the evolution of management thoughts
DESCRIPTION
evo of managementTRANSCRIPT
HISTORY AND CONCEPTS Rationale:Although modern operational-
management theory dates primarily from the early
twentieth century, there was serious thinking and
theorizing about managing many years before.
A familiarity with the development of management
thought can be useful to nursing leaders in creating
their own management styles. No single management theory is sufficient in itself to guide
the nursing leaders every action.
. But through an electic approach, drawing from the best and most applicable theories in
each situation. Nurse administrators can create
individual management styles to meet their particular needs.
Management science Scientific management Theory x and theory y Theory z or Japanese
management theory
Scientific Management: It is defined as “that kind of
management which conducts a business or affairs by standards established, by facts or truths gained through systematic observation, experiment, or reasoning.”
“Father of scientific management”(1878)
Two major managerial practices:
Piece-rate incentive system
Time-and-motion study
FREDERICK WINSLOW TAYLOR
Four Principles of Scientific Management1. The development of a true
science2. The scientific selection of the workman
3. The scientific education and development of the workman4. Intimate and friendly cooperation between the management and the men.
1868-1972 Motion study involves
finding out the best sequence and minimum number of motions needed to complete a task.
Explore new ways for eliminating unnecessary motions and reducing work fatigue.
FRANK & LILLIAN GILLBERTH
Pioneer in Conflict Resolution.
One of her favorite admonition to management was “don’t over manage employees”,
Her work forms the basis for modern problem-solving
MARY PARKER FOLLET (1868-1933):
CLASSICAL ADMINISTRATIONRefers to the management
of the production system that transforms inputs into finished goods and services.
MODERN OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT THEORY
Major Contributors: •Henri Fayol (1841 - 1925)• James Mooney (1884 -1957)• Lyndall Urwick (1891 - 1939)
Father of modern Operational Management Theory
Achieved the senior executive position.
His concern was efficiency and effectiveness of the entire organization
HENRI FAYOL
Division of Work Authority Discipline Unity of command Unity of direction Subordination of individual
interest to general interest
FAYOL'S 14 PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
Remuneration Centralization Scalar chain Order Equity Stability of tenure Initiative Esprit de Corps
Four Universal Principles of Organization: coordination and
synchronization of activities functional effectsScalar process organizesAuthority into hierarchy
JAMES MOONEY
He integrated the ideas of Henri Fayol and James Mooney
He blended scientific management and classic organization theory into the classic management theory
LYNDALL URWICK
1.Principle of objective2.Principle of
correspondence3.Principle of responsibility4.Scalar principl
8 PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATION
1. Principle of span of control
2. Principle of specialization3. Principle of coordination4. Principle of defnition
Max Weber (1864 - 1920)“Father of Organization Theory”
CONCEPTUALIZATION: emphasis on RULES instead of individuals.
BUREAUCRACY
Task are specializedPeople are appointed by
merit or promotionCareer opportunities for the
members are provided
CHARACTERISTICS:
Authority and responsibility are clearly specified
Activities are routinizedA rational and impersonal climate exists.
movement began in 1940’s
Focused on the effect individuals have on the success or failure of an organization
HUMAN RELATION THEORY
Chief concern of human relations movement are:
a)Individualsb)Group successc)Interpersonal relationsd)Leadership and
communication
Mary Parker Follet (168 - 1933)
Elton Mayo (1880 - 1949)Kurt Lewin (1890 - 1947)Jacob L. Moreno (1892- 1974)
Major contributors:
In 1920’s she stressed the importance of coordinating the psychologycal and sociological aspects of management.
Distinguished between power with others and power over others.
Follet advocated that managers study the total situation to achieved unity.
MARY PARKER (168 - 1933)
• The studies investigated the effects of changes in
illumination on productivity.
ELTON MAYO (1880- 1949) & HAWTHORNE
EXPERIMENTS
The test room was enjoyable to work
The relationship between worker and supervisor was more relaxed
REASONS FOR INCREASES IN PRODUCTIVITY
Behavioral scientists stressed the importance of:
• Maintaining a positive attitude toward people
• Training managers• Meeting employees’ needs
BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE THEORY
• Promoting employees’ sense of achievement
• Obtaining commitment through participation in planning and decision making
Major Contributors: Abraham Maslow (1908 - 1970)Frederick Herzberg(1923)Douglas McGregor (1906 - 1964)Chris Argyris (1923)Rensis Likert (1903 - 1891)
Two factor theory of motivation
Extrinsic conditions –Dissatisfiers ex. salary, job security, interpersonal relations
Intrinsic conditions- Satisfiersex. achievement, recognition,
advancement and growth
FREDERICK HERZBERG
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory of X= goal of organization
> people dislike work and will avoid it > no ambition, lazyTOM: exercise strict control
DOUGLAS MCGREGOR
Theory of Y= goal of individual
> people do not dislike work > seek responsibilityTOM: provide opportunities for the subordinates
Coexistence of personal needs and organizational needs
Disparity between individual and organizational needs = conflict, tension etc.
CHRIS ARGYRIS
Managers must take advantage of people’s
talents and allow them to participate in planning,
goal setting, and problem solving
Theory of Management He identified three variables in organizations1.Causal variables2.Intervening variables3.End-result variables
RENSIS LIKERT
He also identified four types of management systems:1. Exploitive – authoritative 2. Benevolent – authoritative3. Consultative system4. Participative management
Task of Manager:Maintain a system of
cooperative effort in a formal organization
Formal Organization:a system of consciously
coordinated activities or forces of two or more persons"
CHESTER IRVISH. BARNARD
(1886 - 1961) HTTP://WWW.ONEPINE.INFO president of
the new Jersey Bell Telephone Company, help advance thinking about organizations when he published The Functions of the Executive in 1938. n influential
3 Essential elements in an organization 1. Communication/Authoritative
2. Persons willing to contribute action.
3. A common purpose (function).