafalgar ()
~ ()
E Cl
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper write a brief explanation of how Napoleon gained power in France Use the terms coup d etat and plebiscite
J )
The French Revolution and Napoleon 39
J
Name _ Date _
o GUIDED READING Napoleons Empire Collapses
Section 4
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleons downfall write notes in the chart to explain how each action contributed to his final defeat
1 Ordered a blockade to preventtrade and communication between GreatBritain and other European nations
2 Sent an army to invade Portugal and began the Penisular VVar 7 --
i-e
3 In June 1812 invaded Russia with his Grand Army
4 Entered Moscow on September 14 1812 and stayed in the ruined city for five weeks
5 Raised another army and fought the Battle of Leipzig
6 Escaped Elba reclaimed title of emperor and fought Battle of Waterloo
i ~-
L ~~
~ -- t 0-
~-lt
~
t i -- shyk ~ ~
~~ J l~
- --t
t ~
(shy
~
I ~ ~
~~ pound --
~ ~ f 1
yen n-c -s
c
~
lt d lt~
f~
)
middotc~~~~ TX~ ~f 1lt o~- -~ x -~~~ ~ rc- -~- -r ~~ - - ~-
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper briefly describe the final defeat of Napoleon using the terms Hundred Days and Waterloo
40 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name Date _
o SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE Interpreting Maps By 1812 Napoleon controlled a vast empire The map on page 208 of your textbook shows the extent of the French Empire and the lands controlled by
Section 4 Napoleon To learn as much as you can from this map study the legend the compass rose and the scale Then answer the questions below (See Skillbuilder Handbook)
1 Name at least three countries Napoleon controlled
2 What was the extent from east to west in miles or kilometers of the lands that
Napoleon governed or controlled
3 What direction would you travel to go from Paris to London
4 What part of the lands controlled by Napoleon was the farthest south
5 In 1810 Napoleon had signed alliances with Prussia the Austrian Empire and
the Russian Empire What countries shown on the map were NOT allied with
Napoleon or controlled by him
6 How does the area of the lands controlled by Napoleon compare to the combined
area of European countries that were not allied with Napoleon or controlled
by him _
7 What is the approximate distance between Paris and Moscow _
8 What were the sites of three major battles the French Army fought between 1805
and 1809 _
42 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
42 Name Date
CHAPTER WORKSHEET The Battle of Waterloo
A decisive event in European history was the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18 1815 (textbook page The map below shows the final phase of this battle Use it to answer the questions that follow
o I
1000 I
N
I T
2000 3000 yards I I
Prussian forces
BATTLEFIELD +-- Britishadvance ~~= Prussian advance
JUNE 18 1815 === Road 11111111 Ridge
THE WATERLOO -BrltlshfOrces = French forces
ltC== French advance
cent c o French retleat
1 What nationality were the troops that fought with tfie British against Napoleon _
2 From which direction did the British allies attack the French _
3 In which direction did the French retreat _
4 Napoleons headquarters were at Le Caillou The British commander Wellington had his base at
Mont St Jean How far apart were they by road _
5 (a) What land feature probably helped British troops facing a French advance _
(b) What advantage would this feature have given the British
6 (a) What was the name of the country in which the battle was fought (Refer to the map on textshy
book page 455) _
(b) What modern country is this region part or (See textbook map page 725) _
Copyright copy 1988 by Houghton Mifflin Company All rights reserved 20
46 Name Class _ Date
Chapter
Napoleon was a hero to many people in France but others saw him as a tyrant One iter who bitterly opposed him-and was exiled from France- was Madame
errnaine Necker de Stael (1766-1817) Napoleons soldiers On the other hand admired him as the speech made by one of his officers on his return to Paris in 1815 shows bull As you read think about what may have motivated each writer Then on a separate sheet
ofpaper answer the questions that follow
Two Views of Napoleon
M adame de Stael What particularly characshy Marshal Michel Ney Officers sub-officers terizes Bonapartes goverment is his profound soldiers The cause of the Bourbons is lost
contempt for all the intellectual riches of human forever The legitimate dynasty France has adopted nature virtue dignity religion
J_ ~
~
- sectshy
is about to remount the throne enthusiasm in his eyes they are To the emperor Napoleon our the eternal enemies of the contishy sovereign belongs alone the right nent to use his favorite expresshy to rule over our beautiful counshysion He would like to persuade try Whether the Bourbon nobilishymen by force and by cunning and ty choose to return to exile or he considers all else to be stupidity consent to live among us what or folly does it matter to us The times
I do not believe that when are gone when the people were Bonaparte became head of the governed by suppressing their government he had yet formulated righ ts LIberty triumphs In the the plan for a universal monarchy end and Napoleon our august
I do believe what he himself emperor comes to confirm it _~ld to one of my friends a few Soldiers I have often led you to days after the 18 Brurnaire [the victory Now I would escort you date Napoleon overthrew the to join this immortal legion Directory] It is necessary he said which the Emperor Napoleon conshyto do something new every three months in ordermiddot ducts to Pans and which in a few days will reach to captivate the imagination of the French nation the capital with whom anyone who stands still is lost His sysshytem was to encroach [intrude]daily upon Frances
Sources (1) Ten Years of Exile by Madame de Stael trans liberty and Europes independence Byalternatshy Dons Beik (Saturday Review Press J972) (2)The French ing between cunning and force he has subjugated Revolution and Napoleon An Eyewitness History by Joe H [conquered] Europe Kirchberger (Facts on File 985)
ILlUSTRA1IONPHOTO CREDIT BETIMANN
~ _-_____~-~~ ---- ~- -- ~--~---_ _--shy Questionsto Discuss
1 What does Madame de Stael say are 3 Making Comparisons Both these writers Napoleons only methods of persuasion speak about Napoleon and peoples liberty
2 What does Marshal Ney say ~bout Napoleons How do their views compare right to rule as opposed to that of the Bourbon kings
Survey and Volume 1 Editions Chapter 32 ~ Viewpoint Activity Modern Era Edition Chapter
47
2
3
Name Date
o GUIDED READING The Congress of Vienna Convenes
Section 5
A Identifying Supporting Ideas As you read about the meeting of the Congress of Vienna fill in the diagram below
GoalsMembers and Representatives
Congress ofVienna
LegacyActions Taken
Short-term
Long-term
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper briefly explain Klemens von Mettemichs efforts to create peace and stability in Europe Use the terms balance of power and Concert of Europe in your explanation
The French Revolution and Napoleon 41
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Section 1
A Recognizing Facts and Details As you read this section fill out the chart below to help you better understand why and how Latin Americans fought colonial rule
Independence for Haiti
Reasons Strategy ~
2 What events led upto General Dessaliness 1 Why did slaves in the French colonyof SaintshyDomingue revolt declaration of independence for Haiti
South American Wars of Independence
Reasons
4What tactics did Jose de San Martin and Simon the Spanish colonies
3How did events in Europe lead to revolution in Bolivar use to defeatSpanish forces in South America
End of Spanish Rule in Mexico - ~ ~-
~t~~~itfmiddot 5 What is the significance of the grito de Dolores 6 What role did Indians mestizos and creoles
play in Mexicos independence from Spain
B Writing Expository Paragraphs On the back of this paper explain the divisions within Latin American colonial society In your writing use the following terms
peninsulares creoles mulattos
56 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
GUIDED READING Revolutions Disrupt Europe Section 2
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about uprisings in Europe make notes in the chart to explain the outcomes of each action listed
1 French citizens armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
2 Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks -
~
3 Nationalist groups in Budapest Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
i
4 Charles Xtries to set up an absolute
monarchy in France t ~ ( ~
5 Paris mobs overthrowmonarchy of Louis-Philippe
gt6 Louis-lIapoleon Bonaparte is elected ~
presidentof France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
7 In the Crimean War Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
8Alexander II issues the Edictof Emancipation
~
- - --~ -0 lmiddot--middot - r
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper define the following terms
conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 57
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
-0 Ql
~ Ql l)
~
7 policyof realpolitik 8 Seven Weeks War 9 Franco-Prussian War poundls OJ C
lti o E Qj J Cii OJ gt 0 0 o ~
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date _
o Section 2
CONNECTIONS ACROSS TIME AND CULTURES
Comparing Revolutions in America and France Because revolutions have occurred so often historians have tried to identify some common stages that revolutions follow Study the stages below from Preface to History by Carl Gustavson After reading examples from the American Revolution give similar examples from the French Revolution
STAGE AMERICAN FRENCH
1 Writers denounce existing conditions and provide new goals and ideas
Colonial lawyers protested the Stamp Act and leaders encourshyaged conflict with British authorities
2 Public discontent results in riots and other acts ofviolence
Colonists engaged in protests and boycotts including the Boston Tea Party
3 The ruling group is frightened into making repeated concessions until power is transshy[erred
British Parliament repealed the Stamp Act Britain fought the colonists and lost
4 The reformers carry out their reforms but if their measures are drasshytic the nation splits into rival groups
The weak national government led to Shayss rebellion
5 Radicals seize power from moderates and try to impose their views on the nation
Colonial leaders created a new constitution and a new system of government
6 The public tires of the radicals and modshyerates regain power
Moderates gained the addition of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution
From your answers what similarities and differences do you see in the American and French revolutions
54 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name _ Date
o GUIDED READING Napoleon Forges an Empire
Section 3
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleon note the goals and results of some of his actions
Goal(s) Result(s)
Actions
1 Establishment of national bankand efficient tax-collection system
2 Enacting Napoleonic Code of law
L
3 Sending troops to Saint Domingue
)
4 Selling Louisiana Territoryto the UnitedStates
-0 ~ Ql 5 W(1ging Battle of Trafalgar ()
~ ()
E Cl
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper write a brief explanation of how Napoleon gained power in France Use the terms coup d etat and plebiscite
J )
The French Revolution and Napoleon 39
J
Name _ Date _
o GUIDED READING Napoleons Empire Collapses
Section 4
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleons downfall write notes in the chart to explain how each action contributed to his final defeat
1 Ordered a blockade to preventtrade and communication between GreatBritain and other European nations
2 Sent an army to invade Portugal and began the Penisular VVar 7 --
i-e
3 In June 1812 invaded Russia with his Grand Army
4 Entered Moscow on September 14 1812 and stayed in the ruined city for five weeks
5 Raised another army and fought the Battle of Leipzig
6 Escaped Elba reclaimed title of emperor and fought Battle of Waterloo
i ~-
L ~~
~ -- t 0-
~-lt
~
t i -- shyk ~ ~
~~ J l~
- --t
t ~
(shy
~
I ~ ~
~~ pound --
~ ~ f 1
yen n-c -s
c
~
lt d lt~
f~
)
middotc~~~~ TX~ ~f 1lt o~- -~ x -~~~ ~ rc- -~- -r ~~ - - ~-
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper briefly describe the final defeat of Napoleon using the terms Hundred Days and Waterloo
40 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name Date _
o SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE Interpreting Maps By 1812 Napoleon controlled a vast empire The map on page 208 of your textbook shows the extent of the French Empire and the lands controlled by
Section 4 Napoleon To learn as much as you can from this map study the legend the compass rose and the scale Then answer the questions below (See Skillbuilder Handbook)
1 Name at least three countries Napoleon controlled
2 What was the extent from east to west in miles or kilometers of the lands that
Napoleon governed or controlled
3 What direction would you travel to go from Paris to London
4 What part of the lands controlled by Napoleon was the farthest south
5 In 1810 Napoleon had signed alliances with Prussia the Austrian Empire and
the Russian Empire What countries shown on the map were NOT allied with
Napoleon or controlled by him
6 How does the area of the lands controlled by Napoleon compare to the combined
area of European countries that were not allied with Napoleon or controlled
by him _
7 What is the approximate distance between Paris and Moscow _
8 What were the sites of three major battles the French Army fought between 1805
and 1809 _
42 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
42 Name Date
CHAPTER WORKSHEET The Battle of Waterloo
A decisive event in European history was the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18 1815 (textbook page The map below shows the final phase of this battle Use it to answer the questions that follow
o I
1000 I
N
I T
2000 3000 yards I I
Prussian forces
BATTLEFIELD +-- Britishadvance ~~= Prussian advance
JUNE 18 1815 === Road 11111111 Ridge
THE WATERLOO -BrltlshfOrces = French forces
ltC== French advance
cent c o French retleat
1 What nationality were the troops that fought with tfie British against Napoleon _
2 From which direction did the British allies attack the French _
3 In which direction did the French retreat _
4 Napoleons headquarters were at Le Caillou The British commander Wellington had his base at
Mont St Jean How far apart were they by road _
5 (a) What land feature probably helped British troops facing a French advance _
(b) What advantage would this feature have given the British
6 (a) What was the name of the country in which the battle was fought (Refer to the map on textshy
book page 455) _
(b) What modern country is this region part or (See textbook map page 725) _
Copyright copy 1988 by Houghton Mifflin Company All rights reserved 20
46 Name Class _ Date
Chapter
Napoleon was a hero to many people in France but others saw him as a tyrant One iter who bitterly opposed him-and was exiled from France- was Madame
errnaine Necker de Stael (1766-1817) Napoleons soldiers On the other hand admired him as the speech made by one of his officers on his return to Paris in 1815 shows bull As you read think about what may have motivated each writer Then on a separate sheet
ofpaper answer the questions that follow
Two Views of Napoleon
M adame de Stael What particularly characshy Marshal Michel Ney Officers sub-officers terizes Bonapartes goverment is his profound soldiers The cause of the Bourbons is lost
contempt for all the intellectual riches of human forever The legitimate dynasty France has adopted nature virtue dignity religion
J_ ~
~
- sectshy
is about to remount the throne enthusiasm in his eyes they are To the emperor Napoleon our the eternal enemies of the contishy sovereign belongs alone the right nent to use his favorite expresshy to rule over our beautiful counshysion He would like to persuade try Whether the Bourbon nobilishymen by force and by cunning and ty choose to return to exile or he considers all else to be stupidity consent to live among us what or folly does it matter to us The times
I do not believe that when are gone when the people were Bonaparte became head of the governed by suppressing their government he had yet formulated righ ts LIberty triumphs In the the plan for a universal monarchy end and Napoleon our august
I do believe what he himself emperor comes to confirm it _~ld to one of my friends a few Soldiers I have often led you to days after the 18 Brurnaire [the victory Now I would escort you date Napoleon overthrew the to join this immortal legion Directory] It is necessary he said which the Emperor Napoleon conshyto do something new every three months in ordermiddot ducts to Pans and which in a few days will reach to captivate the imagination of the French nation the capital with whom anyone who stands still is lost His sysshytem was to encroach [intrude]daily upon Frances
Sources (1) Ten Years of Exile by Madame de Stael trans liberty and Europes independence Byalternatshy Dons Beik (Saturday Review Press J972) (2)The French ing between cunning and force he has subjugated Revolution and Napoleon An Eyewitness History by Joe H [conquered] Europe Kirchberger (Facts on File 985)
ILlUSTRA1IONPHOTO CREDIT BETIMANN
~ _-_____~-~~ ---- ~- -- ~--~---_ _--shy Questionsto Discuss
1 What does Madame de Stael say are 3 Making Comparisons Both these writers Napoleons only methods of persuasion speak about Napoleon and peoples liberty
2 What does Marshal Ney say ~bout Napoleons How do their views compare right to rule as opposed to that of the Bourbon kings
Survey and Volume 1 Editions Chapter 32 ~ Viewpoint Activity Modern Era Edition Chapter
47
2
3
Name Date
o GUIDED READING The Congress of Vienna Convenes
Section 5
A Identifying Supporting Ideas As you read about the meeting of the Congress of Vienna fill in the diagram below
GoalsMembers and Representatives
Congress ofVienna
LegacyActions Taken
Short-term
Long-term
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper briefly explain Klemens von Mettemichs efforts to create peace and stability in Europe Use the terms balance of power and Concert of Europe in your explanation
The French Revolution and Napoleon 41
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Section 1
A Recognizing Facts and Details As you read this section fill out the chart below to help you better understand why and how Latin Americans fought colonial rule
Independence for Haiti
Reasons Strategy ~
2 What events led upto General Dessaliness 1 Why did slaves in the French colonyof SaintshyDomingue revolt declaration of independence for Haiti
South American Wars of Independence
Reasons
4What tactics did Jose de San Martin and Simon the Spanish colonies
3How did events in Europe lead to revolution in Bolivar use to defeatSpanish forces in South America
End of Spanish Rule in Mexico - ~ ~-
~t~~~itfmiddot 5 What is the significance of the grito de Dolores 6 What role did Indians mestizos and creoles
play in Mexicos independence from Spain
B Writing Expository Paragraphs On the back of this paper explain the divisions within Latin American colonial society In your writing use the following terms
peninsulares creoles mulattos
56 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
GUIDED READING Revolutions Disrupt Europe Section 2
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about uprisings in Europe make notes in the chart to explain the outcomes of each action listed
1 French citizens armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
2 Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks -
~
3 Nationalist groups in Budapest Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
i
4 Charles Xtries to set up an absolute
monarchy in France t ~ ( ~
5 Paris mobs overthrowmonarchy of Louis-Philippe
gt6 Louis-lIapoleon Bonaparte is elected ~
presidentof France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
7 In the Crimean War Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
8Alexander II issues the Edictof Emancipation
~
- - --~ -0 lmiddot--middot - r
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper define the following terms
conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 57
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
-0 Ql
~ Ql l)
~
7 policyof realpolitik 8 Seven Weeks War 9 Franco-Prussian War poundls OJ C
lti o E Qj J Cii OJ gt 0 0 o ~
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date
o GUIDED READING Napoleon Forges an Empire
Section 3
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleon note the goals and results of some of his actions
Goal(s) Result(s)
Actions
1 Establishment of national bankand efficient tax-collection system
2 Enacting Napoleonic Code of law
L
3 Sending troops to Saint Domingue
)
4 Selling Louisiana Territoryto the UnitedStates
-0 ~ Ql 5 W(1ging Battle of Trafalgar ()
~ ()
E Cl
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper write a brief explanation of how Napoleon gained power in France Use the terms coup d etat and plebiscite
J )
The French Revolution and Napoleon 39
J
Name _ Date _
o GUIDED READING Napoleons Empire Collapses
Section 4
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleons downfall write notes in the chart to explain how each action contributed to his final defeat
1 Ordered a blockade to preventtrade and communication between GreatBritain and other European nations
2 Sent an army to invade Portugal and began the Penisular VVar 7 --
i-e
3 In June 1812 invaded Russia with his Grand Army
4 Entered Moscow on September 14 1812 and stayed in the ruined city for five weeks
5 Raised another army and fought the Battle of Leipzig
6 Escaped Elba reclaimed title of emperor and fought Battle of Waterloo
i ~-
L ~~
~ -- t 0-
~-lt
~
t i -- shyk ~ ~
~~ J l~
- --t
t ~
(shy
~
I ~ ~
~~ pound --
~ ~ f 1
yen n-c -s
c
~
lt d lt~
f~
)
middotc~~~~ TX~ ~f 1lt o~- -~ x -~~~ ~ rc- -~- -r ~~ - - ~-
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper briefly describe the final defeat of Napoleon using the terms Hundred Days and Waterloo
40 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name Date _
o SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE Interpreting Maps By 1812 Napoleon controlled a vast empire The map on page 208 of your textbook shows the extent of the French Empire and the lands controlled by
Section 4 Napoleon To learn as much as you can from this map study the legend the compass rose and the scale Then answer the questions below (See Skillbuilder Handbook)
1 Name at least three countries Napoleon controlled
2 What was the extent from east to west in miles or kilometers of the lands that
Napoleon governed or controlled
3 What direction would you travel to go from Paris to London
4 What part of the lands controlled by Napoleon was the farthest south
5 In 1810 Napoleon had signed alliances with Prussia the Austrian Empire and
the Russian Empire What countries shown on the map were NOT allied with
Napoleon or controlled by him
6 How does the area of the lands controlled by Napoleon compare to the combined
area of European countries that were not allied with Napoleon or controlled
by him _
7 What is the approximate distance between Paris and Moscow _
8 What were the sites of three major battles the French Army fought between 1805
and 1809 _
42 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
42 Name Date
CHAPTER WORKSHEET The Battle of Waterloo
A decisive event in European history was the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18 1815 (textbook page The map below shows the final phase of this battle Use it to answer the questions that follow
o I
1000 I
N
I T
2000 3000 yards I I
Prussian forces
BATTLEFIELD +-- Britishadvance ~~= Prussian advance
JUNE 18 1815 === Road 11111111 Ridge
THE WATERLOO -BrltlshfOrces = French forces
ltC== French advance
cent c o French retleat
1 What nationality were the troops that fought with tfie British against Napoleon _
2 From which direction did the British allies attack the French _
3 In which direction did the French retreat _
4 Napoleons headquarters were at Le Caillou The British commander Wellington had his base at
Mont St Jean How far apart were they by road _
5 (a) What land feature probably helped British troops facing a French advance _
(b) What advantage would this feature have given the British
6 (a) What was the name of the country in which the battle was fought (Refer to the map on textshy
book page 455) _
(b) What modern country is this region part or (See textbook map page 725) _
Copyright copy 1988 by Houghton Mifflin Company All rights reserved 20
46 Name Class _ Date
Chapter
Napoleon was a hero to many people in France but others saw him as a tyrant One iter who bitterly opposed him-and was exiled from France- was Madame
errnaine Necker de Stael (1766-1817) Napoleons soldiers On the other hand admired him as the speech made by one of his officers on his return to Paris in 1815 shows bull As you read think about what may have motivated each writer Then on a separate sheet
ofpaper answer the questions that follow
Two Views of Napoleon
M adame de Stael What particularly characshy Marshal Michel Ney Officers sub-officers terizes Bonapartes goverment is his profound soldiers The cause of the Bourbons is lost
contempt for all the intellectual riches of human forever The legitimate dynasty France has adopted nature virtue dignity religion
J_ ~
~
- sectshy
is about to remount the throne enthusiasm in his eyes they are To the emperor Napoleon our the eternal enemies of the contishy sovereign belongs alone the right nent to use his favorite expresshy to rule over our beautiful counshysion He would like to persuade try Whether the Bourbon nobilishymen by force and by cunning and ty choose to return to exile or he considers all else to be stupidity consent to live among us what or folly does it matter to us The times
I do not believe that when are gone when the people were Bonaparte became head of the governed by suppressing their government he had yet formulated righ ts LIberty triumphs In the the plan for a universal monarchy end and Napoleon our august
I do believe what he himself emperor comes to confirm it _~ld to one of my friends a few Soldiers I have often led you to days after the 18 Brurnaire [the victory Now I would escort you date Napoleon overthrew the to join this immortal legion Directory] It is necessary he said which the Emperor Napoleon conshyto do something new every three months in ordermiddot ducts to Pans and which in a few days will reach to captivate the imagination of the French nation the capital with whom anyone who stands still is lost His sysshytem was to encroach [intrude]daily upon Frances
Sources (1) Ten Years of Exile by Madame de Stael trans liberty and Europes independence Byalternatshy Dons Beik (Saturday Review Press J972) (2)The French ing between cunning and force he has subjugated Revolution and Napoleon An Eyewitness History by Joe H [conquered] Europe Kirchberger (Facts on File 985)
ILlUSTRA1IONPHOTO CREDIT BETIMANN
~ _-_____~-~~ ---- ~- -- ~--~---_ _--shy Questionsto Discuss
1 What does Madame de Stael say are 3 Making Comparisons Both these writers Napoleons only methods of persuasion speak about Napoleon and peoples liberty
2 What does Marshal Ney say ~bout Napoleons How do their views compare right to rule as opposed to that of the Bourbon kings
Survey and Volume 1 Editions Chapter 32 ~ Viewpoint Activity Modern Era Edition Chapter
47
2
3
Name Date
o GUIDED READING The Congress of Vienna Convenes
Section 5
A Identifying Supporting Ideas As you read about the meeting of the Congress of Vienna fill in the diagram below
GoalsMembers and Representatives
Congress ofVienna
LegacyActions Taken
Short-term
Long-term
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper briefly explain Klemens von Mettemichs efforts to create peace and stability in Europe Use the terms balance of power and Concert of Europe in your explanation
The French Revolution and Napoleon 41
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Section 1
A Recognizing Facts and Details As you read this section fill out the chart below to help you better understand why and how Latin Americans fought colonial rule
Independence for Haiti
Reasons Strategy ~
2 What events led upto General Dessaliness 1 Why did slaves in the French colonyof SaintshyDomingue revolt declaration of independence for Haiti
South American Wars of Independence
Reasons
4What tactics did Jose de San Martin and Simon the Spanish colonies
3How did events in Europe lead to revolution in Bolivar use to defeatSpanish forces in South America
End of Spanish Rule in Mexico - ~ ~-
~t~~~itfmiddot 5 What is the significance of the grito de Dolores 6 What role did Indians mestizos and creoles
play in Mexicos independence from Spain
B Writing Expository Paragraphs On the back of this paper explain the divisions within Latin American colonial society In your writing use the following terms
peninsulares creoles mulattos
56 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
GUIDED READING Revolutions Disrupt Europe Section 2
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about uprisings in Europe make notes in the chart to explain the outcomes of each action listed
1 French citizens armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
2 Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks -
~
3 Nationalist groups in Budapest Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
i
4 Charles Xtries to set up an absolute
monarchy in France t ~ ( ~
5 Paris mobs overthrowmonarchy of Louis-Philippe
gt6 Louis-lIapoleon Bonaparte is elected ~
presidentof France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
7 In the Crimean War Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
8Alexander II issues the Edictof Emancipation
~
- - --~ -0 lmiddot--middot - r
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper define the following terms
conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 57
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
-0 Ql
~ Ql l)
~
7 policyof realpolitik 8 Seven Weeks War 9 Franco-Prussian War poundls OJ C
lti o E Qj J Cii OJ gt 0 0 o ~
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
o GUIDED READING Napoleons Empire Collapses
Section 4
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about Napoleons downfall write notes in the chart to explain how each action contributed to his final defeat
1 Ordered a blockade to preventtrade and communication between GreatBritain and other European nations
2 Sent an army to invade Portugal and began the Penisular VVar 7 --
i-e
3 In June 1812 invaded Russia with his Grand Army
4 Entered Moscow on September 14 1812 and stayed in the ruined city for five weeks
5 Raised another army and fought the Battle of Leipzig
6 Escaped Elba reclaimed title of emperor and fought Battle of Waterloo
i ~-
L ~~
~ -- t 0-
~-lt
~
t i -- shyk ~ ~
~~ J l~
- --t
t ~
(shy
~
I ~ ~
~~ pound --
~ ~ f 1
yen n-c -s
c
~
lt d lt~
f~
)
middotc~~~~ TX~ ~f 1lt o~- -~ x -~~~ ~ rc- -~- -r ~~ - - ~-
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper briefly describe the final defeat of Napoleon using the terms Hundred Days and Waterloo
40 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
Name Date _
o SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE Interpreting Maps By 1812 Napoleon controlled a vast empire The map on page 208 of your textbook shows the extent of the French Empire and the lands controlled by
Section 4 Napoleon To learn as much as you can from this map study the legend the compass rose and the scale Then answer the questions below (See Skillbuilder Handbook)
1 Name at least three countries Napoleon controlled
2 What was the extent from east to west in miles or kilometers of the lands that
Napoleon governed or controlled
3 What direction would you travel to go from Paris to London
4 What part of the lands controlled by Napoleon was the farthest south
5 In 1810 Napoleon had signed alliances with Prussia the Austrian Empire and
the Russian Empire What countries shown on the map were NOT allied with
Napoleon or controlled by him
6 How does the area of the lands controlled by Napoleon compare to the combined
area of European countries that were not allied with Napoleon or controlled
by him _
7 What is the approximate distance between Paris and Moscow _
8 What were the sites of three major battles the French Army fought between 1805
and 1809 _
42 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
42 Name Date
CHAPTER WORKSHEET The Battle of Waterloo
A decisive event in European history was the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18 1815 (textbook page The map below shows the final phase of this battle Use it to answer the questions that follow
o I
1000 I
N
I T
2000 3000 yards I I
Prussian forces
BATTLEFIELD +-- Britishadvance ~~= Prussian advance
JUNE 18 1815 === Road 11111111 Ridge
THE WATERLOO -BrltlshfOrces = French forces
ltC== French advance
cent c o French retleat
1 What nationality were the troops that fought with tfie British against Napoleon _
2 From which direction did the British allies attack the French _
3 In which direction did the French retreat _
4 Napoleons headquarters were at Le Caillou The British commander Wellington had his base at
Mont St Jean How far apart were they by road _
5 (a) What land feature probably helped British troops facing a French advance _
(b) What advantage would this feature have given the British
6 (a) What was the name of the country in which the battle was fought (Refer to the map on textshy
book page 455) _
(b) What modern country is this region part or (See textbook map page 725) _
Copyright copy 1988 by Houghton Mifflin Company All rights reserved 20
46 Name Class _ Date
Chapter
Napoleon was a hero to many people in France but others saw him as a tyrant One iter who bitterly opposed him-and was exiled from France- was Madame
errnaine Necker de Stael (1766-1817) Napoleons soldiers On the other hand admired him as the speech made by one of his officers on his return to Paris in 1815 shows bull As you read think about what may have motivated each writer Then on a separate sheet
ofpaper answer the questions that follow
Two Views of Napoleon
M adame de Stael What particularly characshy Marshal Michel Ney Officers sub-officers terizes Bonapartes goverment is his profound soldiers The cause of the Bourbons is lost
contempt for all the intellectual riches of human forever The legitimate dynasty France has adopted nature virtue dignity religion
J_ ~
~
- sectshy
is about to remount the throne enthusiasm in his eyes they are To the emperor Napoleon our the eternal enemies of the contishy sovereign belongs alone the right nent to use his favorite expresshy to rule over our beautiful counshysion He would like to persuade try Whether the Bourbon nobilishymen by force and by cunning and ty choose to return to exile or he considers all else to be stupidity consent to live among us what or folly does it matter to us The times
I do not believe that when are gone when the people were Bonaparte became head of the governed by suppressing their government he had yet formulated righ ts LIberty triumphs In the the plan for a universal monarchy end and Napoleon our august
I do believe what he himself emperor comes to confirm it _~ld to one of my friends a few Soldiers I have often led you to days after the 18 Brurnaire [the victory Now I would escort you date Napoleon overthrew the to join this immortal legion Directory] It is necessary he said which the Emperor Napoleon conshyto do something new every three months in ordermiddot ducts to Pans and which in a few days will reach to captivate the imagination of the French nation the capital with whom anyone who stands still is lost His sysshytem was to encroach [intrude]daily upon Frances
Sources (1) Ten Years of Exile by Madame de Stael trans liberty and Europes independence Byalternatshy Dons Beik (Saturday Review Press J972) (2)The French ing between cunning and force he has subjugated Revolution and Napoleon An Eyewitness History by Joe H [conquered] Europe Kirchberger (Facts on File 985)
ILlUSTRA1IONPHOTO CREDIT BETIMANN
~ _-_____~-~~ ---- ~- -- ~--~---_ _--shy Questionsto Discuss
1 What does Madame de Stael say are 3 Making Comparisons Both these writers Napoleons only methods of persuasion speak about Napoleon and peoples liberty
2 What does Marshal Ney say ~bout Napoleons How do their views compare right to rule as opposed to that of the Bourbon kings
Survey and Volume 1 Editions Chapter 32 ~ Viewpoint Activity Modern Era Edition Chapter
47
2
3
Name Date
o GUIDED READING The Congress of Vienna Convenes
Section 5
A Identifying Supporting Ideas As you read about the meeting of the Congress of Vienna fill in the diagram below
GoalsMembers and Representatives
Congress ofVienna
LegacyActions Taken
Short-term
Long-term
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper briefly explain Klemens von Mettemichs efforts to create peace and stability in Europe Use the terms balance of power and Concert of Europe in your explanation
The French Revolution and Napoleon 41
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Section 1
A Recognizing Facts and Details As you read this section fill out the chart below to help you better understand why and how Latin Americans fought colonial rule
Independence for Haiti
Reasons Strategy ~
2 What events led upto General Dessaliness 1 Why did slaves in the French colonyof SaintshyDomingue revolt declaration of independence for Haiti
South American Wars of Independence
Reasons
4What tactics did Jose de San Martin and Simon the Spanish colonies
3How did events in Europe lead to revolution in Bolivar use to defeatSpanish forces in South America
End of Spanish Rule in Mexico - ~ ~-
~t~~~itfmiddot 5 What is the significance of the grito de Dolores 6 What role did Indians mestizos and creoles
play in Mexicos independence from Spain
B Writing Expository Paragraphs On the back of this paper explain the divisions within Latin American colonial society In your writing use the following terms
peninsulares creoles mulattos
56 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
GUIDED READING Revolutions Disrupt Europe Section 2
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about uprisings in Europe make notes in the chart to explain the outcomes of each action listed
1 French citizens armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
2 Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks -
~
3 Nationalist groups in Budapest Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
i
4 Charles Xtries to set up an absolute
monarchy in France t ~ ( ~
5 Paris mobs overthrowmonarchy of Louis-Philippe
gt6 Louis-lIapoleon Bonaparte is elected ~
presidentof France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
7 In the Crimean War Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
8Alexander II issues the Edictof Emancipation
~
- - --~ -0 lmiddot--middot - r
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper define the following terms
conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 57
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
-0 Ql
~ Ql l)
~
7 policyof realpolitik 8 Seven Weeks War 9 Franco-Prussian War poundls OJ C
lti o E Qj J Cii OJ gt 0 0 o ~
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date _
o SKILLBUILDER PRACTICE Interpreting Maps By 1812 Napoleon controlled a vast empire The map on page 208 of your textbook shows the extent of the French Empire and the lands controlled by
Section 4 Napoleon To learn as much as you can from this map study the legend the compass rose and the scale Then answer the questions below (See Skillbuilder Handbook)
1 Name at least three countries Napoleon controlled
2 What was the extent from east to west in miles or kilometers of the lands that
Napoleon governed or controlled
3 What direction would you travel to go from Paris to London
4 What part of the lands controlled by Napoleon was the farthest south
5 In 1810 Napoleon had signed alliances with Prussia the Austrian Empire and
the Russian Empire What countries shown on the map were NOT allied with
Napoleon or controlled by him
6 How does the area of the lands controlled by Napoleon compare to the combined
area of European countries that were not allied with Napoleon or controlled
by him _
7 What is the approximate distance between Paris and Moscow _
8 What were the sites of three major battles the French Army fought between 1805
and 1809 _
42 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 7
42 Name Date
CHAPTER WORKSHEET The Battle of Waterloo
A decisive event in European history was the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18 1815 (textbook page The map below shows the final phase of this battle Use it to answer the questions that follow
o I
1000 I
N
I T
2000 3000 yards I I
Prussian forces
BATTLEFIELD +-- Britishadvance ~~= Prussian advance
JUNE 18 1815 === Road 11111111 Ridge
THE WATERLOO -BrltlshfOrces = French forces
ltC== French advance
cent c o French retleat
1 What nationality were the troops that fought with tfie British against Napoleon _
2 From which direction did the British allies attack the French _
3 In which direction did the French retreat _
4 Napoleons headquarters were at Le Caillou The British commander Wellington had his base at
Mont St Jean How far apart were they by road _
5 (a) What land feature probably helped British troops facing a French advance _
(b) What advantage would this feature have given the British
6 (a) What was the name of the country in which the battle was fought (Refer to the map on textshy
book page 455) _
(b) What modern country is this region part or (See textbook map page 725) _
Copyright copy 1988 by Houghton Mifflin Company All rights reserved 20
46 Name Class _ Date
Chapter
Napoleon was a hero to many people in France but others saw him as a tyrant One iter who bitterly opposed him-and was exiled from France- was Madame
errnaine Necker de Stael (1766-1817) Napoleons soldiers On the other hand admired him as the speech made by one of his officers on his return to Paris in 1815 shows bull As you read think about what may have motivated each writer Then on a separate sheet
ofpaper answer the questions that follow
Two Views of Napoleon
M adame de Stael What particularly characshy Marshal Michel Ney Officers sub-officers terizes Bonapartes goverment is his profound soldiers The cause of the Bourbons is lost
contempt for all the intellectual riches of human forever The legitimate dynasty France has adopted nature virtue dignity religion
J_ ~
~
- sectshy
is about to remount the throne enthusiasm in his eyes they are To the emperor Napoleon our the eternal enemies of the contishy sovereign belongs alone the right nent to use his favorite expresshy to rule over our beautiful counshysion He would like to persuade try Whether the Bourbon nobilishymen by force and by cunning and ty choose to return to exile or he considers all else to be stupidity consent to live among us what or folly does it matter to us The times
I do not believe that when are gone when the people were Bonaparte became head of the governed by suppressing their government he had yet formulated righ ts LIberty triumphs In the the plan for a universal monarchy end and Napoleon our august
I do believe what he himself emperor comes to confirm it _~ld to one of my friends a few Soldiers I have often led you to days after the 18 Brurnaire [the victory Now I would escort you date Napoleon overthrew the to join this immortal legion Directory] It is necessary he said which the Emperor Napoleon conshyto do something new every three months in ordermiddot ducts to Pans and which in a few days will reach to captivate the imagination of the French nation the capital with whom anyone who stands still is lost His sysshytem was to encroach [intrude]daily upon Frances
Sources (1) Ten Years of Exile by Madame de Stael trans liberty and Europes independence Byalternatshy Dons Beik (Saturday Review Press J972) (2)The French ing between cunning and force he has subjugated Revolution and Napoleon An Eyewitness History by Joe H [conquered] Europe Kirchberger (Facts on File 985)
ILlUSTRA1IONPHOTO CREDIT BETIMANN
~ _-_____~-~~ ---- ~- -- ~--~---_ _--shy Questionsto Discuss
1 What does Madame de Stael say are 3 Making Comparisons Both these writers Napoleons only methods of persuasion speak about Napoleon and peoples liberty
2 What does Marshal Ney say ~bout Napoleons How do their views compare right to rule as opposed to that of the Bourbon kings
Survey and Volume 1 Editions Chapter 32 ~ Viewpoint Activity Modern Era Edition Chapter
47
2
3
Name Date
o GUIDED READING The Congress of Vienna Convenes
Section 5
A Identifying Supporting Ideas As you read about the meeting of the Congress of Vienna fill in the diagram below
GoalsMembers and Representatives
Congress ofVienna
LegacyActions Taken
Short-term
Long-term
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper briefly explain Klemens von Mettemichs efforts to create peace and stability in Europe Use the terms balance of power and Concert of Europe in your explanation
The French Revolution and Napoleon 41
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Section 1
A Recognizing Facts and Details As you read this section fill out the chart below to help you better understand why and how Latin Americans fought colonial rule
Independence for Haiti
Reasons Strategy ~
2 What events led upto General Dessaliness 1 Why did slaves in the French colonyof SaintshyDomingue revolt declaration of independence for Haiti
South American Wars of Independence
Reasons
4What tactics did Jose de San Martin and Simon the Spanish colonies
3How did events in Europe lead to revolution in Bolivar use to defeatSpanish forces in South America
End of Spanish Rule in Mexico - ~ ~-
~t~~~itfmiddot 5 What is the significance of the grito de Dolores 6 What role did Indians mestizos and creoles
play in Mexicos independence from Spain
B Writing Expository Paragraphs On the back of this paper explain the divisions within Latin American colonial society In your writing use the following terms
peninsulares creoles mulattos
56 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
GUIDED READING Revolutions Disrupt Europe Section 2
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about uprisings in Europe make notes in the chart to explain the outcomes of each action listed
1 French citizens armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
2 Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks -
~
3 Nationalist groups in Budapest Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
i
4 Charles Xtries to set up an absolute
monarchy in France t ~ ( ~
5 Paris mobs overthrowmonarchy of Louis-Philippe
gt6 Louis-lIapoleon Bonaparte is elected ~
presidentof France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
7 In the Crimean War Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
8Alexander II issues the Edictof Emancipation
~
- - --~ -0 lmiddot--middot - r
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper define the following terms
conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 57
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
-0 Ql
~ Ql l)
~
7 policyof realpolitik 8 Seven Weeks War 9 Franco-Prussian War poundls OJ C
lti o E Qj J Cii OJ gt 0 0 o ~
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
42 Name Date
CHAPTER WORKSHEET The Battle of Waterloo
A decisive event in European history was the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18 1815 (textbook page The map below shows the final phase of this battle Use it to answer the questions that follow
o I
1000 I
N
I T
2000 3000 yards I I
Prussian forces
BATTLEFIELD +-- Britishadvance ~~= Prussian advance
JUNE 18 1815 === Road 11111111 Ridge
THE WATERLOO -BrltlshfOrces = French forces
ltC== French advance
cent c o French retleat
1 What nationality were the troops that fought with tfie British against Napoleon _
2 From which direction did the British allies attack the French _
3 In which direction did the French retreat _
4 Napoleons headquarters were at Le Caillou The British commander Wellington had his base at
Mont St Jean How far apart were they by road _
5 (a) What land feature probably helped British troops facing a French advance _
(b) What advantage would this feature have given the British
6 (a) What was the name of the country in which the battle was fought (Refer to the map on textshy
book page 455) _
(b) What modern country is this region part or (See textbook map page 725) _
Copyright copy 1988 by Houghton Mifflin Company All rights reserved 20
46 Name Class _ Date
Chapter
Napoleon was a hero to many people in France but others saw him as a tyrant One iter who bitterly opposed him-and was exiled from France- was Madame
errnaine Necker de Stael (1766-1817) Napoleons soldiers On the other hand admired him as the speech made by one of his officers on his return to Paris in 1815 shows bull As you read think about what may have motivated each writer Then on a separate sheet
ofpaper answer the questions that follow
Two Views of Napoleon
M adame de Stael What particularly characshy Marshal Michel Ney Officers sub-officers terizes Bonapartes goverment is his profound soldiers The cause of the Bourbons is lost
contempt for all the intellectual riches of human forever The legitimate dynasty France has adopted nature virtue dignity religion
J_ ~
~
- sectshy
is about to remount the throne enthusiasm in his eyes they are To the emperor Napoleon our the eternal enemies of the contishy sovereign belongs alone the right nent to use his favorite expresshy to rule over our beautiful counshysion He would like to persuade try Whether the Bourbon nobilishymen by force and by cunning and ty choose to return to exile or he considers all else to be stupidity consent to live among us what or folly does it matter to us The times
I do not believe that when are gone when the people were Bonaparte became head of the governed by suppressing their government he had yet formulated righ ts LIberty triumphs In the the plan for a universal monarchy end and Napoleon our august
I do believe what he himself emperor comes to confirm it _~ld to one of my friends a few Soldiers I have often led you to days after the 18 Brurnaire [the victory Now I would escort you date Napoleon overthrew the to join this immortal legion Directory] It is necessary he said which the Emperor Napoleon conshyto do something new every three months in ordermiddot ducts to Pans and which in a few days will reach to captivate the imagination of the French nation the capital with whom anyone who stands still is lost His sysshytem was to encroach [intrude]daily upon Frances
Sources (1) Ten Years of Exile by Madame de Stael trans liberty and Europes independence Byalternatshy Dons Beik (Saturday Review Press J972) (2)The French ing between cunning and force he has subjugated Revolution and Napoleon An Eyewitness History by Joe H [conquered] Europe Kirchberger (Facts on File 985)
ILlUSTRA1IONPHOTO CREDIT BETIMANN
~ _-_____~-~~ ---- ~- -- ~--~---_ _--shy Questionsto Discuss
1 What does Madame de Stael say are 3 Making Comparisons Both these writers Napoleons only methods of persuasion speak about Napoleon and peoples liberty
2 What does Marshal Ney say ~bout Napoleons How do their views compare right to rule as opposed to that of the Bourbon kings
Survey and Volume 1 Editions Chapter 32 ~ Viewpoint Activity Modern Era Edition Chapter
47
2
3
Name Date
o GUIDED READING The Congress of Vienna Convenes
Section 5
A Identifying Supporting Ideas As you read about the meeting of the Congress of Vienna fill in the diagram below
GoalsMembers and Representatives
Congress ofVienna
LegacyActions Taken
Short-term
Long-term
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper briefly explain Klemens von Mettemichs efforts to create peace and stability in Europe Use the terms balance of power and Concert of Europe in your explanation
The French Revolution and Napoleon 41
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Section 1
A Recognizing Facts and Details As you read this section fill out the chart below to help you better understand why and how Latin Americans fought colonial rule
Independence for Haiti
Reasons Strategy ~
2 What events led upto General Dessaliness 1 Why did slaves in the French colonyof SaintshyDomingue revolt declaration of independence for Haiti
South American Wars of Independence
Reasons
4What tactics did Jose de San Martin and Simon the Spanish colonies
3How did events in Europe lead to revolution in Bolivar use to defeatSpanish forces in South America
End of Spanish Rule in Mexico - ~ ~-
~t~~~itfmiddot 5 What is the significance of the grito de Dolores 6 What role did Indians mestizos and creoles
play in Mexicos independence from Spain
B Writing Expository Paragraphs On the back of this paper explain the divisions within Latin American colonial society In your writing use the following terms
peninsulares creoles mulattos
56 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
GUIDED READING Revolutions Disrupt Europe Section 2
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about uprisings in Europe make notes in the chart to explain the outcomes of each action listed
1 French citizens armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
2 Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks -
~
3 Nationalist groups in Budapest Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
i
4 Charles Xtries to set up an absolute
monarchy in France t ~ ( ~
5 Paris mobs overthrowmonarchy of Louis-Philippe
gt6 Louis-lIapoleon Bonaparte is elected ~
presidentof France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
7 In the Crimean War Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
8Alexander II issues the Edictof Emancipation
~
- - --~ -0 lmiddot--middot - r
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper define the following terms
conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 57
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
-0 Ql
~ Ql l)
~
7 policyof realpolitik 8 Seven Weeks War 9 Franco-Prussian War poundls OJ C
lti o E Qj J Cii OJ gt 0 0 o ~
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
46 Name Class _ Date
Chapter
Napoleon was a hero to many people in France but others saw him as a tyrant One iter who bitterly opposed him-and was exiled from France- was Madame
errnaine Necker de Stael (1766-1817) Napoleons soldiers On the other hand admired him as the speech made by one of his officers on his return to Paris in 1815 shows bull As you read think about what may have motivated each writer Then on a separate sheet
ofpaper answer the questions that follow
Two Views of Napoleon
M adame de Stael What particularly characshy Marshal Michel Ney Officers sub-officers terizes Bonapartes goverment is his profound soldiers The cause of the Bourbons is lost
contempt for all the intellectual riches of human forever The legitimate dynasty France has adopted nature virtue dignity religion
J_ ~
~
- sectshy
is about to remount the throne enthusiasm in his eyes they are To the emperor Napoleon our the eternal enemies of the contishy sovereign belongs alone the right nent to use his favorite expresshy to rule over our beautiful counshysion He would like to persuade try Whether the Bourbon nobilishymen by force and by cunning and ty choose to return to exile or he considers all else to be stupidity consent to live among us what or folly does it matter to us The times
I do not believe that when are gone when the people were Bonaparte became head of the governed by suppressing their government he had yet formulated righ ts LIberty triumphs In the the plan for a universal monarchy end and Napoleon our august
I do believe what he himself emperor comes to confirm it _~ld to one of my friends a few Soldiers I have often led you to days after the 18 Brurnaire [the victory Now I would escort you date Napoleon overthrew the to join this immortal legion Directory] It is necessary he said which the Emperor Napoleon conshyto do something new every three months in ordermiddot ducts to Pans and which in a few days will reach to captivate the imagination of the French nation the capital with whom anyone who stands still is lost His sysshytem was to encroach [intrude]daily upon Frances
Sources (1) Ten Years of Exile by Madame de Stael trans liberty and Europes independence Byalternatshy Dons Beik (Saturday Review Press J972) (2)The French ing between cunning and force he has subjugated Revolution and Napoleon An Eyewitness History by Joe H [conquered] Europe Kirchberger (Facts on File 985)
ILlUSTRA1IONPHOTO CREDIT BETIMANN
~ _-_____~-~~ ---- ~- -- ~--~---_ _--shy Questionsto Discuss
1 What does Madame de Stael say are 3 Making Comparisons Both these writers Napoleons only methods of persuasion speak about Napoleon and peoples liberty
2 What does Marshal Ney say ~bout Napoleons How do their views compare right to rule as opposed to that of the Bourbon kings
Survey and Volume 1 Editions Chapter 32 ~ Viewpoint Activity Modern Era Edition Chapter
47
2
3
Name Date
o GUIDED READING The Congress of Vienna Convenes
Section 5
A Identifying Supporting Ideas As you read about the meeting of the Congress of Vienna fill in the diagram below
GoalsMembers and Representatives
Congress ofVienna
LegacyActions Taken
Short-term
Long-term
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper briefly explain Klemens von Mettemichs efforts to create peace and stability in Europe Use the terms balance of power and Concert of Europe in your explanation
The French Revolution and Napoleon 41
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Section 1
A Recognizing Facts and Details As you read this section fill out the chart below to help you better understand why and how Latin Americans fought colonial rule
Independence for Haiti
Reasons Strategy ~
2 What events led upto General Dessaliness 1 Why did slaves in the French colonyof SaintshyDomingue revolt declaration of independence for Haiti
South American Wars of Independence
Reasons
4What tactics did Jose de San Martin and Simon the Spanish colonies
3How did events in Europe lead to revolution in Bolivar use to defeatSpanish forces in South America
End of Spanish Rule in Mexico - ~ ~-
~t~~~itfmiddot 5 What is the significance of the grito de Dolores 6 What role did Indians mestizos and creoles
play in Mexicos independence from Spain
B Writing Expository Paragraphs On the back of this paper explain the divisions within Latin American colonial society In your writing use the following terms
peninsulares creoles mulattos
56 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
GUIDED READING Revolutions Disrupt Europe Section 2
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about uprisings in Europe make notes in the chart to explain the outcomes of each action listed
1 French citizens armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
2 Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks -
~
3 Nationalist groups in Budapest Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
i
4 Charles Xtries to set up an absolute
monarchy in France t ~ ( ~
5 Paris mobs overthrowmonarchy of Louis-Philippe
gt6 Louis-lIapoleon Bonaparte is elected ~
presidentof France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
7 In the Crimean War Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
8Alexander II issues the Edictof Emancipation
~
- - --~ -0 lmiddot--middot - r
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper define the following terms
conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 57
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
-0 Ql
~ Ql l)
~
7 policyof realpolitik 8 Seven Weeks War 9 Franco-Prussian War poundls OJ C
lti o E Qj J Cii OJ gt 0 0 o ~
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
47
2
3
Name Date
o GUIDED READING The Congress of Vienna Convenes
Section 5
A Identifying Supporting Ideas As you read about the meeting of the Congress of Vienna fill in the diagram below
GoalsMembers and Representatives
Congress ofVienna
LegacyActions Taken
Short-term
Long-term
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper briefly explain Klemens von Mettemichs efforts to create peace and stability in Europe Use the terms balance of power and Concert of Europe in your explanation
The French Revolution and Napoleon 41
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Section 1
A Recognizing Facts and Details As you read this section fill out the chart below to help you better understand why and how Latin Americans fought colonial rule
Independence for Haiti
Reasons Strategy ~
2 What events led upto General Dessaliness 1 Why did slaves in the French colonyof SaintshyDomingue revolt declaration of independence for Haiti
South American Wars of Independence
Reasons
4What tactics did Jose de San Martin and Simon the Spanish colonies
3How did events in Europe lead to revolution in Bolivar use to defeatSpanish forces in South America
End of Spanish Rule in Mexico - ~ ~-
~t~~~itfmiddot 5 What is the significance of the grito de Dolores 6 What role did Indians mestizos and creoles
play in Mexicos independence from Spain
B Writing Expository Paragraphs On the back of this paper explain the divisions within Latin American colonial society In your writing use the following terms
peninsulares creoles mulattos
56 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
GUIDED READING Revolutions Disrupt Europe Section 2
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about uprisings in Europe make notes in the chart to explain the outcomes of each action listed
1 French citizens armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
2 Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks -
~
3 Nationalist groups in Budapest Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
i
4 Charles Xtries to set up an absolute
monarchy in France t ~ ( ~
5 Paris mobs overthrowmonarchy of Louis-Philippe
gt6 Louis-lIapoleon Bonaparte is elected ~
presidentof France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
7 In the Crimean War Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
8Alexander II issues the Edictof Emancipation
~
- - --~ -0 lmiddot--middot - r
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper define the following terms
conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 57
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
-0 Ql
~ Ql l)
~
7 policyof realpolitik 8 Seven Weeks War 9 Franco-Prussian War poundls OJ C
lti o E Qj J Cii OJ gt 0 0 o ~
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
o GUIDED READING The Congress of Vienna Convenes
Section 5
A Identifying Supporting Ideas As you read about the meeting of the Congress of Vienna fill in the diagram below
GoalsMembers and Representatives
Congress ofVienna
LegacyActions Taken
Short-term
Long-term
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper briefly explain Klemens von Mettemichs efforts to create peace and stability in Europe Use the terms balance of power and Concert of Europe in your explanation
The French Revolution and Napoleon 41
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Section 1
A Recognizing Facts and Details As you read this section fill out the chart below to help you better understand why and how Latin Americans fought colonial rule
Independence for Haiti
Reasons Strategy ~
2 What events led upto General Dessaliness 1 Why did slaves in the French colonyof SaintshyDomingue revolt declaration of independence for Haiti
South American Wars of Independence
Reasons
4What tactics did Jose de San Martin and Simon the Spanish colonies
3How did events in Europe lead to revolution in Bolivar use to defeatSpanish forces in South America
End of Spanish Rule in Mexico - ~ ~-
~t~~~itfmiddot 5 What is the significance of the grito de Dolores 6 What role did Indians mestizos and creoles
play in Mexicos independence from Spain
B Writing Expository Paragraphs On the back of this paper explain the divisions within Latin American colonial society In your writing use the following terms
peninsulares creoles mulattos
56 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
GUIDED READING Revolutions Disrupt Europe Section 2
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about uprisings in Europe make notes in the chart to explain the outcomes of each action listed
1 French citizens armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
2 Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks -
~
3 Nationalist groups in Budapest Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
i
4 Charles Xtries to set up an absolute
monarchy in France t ~ ( ~
5 Paris mobs overthrowmonarchy of Louis-Philippe
gt6 Louis-lIapoleon Bonaparte is elected ~
presidentof France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
7 In the Crimean War Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
8Alexander II issues the Edictof Emancipation
~
- - --~ -0 lmiddot--middot - r
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper define the following terms
conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 57
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
-0 Ql
~ Ql l)
~
7 policyof realpolitik 8 Seven Weeks War 9 Franco-Prussian War poundls OJ C
lti o E Qj J Cii OJ gt 0 0 o ~
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Latin American Peoples Win Independence
Section 1
A Recognizing Facts and Details As you read this section fill out the chart below to help you better understand why and how Latin Americans fought colonial rule
Independence for Haiti
Reasons Strategy ~
2 What events led upto General Dessaliness 1 Why did slaves in the French colonyof SaintshyDomingue revolt declaration of independence for Haiti
South American Wars of Independence
Reasons
4What tactics did Jose de San Martin and Simon the Spanish colonies
3How did events in Europe lead to revolution in Bolivar use to defeatSpanish forces in South America
End of Spanish Rule in Mexico - ~ ~-
~t~~~itfmiddot 5 What is the significance of the grito de Dolores 6 What role did Indians mestizos and creoles
play in Mexicos independence from Spain
B Writing Expository Paragraphs On the back of this paper explain the divisions within Latin American colonial society In your writing use the following terms
peninsulares creoles mulattos
56 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
GUIDED READING Revolutions Disrupt Europe Section 2
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about uprisings in Europe make notes in the chart to explain the outcomes of each action listed
1 French citizens armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
2 Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks -
~
3 Nationalist groups in Budapest Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
i
4 Charles Xtries to set up an absolute
monarchy in France t ~ ( ~
5 Paris mobs overthrowmonarchy of Louis-Philippe
gt6 Louis-lIapoleon Bonaparte is elected ~
presidentof France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
7 In the Crimean War Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
8Alexander II issues the Edictof Emancipation
~
- - --~ -0 lmiddot--middot - r
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper define the following terms
conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 57
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
-0 Ql
~ Ql l)
~
7 policyof realpolitik 8 Seven Weeks War 9 Franco-Prussian War poundls OJ C
lti o E Qj J Cii OJ gt 0 0 o ~
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name Date
GUIDED READING Revolutions Disrupt Europe Section 2
A Perceiving Cause and Effect As you read about uprisings in Europe make notes in the chart to explain the outcomes of each action listed
1 French citizens armies win their revolution for liberty and equality
2 Greeks revolt against the Ottoman Turks -
~
3 Nationalist groups in Budapest Prague and Vienna demand independence and self-government
i
4 Charles Xtries to set up an absolute
monarchy in France t ~ ( ~
5 Paris mobs overthrowmonarchy of Louis-Philippe
gt6 Louis-lIapoleon Bonaparte is elected ~
presidentof France and later assumes the title of Emperor Napoleon III
7 In the Crimean War Czar Nicholas I threatens to take over part of the Ottoman Empire
8Alexander II issues the Edictof Emancipation
~
- - --~ -0 lmiddot--middot - r
B Using Context Clues On the back of this paper define the following terms
conservatives liberals radicals nationalism nation-state
Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West 57
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
-0 Ql
~ Ql l)
~
7 policyof realpolitik 8 Seven Weeks War 9 Franco-Prussian War poundls OJ C
lti o E Qj J Cii OJ gt 0 0 o ~
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Date _Name
GUIDED READING Patterns of Change Nationalism Section 3
A Drawing Conclusions As you read this section take notes to answer questions about nationalism as a force for disunity and unity
4 Giuseppe Mazzini 5 Camillo di Cavour 6 Giuseppe Garibaldi
ij~WCdmiddoti~liatil)nalism leadto the breakup oftheseempiresf gt~ - gt - ~ -
3 Ottoman1 Austro-Hungarian 2 Russian
-0 Ql
~ Ql l)
~
7 policyof realpolitik 8 Seven Weeks War 9 Franco-Prussian War poundls OJ C
lti o E Qj J Cii OJ gt 0 0 o ~
B Recognizing Main Ideas On the back of this paper explain how Otto von Bismarck brought about the crowning of King William I of Prussia as kaiser of the Second Reich
58 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
Proclamation of 1860PRIMARY SOURCE
by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Section 3 Giuseppe Garibaldi an Italian nationalist issued this proclamation before he left on a successfulmilitary expedition in May 1860 to liberate Sicily the first step toward unifying southern Italy How did Garibaldi try to persuade Italians to fight for Italys independence
The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy To furnish them with money
and with arms and to bring them the aid of his strong right arm such is the duty of every Italian The spirit of discord and the indifference of any one province to the fate of her neighbour are the things that have been at the bottom of the misforshytunes of Italy
The salvation of Italy began on the day on which the sons of the same soil rushed forward to defend their brothers when in danger
If we abandon these brave children of Sicily and leave them to their fate they will have to fight against the mercenaries of the Bourbon plus those of Austria and those of the priest who reigns in Rome
Let the people of the liberated provinces lift high their voices in championing the cause of their brothers who are fighting Send your generous youth where the battle is for the Motherland
Let the Marches and Umbria and Sabina and the Roman Campania and the land of Naples rise so as to bring division into the forces of our enemy
If the towns do not offer sufficient support to the insurrection let the more determined of you range the country in bands
A brave man can always find arms In the name of God do not listen to the cowards who parade before their richly laden tables
Let us arm Let us fight for our brothers Toshymorrow we shall fight for ourselves
A little band of brave men who follow me on the countrys battlefields are marching to the rescue
along with me Italy knows them they appear whenever the tocsin of danger sounds Noble and generous comrades they have consecrated their lives to their country They will give to her their last drop of blood seeking no other reward save that of having done their duty and that a clear conscience may abide with them
Italy and Victor Emmanuel This our battleshycry when crossing the Ticino will echo to the fiery rocks of [AE]tna To this cry prophetic of combat and borne along by Italys lofty mountains as far as the Tarpeian rock the tottering throne of tyranny will crash All then will rise as one man
To arms At one blow let us end the sufferings of centuries Let us prove to the world that it was indeed in this land that the sturdy race of ancient Romans once lived
from Alexandre Dumas ed The Memoirs ofGaribaldi (New York D Appleton and Company 1931)359
Discussion Questions Recognizing Facts and Details 1 According to Garibaldi what did the embattled
Sicilians need to fight Italys enemies 2 Why did Garibaldi think Italians should volunshy
teer to help the Sicilians 3 Recognizing Propaganda Propaganda is the
use of slanted information to further ones own cause or damage an opponents cause What are two examples of propaganda in Garibaldis proclashymation
National Revolutions Sweep th~5
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8
Name _ Date _
PRIMARY SOURCE Nationalist Speech by Otto von Bismarck
Section 3 On April t 1895 German nationalist Otto von Bismarck delivered a speech to a delegation of students in Friedrichsruh on his 80th birthday He reviewed key
events that led to the unification of Germany and promoted the idea of German unity As you read part of this speech consider his hopes and dreams for future generations of Germans
Gentlemen I have just heard from the lips of your teachers the leaders of higher education
an appreciation of my past which means much to me From your greeting I infer a promise for the future and this means even more for a man of my years than his love of approbation You will be able at least many of you to live according to the sentishyments which your presence here today reveals and to do so to the middle of the next century while I have long been condemned to inactivity and belong to the days that are past I find consolation in this observation for the German is not so constituted that he could entirely dismiss in his old age what in his youth inspired him Forty and sixty years hence you will not hold exactly the same views as today but the seed planted in your young hearts by the reign of Emperor William I will bear fruit and even when you grow old your attitude will ever be German national because it is so today
We had to win our national independence in difficult wars The preparation the prologue was the Holstein war We had to fight with Austria for a settlement no court of law could have given a decree of separation we had to fight That we were facing French war after our victory at Sadowa could not remain in doubt for anyone who knew the conditions of Europe After the war had been waged everybody here was saying that within five years we should have to wage the next war This was to be feared it is true but I have ever since considered it to be my duty to prevent it We Germans had no longer any reason for war We had what we needed To fight for more from a lust of conquest and for the annexation of countries which were not necessary for us always appeared to me like an atrocity I am tempted to say like a Bonapartistic and a foreign atrocity alien to the Germanic sense of justice
The men who made the biggest sacrifices that the empire might be born were undoubtedly the German princes not excluding the king of Prussia
My old master hesitated long before he voluntarily yielded his independence to the empire Let us then be thankful to the reigning houses who made sacrishyfices for the empire which after the full thousand years of German history must have been hard for them to make
I would then-and you will say I am an old conservative man--compress what I have to say into these words Let us keep above everything the things we have before we look for new things nor be afraid of those people who begrudge them to us In Germany struggles have existed always Life is a struggle everywhere in nature and without inner struggles we end by being like the Chinese and become petrified No struggle no life Only in every fight where the national question arises there must be a rallying point For us this is the empire not as it may seem to be desirable but as it is the empire and the emperor who represents it That is why I ask you to join me in wishing well to the emperor and the empire I hope that in 1950 all of you who are still living will again respond with contented hearts to the toast
LONG LIVE THE EMPEROR AND THE EMPIRE
from Louis L Snyder The Blood and Iron Chancellor A Documentary-Biography ofOtto von Bismarck (Princeton NJ D Van Nostrand Company Inc 1967)375-378
Activity Options 1 Recognizing Point of View Discuss Bismarcks
thoughts about German nationalism with a group of classmates Then compare Bismarcks ideas with the nationalist sentiments of Bolivar (page 63) and Garibaldi (page 65)
2 Using Aural Stimuli Deliver this speech excerpt to the class Try to use a tone of voice and a rate of speaking that will most effectively convey Bismarcks message
66 UNIT 2 CHAPTER 8