the etymology of local names

7/25/2019 The Etymology of Local Names

1/66


2/66


3/66

THE

E

T

Y

MO

L

O

GY

O

F L

O

C

AL

N

A

ME

S.

WIT

H A S

HOR

T INTROD UCTION

TO T

H

E

R

ELA T I

ONS

H

P

O

F

L

A

N

G

U

A

G

E

S

.

T

E

U T O N I

C

N

A M

E

S .

B

Y

R. M

O

R

RI

S

,

F

OR

ME

RL

Y

S

T

UD

E

N

T

0

F BA

TTER

S

E

A

TR

A I

N

I

N

G C

OLL

E

G

E

.

N

am

eshav

ea

ll

somemean

in

gwhen

fi

rs

t imposed;

an

d when ap

laceisna

medforthefirs t time

,

b yan

y people,

theya

pplytoi tsome t erm ine

ar

l

y

tim es gen erallydescriptiv eofitsn atu ral pecu liarities, orsomethin gelse. on accoun to f which itisremarkable, fromthe

iro

w

n

l

an

gua

g

e.

W

hen

wefi nd

th erefore,

tha

t the oldn ameso fn atural obj

ectsa

n

d

loca litiesin a coun

tryb elon

g,

forthemostpart,

toa particular lan guag e,

wem ay

con cludewith certain tythata peoplespeakingthat lan guage formerlyoccupied the coun try.

O

f

thisthe na

mes theyha

v

eso impressedare

a

s

surea proofas it the yhad

left a dist

in ctrecordofth eirexis te

n

cei

n

wordsen gra

ven on

therocks.

S ucho ldn ames ofplacesoften

lon g outlive bo

th thepeople tha

t bestowed them,

an

d

n earlyall thematerialmonumen tsoftheir occup

a

n

cy.

T

h

e

lan guage,

as a

vehicleof oral commun ication,

m a

y

graduallyb eforgotten

a

nd

be he a

rdno

more where itwa

s

on cein un iversal use.

a

nd

the oldtopographic

a

ln omen

cla

tu

re

m

a

y

S

t

lll

rema

in

un

chan

ged

Pr

etoriaHisto ry

o

f

E

n

g

land.

L

O

NDON :

JUD D G LA S S,

N

EW BRIDGE ST RE ET,

BLA

C

K

F

RI A RS

,

E

C

.


4/66


5/66

C ON

T

E

N

T

S

.

I NTRODUC

TION

W

O

RK

S

C

O

N

S

U

L

TE

D

THE

V

ALU

EO

F LOC

AL NAMES

T

H

E

COMPOSITION OF LOCAL NAMES

D IV IS

ION

I

.

D

E

SC

RIPT

IVE

ELEME

NT .

(

A

)

NAME OF TRI BES,

I

N

DIV I D

UALS,

F

AM

ILIE

S,

AND G

ODS

(

a

)

T

RIB

ES

(

b

)

F

AMILI

ES

(

c

)

I NDI V IDUALS

(

d

)

G

OD

S

(

B

)

NAMES0F A NIMALS

(

C

)

NAMES0 F TREES,

P

LAN

TS

,

c

(

D

)

NAMES

0E

M

IN

ER

ALS

(

E

)

NAMESO

F

Q

UALITIES

D IV ISIO

N I

I

.

G E

NERAL ELEMENT .

(

A

)

NAM

ESO

F

RIV ERS,

LAKES,

c

.

(

B

)

NAM

ES0 F MOUNTAI NS,

HILLS,

c

(

C

)

NAM

ES0

F

V ALLEY S,

PLAIN

S,

W

OODS,

c

.

(

D

)

NAME

S0 F H

AB IT

ATIONS

P

A GE

1 0

1 1

1 3

1

4

1 4

1

5

1

8

1

9

32

33

3

5

5

3

5

9


6/66


7/66

I

N

T

R

O

D

U C

T

I

O

N

.

T

H

E R

E

L

A TI

O

N

S

HIP O

F

L

A

N

G

U

A G

E

S

.

LANG

UAG

E

S

,

says the authorof TheC

osmos,

comparedwi

th eachother,

and cons

idered as Objects Of the natu ral historyof

the humanm

i

nd

bein gdi

vided in to fam ili es accordin gt o theanalo

g

yo

f

thei

ri

nternal

structur e,

have become a rich sour ceofhi

s

torical

knowl

edge.

Products Of the mental powers,

theyleadus back

,

by thefundamental characters Oftheir organisation,

t

o

an obscure and otherwis

eu

nknowndi s

tance. Th

e comparativest

u

dy Ofl

anguages shows howraces,

or nations,

n o

w

separatedbywide regio

ns

,

are related to each other,

and have proceededfrom a common seat

;

itdi scloses thedi rections and pathsof

ancientm igrations3 in tr acin g out ep ochs0 1 development, itrec

ognis

es in the moreo

r

less altered characters Of thelanguage,

in

the p ermanency Ofcertain forms,

o r the alr eady advanced departure from the

m

,

which portiono

f the r a

ce has preserved alanguage neare

s

tt o

thatof their former common dwellingplace.

The coincidence s be tween thelanguagesO

f the globe have

b

een made the subject Of careful study by em in ent scholars,w

h

o

have establishedC

om

p

ara

ti

v

e

P

h

il

olo

g

y

upon the footin go

f a new science.

Ithas been found that mere verbal

comparisons are utterlyworthless in determ ining either the f ormation of

g

roups Oflanguageso r their relationst

o o

n e another.

Th

e di ctionaryof

a nation may be borrowed

for words

are soonl

ost and easily


8/66

v i

INTROD UC

TION.

replaced;

but the grammaro f alang

uage thatis to say,

i

t

s

syntax,

conjugations,

an d de clensions,

the formation of n e w words from certain primitive forms

,

and those re l

ational

words

which perform a similar function, as pronoun s, numerals, andparticlesis

as constant and invariable a s the nation itse lf.

Grammatical analysisand comparison is therefore the only truemethod for the classification oflanguages accord

i

ng to thei

rradical affin ity

;

mere superficial resemblances of words pr ovenothing

,

nor have they any value unless tested and confirmed byarguments drawn from gramm atical structure

.

On the e vidence afforded by a searching grammatical analysis,th elan guages of the greater part ofEurope andA sia have beendividedinto three great famili es

,

whose grammatical forms areperfect

l

y cl

ear and distinct.

They have been namedI

ND

OEUROPEAN

or A

RIAN,

S

E

MITIC,

andT URAN IAN.

(

A

)

T

H

E

I N

D o

-

EUROPEAN orA R IAN fam i ly ofl

anguages extends from the mouth of the Ganges to the British Isles andthe Northern e xtremity of Scandin avia The termA rianisderived fr omA RYA

,

the original name of this family. Itsign

i

fiesh

on o

u r a

bl

e

,

oro

f

a

g

oo

d

f

a

m

i

l

y

. InA s ia wefind

twogreat branches

o

f this fam ily

I.T

he

I

n

di

a

n

. This bran ch includes the San skrit(

thelanguage of theV edas

,

the fir stliterary monumentof

theA rian

worl

d)

, wi

th itsl

ivi

ng representati

ves, the Hindustani

Ma

h

ratt

i

,

Bengali

G

uzera

ti

,

Sin ghalese,

c

.

;

the Prakrit and Pali

id

oms,

the Siah- Posh(

Ka

fir

dialect)

,

an d thel

anguage of

the Gipsies .

II. T h

e

I

r

an

i

an

0

7

'

Pe

r

si

a

n

.

To

this branch belong the Zend orO

ld Persian(

thel

angu

ageofthe Zendav esta)

,

with itsrepresentatives the

l

anguage of the A chaemenians,

writtenin

theC

uneiform character3 the speech ofHuzvaresho r Pehlevi 3the Pazend orParsi

3

and the modernPersian. The

foll

owingdialects

,

though n ot very im portant in a philological

view,

belong to this class theA fghan,

Bokhara,

K

urdian

,

A

r

m e

n

i

an

,

and Osseti

an.

InEurope there are noless thans

ix

b

rancheso

f

theA

ri

an

I

.

T

he

C

e

l

t

i

c. Though theC

elts see m tohaveb

een thefir

st


9/66

INTROD

UC

TION.

v

i

i

inhabitantso

fEurope,

very fewof

their dial

ects areno

w spoken,

having been superseded by theT eutonic idioms .Modern

C

eltic dialects aredi

videdi

nto two classes3

(

a

)

the

Gal

l

ic o r A ncient British, including the W

elsh(

C

ymr

ic)

,

C ornish,

a

n

d

A

rmoricanof Brittany3

(

b

)

theGalic,

Gadhelic,

o

r

Erse,

incl

ud

n g theIrish(

F

e

n

ic

)

,

the Highl

andScotti

sh(

Gaelic)

,

andManx,

the dialecto

f the Isleo

f

Man.

I I. The Te

u t

o

n

i

c

. This branch is di

vided into th

r

ee dialects3

(

a

)

the High German,

incl

uding theO

ld

High German,

theMiddle High German

,

and the ModernHigh German3

(

b

)

the

Low German, in cluding the Gothic , theA nglo-

Saxon and English

,

theO

l

d

Saxon and Pl

att

-Deutsch

,

theF risic,

theDutch and F

l

emi

sh3

(

c

)

the Scandi

n

avian,

incl

uding theO ldNorsk

,

theIcel

andic,

theNorwegian,

Sw

edi

sh,

andDanish .

II I. The I tal

ic. T

o

this class belong the Oscan,

Umbrian,

andLatin dialects

3

theO

l

d

Provenc

al

,

and theRomancelanguages(

Provenc

al and French,

Italian andW allachian,

Spanish andPortuguese

)

formed during the decay of theLatin.

I

v

.

The

He

l

len ic.

This branch incl

udes the Greek andi ts dialects

,

theA eolic,

Ionic,

Doric,

andA ttic.

v

. T he

A lb

an

i

an

3

including theG e

g

hi

an

and theT oskiandialects spoken in Illyria andEpirus

.

V I

.

Th

e

S

l

a

v

o

n

i

c

orW

i

nd

i

c

branch is divided into twodialects3

(

a

)

theLettic,

incl

uding theLithuani

an,

O

ldPrussian,

and Lettish3

(

b

)

the Slavonic Proper,

which is again dividedin

tot wo branches,

termed theEastern andW

estern

.

The Eastern dialect includes theRussian(

Great,

Little,

andW

riteRussian)

,

the Servian,

K

r

oa

ti

an

,

andSl

ovenian3

and theBulgarian

,

o

r in its ol

dest form,

theEcclesiastical

Sl

avonic.

T

h

e

W

estern dialect in cludesth

e Polish, the Bohemian, thePolabian,

and theLusatian.

(

B)

T

H

E

S

EMITIC

Famil

y(

so call

ed from Shem,

o

n

e of thesons of Noah

)

is not so widely extended as theA rian family,

but the nations composi

ng it were thef

irst to appearu pon thetheatre of history

.

It compri

ses the following branches2

I

.

Th

e

A

r

a

b

i

c

, which includes the Ethiopiano r A bi

s

s

i

n

i

an

an d

the Maltese.


10/66

viii

INTROD UC

TION.

II. The

C

h

alde

a

n

,

which incl

udes theO

l

d Babylonian,

theC

hal

deeo

f

Babyl

on and Mesopotamia,

theC haldeeo fDanieland

o

f

theT

argums,

and the Sy

rian(

A ramaic)

.

III. TheH

e

b

r e

w

thelanguage ofC

anaan,

whichincludes thePhoen

i

cian andC

arthag

inian.

I V

. T he B

er

b

er

d

i

a

l

ect

s

,

which are sp okenin

Morocco,

A l

giers,

T

unis,

Tripoli,

a

n

d

F

ez. T

h

e Haussa and Galla dialectsare

n o

w

considered as Sem itic idioms .

(

C

)

T

HE

T

URANIAN

familyo f

languages isdi stinguished from

theA rian and Semiticin the total absenceof inflection.

To express the variations for case,

mood,

c

,

Turanianwordsundergo noinflection

3

but an additional

wor d i sg

lu

e

d

,

as itwere to the noun

,

verb,

c

,

as the case may be ,

in order toexpress the re

l

ationsof case,

mood,

c

. Hence these haveb

eentermed

a

g

g

l

u

t

i

n

i

z

in

g

lang

uages.

T

o

connect the idea. ofplurality

with the Engl

i

sh wordboy

,

we merelyin flect it,

and obtain thewordb

o

y

s

;

but upon thepri

n

cipleo

f agglutination,

a syllable indicativeo

f

pl

urality mustbe af fixed

,

e .

g

.

,

singular,

b

o

g

;

pl

ural

,

b

o

g

-

cr ow

d

.

T

hus theroots are never obscured

,

while they admit of av

ocal h

a

r

m o

n

y

which i s altogether peculiar to this famil

y ofl

anguages3

e

.

g

.

,

(

Turkish)

a

g

h

d alord,

becomes in the p lural,

a

g

ha

-

l

ar

3

e

r

,

a

man b e comes i n t h e p lural, er-

l

e

r

, a n d n oter-

l

ar

, asin theform er case.

The vowelso f theagg

l

u

ti

n

i

z

ed

syllabl

es,

i

t

is easily seen,

m

ust harmonize with those of the roots;

e

.

g

,

(

Magyar)

h

er

t

,

agarden

,

makesh

er t

eaz

n e

h to the gardener,

and nother t-ase -nah.

There are twogreat divisi

ons of thi

s famil

yI

.

Th

e

N

or

ther n or

U

r al

-

A

l

t

a

i

c

division includes(

a

)

theTu

n

gusian dialects,

spoken inU pper andLowerT unguska,

onthe coast of Ok

h

otsk,

and by theMan tc

h

o

o

s

o

r

M

a

n

d

s

h

u

s

(

inC

hina)

3

(

b

)

the Mongolian dialects,

spoken in theNorth andSouth ofGobi

,

in Tibet and Tangut,

in the plains on each side of theV olga

(

by theO

lO

t

s orK almuks)

andby the Buriats of

Lake Baikal 3(

c

)

theT urkish dialects, spoke n i n DerbendKr

i

m

e

a

,

A n t

o

li

a

,

and Rumelia3

(

theY

akuts,

theT atarso r


11/66

INTROD UCTION. ix

orT

urksof

Siberia,

theKirg

his

,

the Bashkirs,

theK u m ian s

,

theNo

g

a

i

s

,

and theK aratschais,

theU sbegs,

U

igurs,

andT ur kOmans

,

speakT urkish dialects)

3

(

d

)

theFinnish dialects,

spoken

by theHu

ngarians,L

apps, Finns,E

s

t

h

s

,

V

ogul

s, Permians,

c

.

3

(

e

)

thedi

al

ect

so

f theS

am

o

i

ede

s a

n

d

Ost

iake

s

.

II. T h

e

S

o

u t

he

r

n

d

i

vis

i

on

comprises theT amul

,

the Bhotiya,

and theMalay.

The

C

aucasiandi alects are degenerated branchesof

theT

uranian fami

l

y;

they in

cl

ude the idioms of th e Georgians or

Grusians,

theS u

an s

,

the Lazes,

theLe

s

g

hi

,

theM

i

t

s

g

e

g

hi

,

andtheK

e

r

k

e

ss

i

an s andA basian s.


12/66

WORK

SC

ONSU

LTED.

L

o

cal

N

omenc

latu re o

f th

e An

g

lo

-

Saxons

,

byH

.

L

eo

.

C

odex D ip

l

o

m a

t

i

c

us

v

i

Saxo

n

ici

,

E

dite

dbyP

ro

f

essor

K

e

mble .

The

G

e

rman iao

f T

acitu

s,

e

dite

dby Dr. L

a

tha

m.

B

o swo rt h

s

A

n

g

l

a

S

axon Dict ion ary .M

e

i

di

n

g

e

r

s

C o

mp

ara

tiv e

Dic

tio

n

aryof t

h

e G o

thic Ton

g

u

e

s .

Jai

n i

e

s

on

s Sco

ttishDic

tio

n ary .

T

he

Saxons in En

g

land

,

byProfe ssor Kemble .

W or saa

e

s Dan es

an

d

N

o

rw

e

g

ian si

n

E

n

g

lan

d.

The Nor

thme

n in

C

u

mbe

rlan dan d

W

es

tmo

re

land

,

byR . Fe rg

u son.W

rig

h

t

s

P

r ovinc

ial

Dic

t io

n

ar

y .


13/66

THE

ETYM

O

LOG

Y O

F

LOCAL

N

A

M

E

S

.

N

a

m

es

o

fp

l

a

ces

i

n a

greatmeasure b elon g totheoldestandmostprimitive eviden cesofl

a

n

gua

ge,

a

n

d

theyar e

of the highestimportan cein t he

history ofn at ion san d

dia

lects.

-

H

.

L

eo

.

I

t

ca

n n

otbe doubted thatlocal nam e

s

,

an

d those devoted to distin guish then a tural

fea

tureso fa

coun

try,

posses san in heren tv italitywhich even theurgen cyo fconq

uest isu na

ble to remove

K

e

m

b

l

e

.

T

h

e

geogra

phyan

d

his toryo fa n ation mustbesough tin the lan guageofthena

m e

g

i

v

er

s

of tha

t coun

try,

orina

tran

s la

tion of th e languageo f th en ame- givers of tha

tcoun try. Pococke.G

eogra

phi

ca

ln

omen

cla

tureisa

bra

n

chofgeogra

phygen

era

llyleft tochan

ce

orca

price;and itw ill n o t be easytofindany departmen tso left, whichhas been moreabused. W hereevern

a

mes ex

ist,

a

nd

where thesen amesm ay

have exi sted fora n um be

r ofa

ges,

ita

ppea

rs somethin

g lik

e sa

cri lege to di sturb or chan ge them;

suchn a

mes,

besides thesa

credn

essofan

tiq

uity,

ar

e

often sig

n i

fica

n t,

a

n

d con tain in th emselves in forma

tion as

tothe migr

a

tion s of the human race,

an

d th e former conn exion which existed between

tr ibesn

o

w

f

ar

separa

t ed. Na

mesare

seldom vulgar or r idiculous,

an

d they fur n i sha

co

pious fun

dofdistribut

iv e t erm

s,

to obv ia

te the con fusion whicharises togeogra

phical

n omen

claturein

the repetition

for the hun dredth time of rivers T hames,

T ren

t,

an

d

T yn e,

c

.

;

a

n

d

it fortun

a

telyhappen s thatin n o coun try,

howeverbarbarous ort hin lypeopled

,

a

r

e

th egreat featuresofn ature,

as riversan dmoun tain s,

withoutna

mes;

and

then ameo fa river o rmoun tain m a

y

beappropriatelyappliedalsototh e dis trict

in

which

itoccurs

Ca

p

t

. F

etch

.

Hew

h

o

calls departed ages again intobeing,

says Nieb

uhr

,

enjoys a bli

sslike that of creating.

T

he study of wordsdoes this

3

it recalls the past withall its associations,

sothat fora time it becomes a part of the present. It cannot beotherwise

,

for every word rests upon somef

ac

t

3

sothat.

when we attempt

to account for the meanin gof a word, we only goback to thefact upon which it rests.

T

here is one class of words which isvery suggestive

w

e

mean those na

m

e

s which have beenattached f or ages to places fami

li

ar to us from the daysofou r

childhood,

from our pl

easu

re excursions,

or fromo

u

r courseof reading. The thought

f

ul

mind cannot remainlong contentedwith names that convey nomeaning with them

3

there is alway

sthe desire toretain them in the memory by som e p r incipleof


14/66

1

2

E

TYMOLOG

Y

OF L

OC

AL

NAM

E

S

.

as

s

o

c

i

a

to

n

,

and thisleads to an inq

uiry concerni

ng their originand history

,

o r when and why theywere im

posed.

Th

e studyof place-namesis one

,

then,

of great interest to thehi storian

and toth

e teacher.

The significationof a single name thr owsmuchlight upon t h e historyof nations

and their migrations.In point of fact

,

there is often more dependence tobe placedupon words than upon h

i

story3

for,

saysH

a

l

b

ers

t

m

a

,

it pleasesnot the museo fh

i

s

tory to speak butl

ate,

and then in a veryconfu sed manner yet sheoften deceives

3

and beforesh

e comestomaturity she se ldom d

i

stinctl

y tell

sus

the truth.

Lang

uagenever deceives

,

but speaks moredi s

tinctl

y,

though removed to ahigher anti

q

uity.Th

e objecto fthe foll

owing pagesi

s

to suppl

y teachers withthe chiefr oot orh

e

y

- words

whi

ch are necessary for theexp

l

a

nationoflocal names inEngl

and,

and suchkindred forms as aretobem

e

t with in those countries occupied by nations belongin gto the same fami

l

y,

and usual

y termedT

eutoni

c.

It is a wellknown fact that manyof the names of p

l

aces in England are

also common to Germany. V erstegan, inhis scarce work,printedin 1 60

5

,

very p lainl

y al

ludesto

it.

Thus the Saxons

,

he says,

whoat first came untothe aidof the Britons,

became about two hundr

ed years after,

to

b e t h e p ossessorsand sharers of the best part

o f

the Isl

eo

f

Brita

in among themselve s. A nd as their

l

angua

ge was al

to

gether di

ff

erent fromthatof the Britons

,

sol

eft they very few cities,

towns,

villages,

passages, river

s, woods,fi

el

ds, hill

s , or dal

es that they gave notnew namesu nto,

such as in theiro

w

n

l

anguage were intelligible,

and either given by reasono

f

the sit

uation or natureo f theplace

,

or after some pl

acei

n

some sortl

ike untoit in Germany,

from whence they cam e as the name ofOxfordo r Oxenford,

on the river Thames,

after the t own o f

the same name in Germany

,

situated on

the Oder;

o

u r Hereford,

near untoW

al

es,

afterHe

rvf

o r

d

inW

estphal

ia.

A n

d so,

in

like man ner,

may be saido fStafford, Swinford, Bradford, Norden, Newark,Bentham

,

O

xen

b

r

id

g

e

,

Buc

h

u

r

st

,

S

co

re

t

ho

r

p

e

,

Holt,

Mansfield,

S

win

e

field

Daventry,

Hampstead,

Radcliff,

Ro sendale,

and agreat number

of

pl

aces ino

u r

country,

that yet retain the namesof

pla

cesi

n

Germany and the Netherlands(

albeit the ancientorthography may in some of them be alittle varied

)

,

as heret obe reckoned upwou

l

d bet

edious .

W

e have chosen English names as the basisof comparisonb

ecause they are more famil

iar,

and,

indeed,

of moreimportance


15/66

ETY

M

OLOG Y

O

F L

OC

AL

NAMES

.

1 3

than any others.

Emerson,

speaki

ngo

f them,

says The names are e xce

ll

ent3

a n a tm

osphere o

f l

egendary melodyspreads over theland

.

Older thanall epics andhi stories,

which cl

othe a nation, thi

s under-

shi

rt s it

s cl

oset o

the body.

V ha

t history,

too,

and what stores of primitive and savag eobservation

,

it un folds

The n ames of placesin

England,

and am ong the Teutonictribes generally

,

are composedof two parts .Th

e first memberis a

d

escr

i

p

t

i

ve

word referringt o some parti

cular histo

rical

circumsta

nce,

to

personages,

toan imals

,

vegetables,

or mineral

s

3

o

r i t may be mere lya

n adjective. The second member de sigm ates, , by some

g

e

n

e

r

a

l and appropriate t e r m , either thenatural features

o

f the coun

try,

settlement,

or neighbourhoodt

o

be described ash

ill

,

mountain,

river,

c

.

o

r some artificial

con struction

s,

as to

wn

,

borough,

field,

85

0

.

Th

e

fir

st memberis generally pre fixed to disti

n

guish places having si

mil

arpositions Stap

le

ford,

Notti

ng-ham,

New-ark

,

c. Sometimes the names

of

pl

aces are represented by a single word

e

.

g

.

, Slough, Ford, Holt, Down, Berg, Furt, c.

All places donot adm itof explanation. Those ending withI

n

g

or having afte r it Ham orT on,

are derived from the nameso

f tribes,

fam

il

ies,

or

indi

vi

duals.

The subject is natu ra

ll

ydivided into

I .

The D

esc

i

p

t

i

ve

El

e

m

e

n

t.

I I .

Th

e

G

e

n er

a

l

El

e m en

t

.

(

a

)

Names of Personages(

His

a

)

W ater,

River,

Brook,

c

.

t

or

i

c

a

l

orMy

t

hi

cal)

.

b

)

Moun tain ,H

ill, c.(

b

)

A

n imals .(

c

)

V all

ey,

Plai

n

,

c.

(

0

)

V egetabl

es.

(

d

)

Habitations

.

(

d

)

Mineral

s.

(

e

)

A djectives.


16/66

D

I

V I

S

I

O

N

I

.

DESCRIPTIVE ELEMENT.

(

A

)

NAMES OF TRIBES,

FA

MIL

IES

,

INDI V

IDU

A

L

S

,

A

N

D

G O

DS

.

(

0

)

T

r

i

b

es.

(

1

)

G ERMAN Thisn am e was n ot applied to the people ofG

e r m

an yby them selv es,

b

u t theyr e ceiv edit from the Celtso

n

accou n to f the

ir

ter r

i

bl

e

w

a

r

cr

y

.

T

h

e r o

o

to

f

the

w

ordis

the Celticv erbG

a

i

r

m ean

,

t

o cr

y

o

u

t

.

(

2

)

DUTCH(

D e

u

tsch

)

.

Thi

s term

,

Whi

ch is

n ow applied

to t

h

e

people of Hollan

d

is

li

tera

lly an ad

j

e

ctive

signifying

p

o

p

u

l

a

r

(

Diu

t-isc

)

.

Itwas or i

gi

n a

lly a

pplie

d

t

o

the

l

an

g

ua

g

e o

f

th

e Te

u to

nic peo

ple ino

r

d

er

to d

istin gu

i

s

hi t

from the Latin . The word TEUTONES, the Latin form of then

ativ e wo rdT

h

eotisc

i

,

T e

u t

isci

,

c

,

i

s

d

eriv ed from theG

othicr oo tD i

u t

,

a

peo

pl

e or n a

tion .

Ito ccu r sin them o

d

ern n am

e

TEUT-o

ber

g

er

.

Th

e

fo

ll

o

w

in

g

tri

be

s ha

v e

le

ft their n a

m

e

sas an

elem en tofl

ocaln o m en clatu r e

(

3

)

A

N

G

R

I V

AR I

,

i

n

ANGERN,

ENGERN,

ANGER- m un de .

(

4

)

ANGLES, in ANGLES

e

y

, ENG-

l

an

d ANGEL N,H

U

N

G

E

R

~

f

O

I

d

(

ANGLES -fo

r

d

)

.

(

5

)

A

n

a

vr

sc

r

i

n the riv

e

r RAAB,

an cien tlyARA BO .

(

6

B

URG UXD I

A

N

S

.

in BURGUN

DY.

(

7

CHERUSCI(

C

r

h

e

r

s

ti

m

)

in

t

h

e

HARTZ mo

un tain s,

HARM -bu rg

,

an

d

H

E

Rz

- bur

g

.

The r oo

t seem st

o b

e

t

h

e

G

othicHar,

H

aruc

,

a temp

le

.

Int

h

e

poe

m o

f B

e

o

-

I V

u

lf

i

t

o

ccu rsast

h

e

n am

e

of

t

h

e

g

r e

a

t pa

l

a

ti

a

l ha

llo

f

Hr

o

thga

r

.

(

8

G

AUC I,

in

C

U

x

-ha

v

e

n .


17/66

FA

M

ILIE

S. 1

5

CA TTI,

i

n HESSE.

E

UD

O

S

E

S

,

i

n E

xp

-

e

r

,

EUD

-

i

n

g

,

andD

oss

n .

FRISIANS,

in FRIES-land FRIs

-

b

y

,

an

d

FRI

s

- tho

r

pe

.

G or n s

,

in

G

orH

-

l

an

d

G

o

m

N

-

bu rg, G OTH-

a

.

L

AN

G OBARD

I

,

in LO

MBA

RDY,

BARDEN-g

a

n

,

BARB-Wi

ck

.

1

MO

N

A

V I

(

Me

n

a

pi)

,

i

n

MAN,

MONA,

a

n

d

MENAI

str

a

i

ts.

1 5

)

Saxon s,

in

E

s

-

s

n

x

(

Eas

t Saxons)

,

S

us

- SEX(

So

u

th

Sa

xo

ns

)

,

Middle-SEX(

Middl

e Saxons

)

,

Ho

ns

r m

N

Ho

l

t SA S

SEN,

o r

O

lt SASSEN,

O

l

d

Se

ttl

e

r

s.

T

h

e

in habitan tso

fHo

lste

i

n

wer

e

ca

lle

d

H

O

L

SA T

I

or

Ho

l

za

t

i

,

from the PlattDeu

tschS

i

fi

en

,

S

a

tt

e

n

t

o

s

i

t

.

(

1

6

)

S

u

i

oNE

s

,

S

u

E

v

r

,

i

n SWEDEN,

S

U

AB

I

A

,

OD ER,

at o

n

e tim ecalled SUEV US

,

an

d

t

he V I A D

R

U

S

,

wh

o

se

m

o

u

th

i

s

sti

ll called

SU

ARD

O

N

E

S

,

i

n

SCHWA

R

T-a

u .

T

H

U

R

I

N

G

I

,

in

THU

RINGIAN-Wal

d

R

U

G

I

I

,

in

t

h

e i

slan

d

of

RUGEN.

2

0

L

E

M

O

V

I

I

,

i

n

t

h

e

r

i

v er LEBA.

2

1

D

U

L

G

I

B

I

N

I

,

i

n

t

h

e r

i

v e r DULMEN .2

2

)

S

I T

O

NE

S

,

in

S

I

G TU

N

,

SITUN.

(

b

F

a

m

fl

tes

.

Th

e

n am

e soffam ilie san d individualse n te r largelyin to thecom po

si

ti

on

o

fl

o

ca

ln am e

s . Th

eym ay

b

e easil

ydi scov e r ed

bythe pa

r

ti

cl

e

IN

G

be

for e

H

A

M

,

T

O

N

,

HALL,

c

.

Thu sB IRMING

h

am w

as ori

g

in

a

llyt

h

e ho

m e o

f

t

h

e B

E

O

R

M

I

N

G

A

S

,

t

h

e d

escendan tso

f

B

eo

rm

;

BALDING-h

am of the B

A

ED LIN

G

A S BUCKINGham of

t

h

e B

UC

IN

G

A

s

;

L

lTTL

I

N

G

-

t

o

n

w

as

o

rigin

allyt he en clo sed r esiden ce of

t

h

e

L

YT

H

I

N

G

A

S

ELV

I

N

G

-

to

n

o

f

t

h

e E

L

FI

N

G

A S

,

and

KI

LLING-

ha

llt

h

e

for

tifie

d

r

e

sid

e

n

ce of

t

he

C

YLI

N

G

A

S

.

Profe ssor

sLe o a

n

d

Ke

m

bl

e

h

a

v e

thr

o

wn m

u chlig

hton thissubj

e ct t

h

e la

tte

r

wr

i

t

e

r

h

as

fu

r

n i

shedu s

w

ith a v aluable lis to

f these fam ilynam e

sin

h

i

s

S

a

x

o

n

si

n

E

n

g

l

a

n

d

T

he

fo

ll

o

win

g

e

xtra

ct fro

m

t

h

e

p

en of

M

r

.

Wrig

htwill be ofsom e se

r

vi

ce to the stud

e

n

tso

fn am

e s

The fam

il

y or clan did not al

way

s take it s nam efrom the chiefwhoobtain edthe allotm ent ofland; it was oftenbut abran chofam ucholderfam i

ly inthe la

ndfrom

whi

chthe se

ttlem

ent cam e. Hence wefi nd patro


18/66

1

6 ETYMOLOGYo r LO CAL NAMES.

h

ym

ies in distant part s ofEngland,

whichwou

ld seem toindicate thatdifferent m em bers of the sam e ori

g

in al fam ily hadj

oined in variouss

eparat e expedit ions to Britain;

and i t is still m ore curious that thisidentity ofnam e is found in di stricts peopled severally bythe differentrace s, A ngles, S axons, orJutes

.

This adm its oftwo explanations; itshowsthe closerelationship between the three races them selves,

an d itproves

,

probably,

that when a greatC

hief

ai

n of onerace,

an A n gle,

forinstance

,

plann edan

exped

it iont o Britain,

subordi

nate leaders from theother

S

axons,

Jute s,

or others,

were ready to enl

ist am

ong

his foll owers.Thus wefi nd theE m m

e

a

s at BI LLIN

G-ham in Durham

,

at BILLING-leyin Yorkshire

,

at BILLIN

G-hayin

L

in

col

nshir

e,

at BILLIN

G-ton in thecounties ofBedford

,

S

tafford,

andL

ancas

ter,

as

well as at other places,

all within the dis

trict occupied by theA

ng

les.

Wefi n

d

a settlem ent of

the sam efam ilyatB iLLI NGhu r st , inS ussex, and som e ofthem appeartohave established them s

elvesin the outski

rt

s ofL

ondon,

andt ohav eg

ivennam e to BI

L

LIN

GS

-gate(

There was a fam ily ofB

I L

L

UN

G

o

n theC ont

i

n

e

n

t

andHerm

annB

ill

un

g

wasi

nvestedwiththe Duchy ofS axonybyO

tto I. I n 1 1 06

them al e lin e ofthi shouse becam

e extinct onthedeathof the last

B illun

g

,

Duke Magnus,

who left two daughters,

E

ilik

e andW

ulf

h

il

d

;

W

ulfhi

l

d

wasm ar ried toH

enry of Bav a

ria,

surnam ed theBlack

,

a descendant of theG

uel

ph fam i

ly.

)

TheB

OS

IN

G A S

arefound atB

OSI

N

G

-

ham in Kent,

and again at the twoB

O

SSI

N

G

T

O

N

S

inHam pshireandS om erset .The

S

c

m

m e xs

ar

e

found atS

K

AER

IN

G-ton,

S

T

EE

RI NG-ford,

an dS

w an

s

-

to

n in Norfolk.

S

u r

n

am e

in E ssex,

atS

can

n

m G

-

t

on

i

n

Not t ing

ham s

hir e

,

and atS HE

E

RIN

G-toni

n

Buckingham and Wiltshire .We have the

HANI

N

G

A S

at three place

s nam

edH

ANN

IN

G-ton in North.a

m

p

tonsh

i

r

e

,

Herefordshir

e,

andWiltshire,

and alsoprobablyatHANNINGfield in Essex

.

\

V henwe exam

in e further wefi nd

inthese patronym ics,

n am es which belong

to the great fam

i

lieswhose hi

story ism ixed up inthe earliest Teutonic

m

ytholog y.

TheV V

A

E

LS I NG S

,

who are foun d atW

A

LS

I

N

G

-

llam in Norfolk, atW oLS ING~ham in Durham , and atW OOLSLNGton in Northum

berland appearto havebeen off

set s ofthegreat fam ily oftheV OL

SU

N

G

A B

ofthe Edda,

an d theV

O

LSILNG EN

ofthe oldG erm anrom ance s. The

H

AR

LIN

GS

(

He r

e

lin

g

as

)

,

who are foun

d at thr ee pla ce snam edHARLI

N

G-ton in Middlesex,

Bedfordshir

e,

andY o

rks

hi

r

e

,

as well asatHARLING in Norfolk

,

areals

oconn

ectedwiththeancientTeutonicmy

t

h

o

logy,

andtheirnam

eis found atH

A

R

LIN

GE

N

in F

rieslan d. TheSwan r as,

atribe whow as knowntohavedwelton

theborders oftheA ng

les ontheC ont inent

,

appear to have given their nam

e toS

w

arm

-

ham

i

n Norfolk.Mr. Kem ble, quotin g otherwell known nam es fr om them ythica nd halfm ythic history ofthe continen

t

al Teutons,

points outas furtherinstances,

that theBR

EN

TI

N

G S

ofthe northern rom

ancear e

found in Eng

land atBREN

T I

N

G

J

e

y

inL

eicestersh

ire,

a n d at BR

ANT

ING-h

a

m inY orkshire.The

S

CYL

D

I

N

G S

a

n

d

S

C

Y

LF I

N

G

S

,

celebrated northern races,

giv e the irnam e to

S

K

E

L

D

I

N

G

,

an dt o

two pl ac

es nam

edS KILL IN

G-to n in Northum

b

e

r

lan

d and Dor setshire. Th

e

A

RD

I NG S

,

who are found atA n n m atonin Berkshire

,

and atA u n r

s

c

-ley inS

us

sex,

are,

he says,

theA Z D I NG I,

the royal ra

ce oftheV

isigoths

andV

andal

s;

and the Ba s ra G S oftheC ontinent, overwhom , when the curiousA nglo -S axon fragm ent calledtheT ra

v

e

l

l

e

r

s So

n

g

was written,

aP

rince nam

ed Becca

ruled,

aret e


19/66

I NDIVIDUA LS .1

7

cognised inE ARNING -ham in Norfolk. TheH

E

L

S I NG

S

gave nam

e toHELS ING-ton in Westm oreland

,

and toHE

LS

ING- land in

S

weden;

andwefin d then

am

e of theB LECI

N

G A S

aswell inB LEC K

I NG EN

in

S

wedenasinB LET CHI NG -tonin Oxfordsh

i

re andB

L

E

'

r c

n m

c

-ley inS

urrey. I n

thee m G A S found atG uxr m e inG louceste rshire,

we perhaps tracetheJU T UNG I ofG erm any;

and anotherA

lam

ann

i

c tribe,

t

h

e Sc

u

n r

x

e

r

,

ar

e supposed to be traced in theS

C

Y

T

I

X

G

S

,

who gav

e their nam

e toS

HU T T ING-ton in Warwickshire. The C

elt

,

t

h

e

R

om an

,

a

nd

t

h

e S

a

x

on

.

)

(

c

)

I

ndivid

ua

l

s

The

n

am e

sof

per son s,

e

specially those ofpr

in

ce

san

d

g

r

ea

tlandown er

s,

con

stitu te a v e rylarg

e e

l

em

e

n ti

n l

o

cal n

om en

c

l

a

tur

e .

The

n am e o

f

ELLA is fou ndi

n ELLE

s

-

m e

r

e

(

ELLASlak

e

)

;

an

d

in E

LLE

s

-croft(

he field ofELLA)

;

a

n

d

th

a

to

f

hi

s

so

n

CISSAis

foun

d i

n

C

H

-

C

h

este r(

C

I

SS

AN

-

ceas

t

e

r

,

t

h

e

for

tifi

e

d

r e

sid

en

ce of

CISSA)

,

and

in

C

I

s

bu ry,

th

e cityofC ISSA. C ERDICis

r em

e

m

be

r

ed

i

n

CHAR-fo

r

d

(

C

ER

D I

C

S ford)

,

an

d

i

n

G

w a

s-le

y

(

C

E

R

D I

C

s

-

m

ea

d

o

w

)

.

E

BEBA , theQ

u

een o

f

I

d

a

,

h

as

l

efth er n am ein

BAH

-bo

r

o

u

g

h

(

BEBBA

S city Bebban burg

)

. T

h

e

Chri

st i

an

p

rin

ce

OSWAL

D,

w

h

o

w

as slain in battle,

a

n

d fell at a

p

ar

ti

cula

r

pl

ace n ear

M

as

e

r

fie

l

d

h

a

s

l

e

ft his n am e inO

S

W

E

s

-

tr

y

,

o

r

OSWALDStr

ee

.

Th

e nam e

o

f

t

h

e Danish King

CANUTEis foun din

KNUTSfor

d

(

C

A

N

UTE

s

ford)

,

C

N

U

T

s

-

d

elf

(

G

a

NU

T

E

s

-

di

tch)

,

an d

in

G

A

NEWd

on

(

C

A

N

U

TE

s

-

hill

)

. Danish n am esare a v eryim po

r

t

a

n

te

le

m e

n

t

o

f

t

h

e

l

ocal n am esin the North of En gland

e

.

g

.

,

D

BMS-

ki

r

k

,

I V

O

R

M

s

-

h

ea

d

ORMES-by

an

d

s

r

(

O

r m

s

t

)

,

d

er

i

v

e th

e

i

r n am e

sfr

om

so

m

e

Sca

n

dina

v

i

an

l

ea

d

er

O

rm

o

r

U rm .

Th

e n

am e ofRA FX

o

r

RAVENis

foun d

in RAVEN- Side(

t

h

e seato r r esiden ce o

f

RAVEN)

,

an

din

RAVEN - Sto

n e

(

th

e

sto

n e o

f RAVEN)

. ULLERh

as

g

i

v

en

hi

s

n am e to

U

LL

E

R

s

- thorpe,

HUBBAt o HUBBER - sty,

an

d

U

L

FR

to

U

L

LE

s

-

wa

te

r a

n

d

ULVER- ston e . Num erou so

the

r

e

xam ple sm i

g

htb e

g

i

v en of

n am e sof Danish orig

i

n

,

b

u

t m a

n yo f themw

ill b

e n oticedasw

e proceed

The

fo

ll

o

wi

n

g

place

sar e

d

e

r

i

v

e

d from

t

h

e n a

m

eso f the

o

r

i

g

in

a

l po

sse sso

r

e

.

g

.

,

AYMES-t

r

y

,

EZ

m o

d

s

-tree . EPs

-

o

m

,

(

Ennis -ham)

.

E

p

h

a

sEL

-

t

on

,

E

l

n

ods

to

wn . hom e .P

AD-

sto

w

,

A

d

e

l

s-

d

w

e

llin

g

-

pla

ce

.

W oo

r

r

n

a

-

to

n

,

W

z

'

d

f

erds

LEVER-to

n

,

L

eo

f

r

z

'

c

s

-town . town .B


20/66

1

8

ETYMOLOGYO F LO CA

L NAMES

MA LMS-bury,

S

t

.

Maidu

l

p

h

s

WIL-le

y

,

W

i

l

la

j

s

-

m

e

a

d

ow

.

city. OFF-ham,

O

fl

a

s

- hom e.

(

d Nam es o

f

G

o

d

s

.

Itis well kn own thatthe an cien t Teu

to

n

i

c tri

be sw

ere

heath

en s,

a

nd thatin theiro

r i

g

i

n

a

l se

ttl

e

m

e

n

ts th

e

yw

o

r

shippe

d

Odin,

Th

o

r

,

Tiw

,

wh

o

se n

a

m

e

sar e

still

pr

e

serv e

d

n

o

t o

nl

yi

n t

h

e

d

a

yso f

th

e

w

e

e

k

,

b

u t

i

n

t

h

e n am

e

so

fn

u

m e

r

o

u

s pl

a

ce

s.

W UO

TAN

,

WODEN,

o

r Odin,

t

h

e

p

r esiding

d

eityo

f

t

h

e

North

e

r

n

n

a

ti

o

n s,

h

as

hi

s

n am e

p

r eserv

ed

in

O

-

d

e

an

,

WOODEN-de

a

n

,

(

OD

IN

s

ho

llo

w

)

,

Wo

o

n s-d

a

l

e

(

O

n 1N

s

-

v

a

l

e

)

;

W EDN

E

s

- bu r

ya

n

d

WAN-boro

u

g

h

(

O

D IN

s

- city)

;

W

nn

x

n

s

-

field

(

O

D IN

s

-

fiel

d

)

;

W

A M

pool

(

O

D

I N

s

- poo

l

)

WAM- broo

k(

O

D IN

s

-br o

o

k

)

WON- sto

n e

(

O

D

IN

s

sto

n

e

)

WANS- ford(

O

D I

N

s

-fo

r

d

)

WANSbe

ck(

O

D

IN

s

r

i

v

u

l

et)

; WAN- stead(

O

D

I

N

s

-

r

e siden ce)

; We n sley-fold(

O

m

N

s

m

ea

d

o

w

-

e

n closu r e)

3

W

aN

s

-

di

k

e O

D

I

N

s

-

d

tch

)

O

D IN

s

-

w

ald

(

ODINS- for est)

;

ODEN- Se(

OD

lN

s

- lake)

T

h

e n am

e

of

hi

s

wife,

FRIGGA,

FREA,

or FREYJA,

occu r sin FREYs- torp,

in FRIDAYthor

p

e

,

a

n

dFRA I

s

thorp

e

(

FRI G G A S- city.

)

W

e are

r

e

m

in

d

e

d

of

THOR by su

ch

p

l

a

ce

sas

THOR-up

a

n

d

T

H

O

R

s

- to

r

p

(

T

H

O

R

s

- city)

T

H

O

R

s

-

d

a

l

an

d T

u

R

s

-

d

a

l

e

(

T

HOR

s

-

v a

l

e

)

TOR- n ess(

THORS

prom on to ry)

THURS-

b

y

,

a

n

d THURSO-

b

y

(

T

H

O

R

s

-

tow

n

)

T

HU

R

D Ys

- to

ft(

TH

OR

s

-

field

)

TOR- bo

l

l

(

T

H

O

R

s

-

dw

e

llin

g)

KirbyTh

o

r

e

(

Chu

r ch

o

f

THOR)

;

THURS-l

e

y

,

a

n

d

THUR-Icy

(

T

H

O

R

s

m

eadow

)

;

T

HORs

-

aa

(

T

H

O I t

s

- str eam)

.

Thor was also

kno

w

n byt

he n am e sofDONAR(

THUNOR)

and

HA

MAR,

whi

ch

o

ccur

sin T

HUND E

R

s

-

fi

e

ld

-

fi

e

ld

)

a

n

di

n

T

HUND

E

Rs

-

l

e

y

i

n

HAMER- to

n an

dHOMER-ton

(

THOR

s

-

tow

n

)

;

HAMER-

t

on

k

i

r

k(

TH

O

R

s

-

to

wn

- Chu r

ch)

HAMERwick(

THO

R

s

-

m

ar sh

)

3

a

n

d

i

n HAMER - stein(

T

H

O

R

s

- ston e)

.

T

he

n

am e ofB

A L

D

EB

,

the so

n

o

fOd

in

,

a

n

d

g

o

d o

fl

i

g

ht,

i

s stillp

re

se

r v

e

d

in

B

aL

D E

R

s

-

l

e

y (

th

e

m

ead

o

w

o

fBALDER)

BA LDERS-dale

(

B

A

LD

E

a

s

-

v

a

l

e

)

BOLDREw

ood

(

B

AL

D

ER

s

-

w

o

od

)

a

n

d

in

BA

LD

E

Rs

h

a

ye

(

BA L

D E

R

s

-

e

n

cl

o

su r e

)

;

th

a

to

f

BRAGE,

t

h

e

g

o

d of

O

rator s,

in BRAG-n ae

s(

BRAGE-n ae s,

t

h

e pro

m

o

n to

ryo fBRAGE)

.

T

h

e

g

od of

w

a

r

a

n

d

o

f

ch

am

p

i

ons

,

T

E

U

,

T

I

W

,

o

r

T

Y

R

,

has h

i

s

n a

m

e con fer redupon TEWEs-ley, and TEW-in g(

t

h

e

m

e

a

d

o

w

o

f

TEW

)

,

and upo

n T

YE

-

h

a

l

la

n

d

T

Y

E

-farm.


21/66

A NIMA LS.1 9

LOKapp

earsi

n

LO

X

-

w

oo

d L

o

x

fi

e

l

d

an

din

LO CK-in

g

.

S

E

A

T

O

R a

p

p

e

arsin SATTER-leig

h

,

S

A r r

E

R

-thw

a

ite

,

an

d

i

n

S

A

r rER

-

l

an

d

.

Per

h

a

psl

o

ca

l

n a

m e

sar

e

ind

e

bte

d

t

o

t

h

e

fa

i

r

ym

yt

ho

l

o

gy.

M

AB

,

t

h

e e

lf

q

u

e en

,

o ccu rsinM

AB

s

-

hill

,

a

n

d

t

h

e

m

e

r

r

yPUCKi

n PUCK - poo

l B

a

y

,

Poo

c

x

-burn e(

P

UC

K

E

-

r

i

d

g

e

)

,

Pooc

x

-

hill

,

an

d

PUC

KE

t

y

e .

G RIM-a,

a

g

host,

h

a

g

,

or

w

i

tch

,

is

foun

d

in

G

RIMSby

,

G

RI

M

s

- bur y,

G

RIMMs

-

h

oo

,

G RIMS-hOW,

an

d

in

G

R

I

M

s

-

di

tch.

Itis the safe st plan,

h

o

w

e

v

er

,

i

n tracing

l

ocal

n

a

m

e

st o

the

ir

o

r

i

gin

,

to

r esortt

o su ch am

od

e f

o r th

e

ir

exp

l

an a

ti

o

n

on

l

yw

he

n

w

e

fi

n

d our selv

e su n able to offe r am o

r

e ration al etymol

o

gy

thatis to say

,

o

n

e

i

n harm on yw

ith their n aturalo r historicalass

o

ci

a

tio

n s .

(

B

)

NA

MES o

r ANIMALS.

Th

e n a

m e so f an im alsw

h

i

ch en te r largelyin to geographicaln

om

e

n cla

tu

r

e

n

ee

d

li

ttle

e

xplan

atio

n

;

m ostof them,

being

fam

ili

ar

,

m

a

y

b

e

easilyid

e

n tifiedNATE

,

N

ET

,

(

Sca

n

din

a

v i

an

)

ho

r

n

e

d

cattle3

N

E

A T

(

En

g

lish)

,

o

ccur

sin NATE- 1y

,

NA T

-

l

a

n

d

a

nd

NATE-1

y

Scu res.

Th

e

V

V

I LD BOAR

,

i

n

An

glo

- Sa

xo

n EVER

(

o

f

er

,

ebu r,

e

f

e

r

)

,

is

fo

u

nd

i

n

EVER- Shaw

,

th

e

w

ild boars EVER- ton

,

t

h

e

w

i

l

d boar s townfie

l

d

3

or

e

n c

l

o su r e .EVER- sh

o

t,

E

V ERs

-

h

o

l

t,

the

EVER-le

i

g

h

,

EVER-ley

,

th

e w

ild

w

i

l

d

bo

a

r

swood3

bo

ar

sm eadow.E

V

E

R

s

-

d

on

,

t

he

w

i

ldbeans hill3

EBER,

the

G

er m an

fo

r m

of

thisr oo t,

o ccu r sin

EBERt

e

ln

,

t

h

e

wi

l

d

bo

a

r

s EBERs-be rg

,

the

wild boar sston e

3

EBER- bac

h

,

t

h

e

w

i

l

d boai

s

EBER -ach,

t

h

e

w

ildboar sdwellstream

3

in

g

byth

e str eam .

Th

e

BE

A

R(

B

A

R

,

BARINin

G

er

m a

n

)

n o

d

o

u btwas an in habitan to

f

t

h

e following

p

l

ace sBAR

-

wa

lde

,

t

h

e bear s fo re

st3

BARE

N-w

a

l

d

a

,

th

e

b

e

a

r

s fores t

BAR-

n

t

h

,

t

h

e

bea

r

sr

e

g

i

on

3 byt

h

e

str

e

a

m

3

B

A

R

E

N

- spring

,

t

h

e be

ar

s sprin g3

BAR

EN -ho

r st,

t

h

e be

ar

s thicket.


22/66

2

0 ETYMOLOGYOF LOCAL NAMES .

Inthe

fo

llowin g place swe find the n am e of the B

AD

G

ER

(

BROC,

BA

W

,

BA UD,

BA G

,

BA DGE,

i

n

An

glo

- Sa

xo

n

,

a

n

d

D A

CHs

i

n

G

erm a

n

)

B

A

G

~

s

h

o

t

,

B

A

a

b

o

r

o

u

g

h

,

BAD GEN-don,

BAD

GE-w

or th,

BAGIN- thorpe,

BAUGH-hur st,

BAWS- ley

,

BAW-

burgh,

B

A

UD s

-

l

y

,

BROO

K-l

e

y

,

t

h

e

b

ad

g

e

r

sm ead

o

w

;

BROX-bour n e,

str eam .t

h

e ba

d

g

er

s

B

Rox

-

t

o

n

,

B

R

o

c

-

t

on

,

t

h

e

b

a

d

g

er

s town

3

BROOK- thor

p,

t

h

e

badg

e

r

sv illa

ge3

BROOK- ho

le

s,

the bad

g

er

scav es

3

BROCK-les

-

b

y

,

t

h

e

b

a

d

g

er

s

abode of the sprin g ;BROOK-di

sh,

the

ba

d

g

e

'

r

sd tch;

BROC-de

n

,

the

b

a

d

g

e

i

s

h

ollow3

DACH- ste

in

,

the bad

g

e

f

s ston e;

DACHS-ber

g

,

t

h

e

ba

d

g

e

r

s hill.

Th

e BEA VER(

i

n

G

erm

a

n

, BIBER)

,

occur si

n

BEVER-ley

,

t

h

e bea

v

e

r

sm ea

do

w

3

BEVERb

o

rn

,

t

h

e

beaver

s strea

m

;

BIBER-ac

h

,

BIBR-a

,

t

h

e beaver sa

bo

de

o

n the str eam .

Th

e

Du

tch formo

f

t

h

e

r

oo

t BEVERo

ccur

sin

BEVER- en(

in the

pr o

v in

ce o

f East Flander s)

,

a

n

d i

n

BEVER-n

(

in t

h

e

d

u chyofBrun

swick)

,

both sig

nifyin gthe beaver

sr

i

v e

r

isle .

Th

e

BUCK(

BUCCA,

in

A

n

g

lo

-Sa

xon

)

m a

y

b

e

tra

cedin

BUCKEN-ham,

th

e buc

k

s hom e

3

BUCK-den,

t

h

e buck s hollow3

BICKlei

g

h

,

the buck sm ea

d

ow

3

BOCKfield

t

h

e

buc

k

s field

;

B

U

-

c

u

p

,

th

e

bucksho

ll

o

w

3

BUCK-low,

t

h

e buckshi ll3

B

ox

-

h

ur

st,

t

h

e bucks for est3

BUCK-land t

h

e

buc

k

sdi strict3

BICKN-or,

t

he bu cks border:

BUC-kle,

t

h

e bu cks spring

.

T

h

e

l

o

w

G

erm an form is BUCK, the HighG

erm

a

n

, BOCKe .

g

.

,

BOCEN-em

,

BOCC

EN

- heim,

BOCKu

m

,

t

h

e

bac

k s hom e3

BO C-holt,

t

h

e

bu ck sw

oo

d

The

C

OW

(

C

u

,

Cy)

m a

y

b

e

foun

di

n

C

O

W

s

o

le

y

,

COW-ley

,

COW- leaze,

C

UE

R

D

-

le

y

,

t

he

c

o

w

sm

e

a

d

ow

3

KA Y

-land

cow

di

stri

ct3

C

O

-

d

a

le

,

the

co

w

sv a

le

3

C o

s

- grove,

the co

w

sg

rov

e

3


23/66

A NIMA LS. 21

C

O

-

ton

,

COW-ton,

the c

ows C

o

- sto

ck,

C ow

-fo

ld

t

he

co

w

stow

n

3

fen ce or en clo

sur e

.

T

h

e OXm ay

be

trace

d

in

O

X

N

-

ea

d

3

O

X

N

-

e

y

,

t

he isl

a

n

d

o

f

th

e

02:

O

X

-

to

n

,

t

h

e town ofthe 0xO

X

- ston e

s,

t

h

e

he

i

g

h

tsofthe

0

x

;

O

x

-

l

e

y

,

t

h

e

m ea

d

o

w

oft

h

e

o

x

;

O

a

-

h

o

pe

,

the

shel

ter

o

f t

h

e

O

X

-ford

t

h

e ford

of

th

e

0x

3

0

x

O

x

-fold the en closur e of the OCHSEN-fur

t,

th

e

fo

r

d

o

f t

h

e

0

x

0

x

OCHSEN-

werde

r

,

t

h

e

i

slan

d

o

f

OCHSEN-

ko

pf,t

h

e

sum m i

t of

t

he

0

x

3

the

or .

Th

e

CALF(

C IELE)

o

ccur

sin

Kelv edon,

the cal

f

s hill3

Calv er -ley

,

t

h

e

c

al

f

sm e adow

.

Th

e HART(

HEO

R

T

)

,

i

n

G e

r

m an HIRSCH,

i

s

fou ndin

HART-

fold the har l

s en closu re ; HART-

burn , the har t

s stream 3HERT-ford HART-ford

t

he

HA RTEN- stei

n

,

t

h

e

h

ar

t

s ston e;

ha

r

t

s ford;

HIRSCH-au,

th

e h

a

r t

sm

eado

w

3

HART-ing

,

t

h

e ha

r

t

sme

adow

3

HIRS

CH- be

r

g

,

t

h

e h

a

r

t

s hill3

HA RT

s

-bath,

t

h

e har t

s ba

th HIRSCHhorn

,

th

e h

a

r

t

sang

l

e

3

i

n

g

place3

HIRSCH-field

the h

a

r

t

s field

Th

e

K

I

D

(

i

n An

g

lo

-Sa

xon T

I

C

,

T

Y

C

H

,

and i

n

G

e

rm an

ZIEGE)

,

appear sin

KID-lan

d TICK-ton

,

t

h

e

k

id

s to

wn

3

KID- sty,

TITCH-m ar sh,

t

h

e k

i

d

sm ar sh3

K

r

D

D

E

R

-

m

in ster,

T

I C

K

EN

h

a

m

,

t

h

e k

id

s hom e3

TICE- hu

r st,

t

h

e

kid

s forest3

ZIE GEN -ha

y

n

,

t

h

e

kid

swood3

T

I

TCH

EN

-

w

or

th,

t

h

e

kid

s farm3

ZIEGEN-ha

ls,

the

kid

s castle3

TITCH-born e,

t

h

e

k

id

s stream3

Z

IEGEN-r u

ck,

t

h

e

k

i

d

sridge.

In STA GS-den andS

T

A

Gs

-ba

thwe see

t

he

n am e of

th

e

STA G3

i

n

DUR-n ess,

DEER-bu r st,

DEA

R

-

h

am

,

D

YE

-

hav e

,

DAR -field

DERE -ha

m

,

we

fi

nd som e form o

f

t

h

e m o

de

rn

wo

r

d

DEER,

witha

m o

r

e

g

en

e

r

a

l sig

n

ification.

Likei

ts G o

thicand G

e

rm

an

co

gn a

te

s,

i

t

d

en oteda

n

y

wil

dan

im

a

l

.

Th

e G

OAT(

G AET)

o ccur sas

a

n e

lem e

n tint

he form ation oft

h

e follow

i

ngn am es


24/66

2

2 ETYMOLOGYOF

LOCAL NAMES.

G

OAD-landG

A

T

-

acre,

t

h

e

oc

s G

E

I

s

-

m ar

3

fiel

d

3

G EISEN -h

e

i

n

3

G

A

T

-fo

r

d

th

e

g

oat

s fo rd

3

G EIS- ing

en

3

G

A

T

-

com be , the goat

sv alley3 YA T-

t

o

n

,

t

h

e

g

o

a

t

s tow

n

.

Th

e

HARE(

Ha

ra

)

is fo

u ndin

HARE-stane

,

t

h

e

h

ar

e

s sto

n

e

3

HAR-bottle;

th

e har e

sd

wel

l .HAR-pole

,

t

h

e h

ar e

s pool3

in

g

3

HAR- com be

,

t

h

e

l

z

a

'

r

e

s

val

le

y.

Th

e

G

er m a

n form

,

HA SE,

is foun din

HAS-

lach, the har e

s lake 3 HASSE -fi

e

ld

t

h

e

h

a

r

e

s field

an

d

HAS- selt,

t

h

e l

z

ar

e

s

seat3

pl

a

i

n

.

H

A

s

s

-fur t,

t

h

e ha

r

e

s ford3

Th

e

HORSEo ccu r sun der the form s HORS,

HEST(

Scan

din

a

vian

)

a

n

d

Ross

e .

g

.

H

O

R

s

-

l

e

y

a

nd ROS-ley

,

t

h

e HEST-holm e,

th

e

ho

r

se

si

slan

d

3

h

o

r se

sm e adow

; HORSE

lease, the ho rse

s m eaHORSEN -do

n

,

t

h

e

h

o

r ses hill3

do

w

3

Ro ss- thwaite,

t

h

e ho

r ses path3

HORSE -ford theho

r

se

s for

d

3

Ho

R

s

~

ham

,

the

h

o

r ses ho

m e

3

Ros

-

he

im

,

th

e

h

o

r

se

s hom

e

3

HEST Fe

ll

,

the

ho

r

se

s r o ck Ros

s- bacht

h

e h

or

se

ss

tr

ea

m

;

or hill3

ROSS-lau,

t

h

e

h

o r

se

sm

ea

d

ow

3

HES-ke t,

the

ho

r sesb u t3

HESTENField theh

o

r

se

sr i

d

ge

.

T

h

e SHEEP(

Seep)

occu r sin

SHIP- Ic

y

,

the sh

ee

p

sm eadow3

SHIP-wash,

t

h

e sh

e

e

p

s fo

r

d

3

SHIP-to

n

,

t

he sh

ee

p

s tou r;

SHIP-lake,

t

h

e sh

ee

p

s str

ea

m

3

SHIP -h

am

,

th

e sheep

s hom e3

The

sam e root is fou ndin SHAr -wickandSHAP-moor

,

S

HEP

P

ER

to

n a

n

d

SHEPP- ey

3

SKIP-to

n

,

SKIP-s

e

a

,

a

nd SCOP -w

i

ck.

Th

e

G

e

rm an form is SCHAF,w

hichis foun din

SCHAF-be

r

g

,

t

he she ep

s hill3

SCHA F- en,

t

he sh

ee

p

si

sl

e

3

S C

H

A

r

-ha

u sen

,

the shee

p

s

hou se SCHAF- stadt,

t

h

e

she

e

p

s pla

ce

.

o

r

d

w

e

llin

g

3

Th

e

En

g

li

sh WETH

ER(

WEDER)

is foundi

n

WETHER-den WETHER-a

l

,

WETHER-

l

e

y

W

E

T

H

E

R

s

-

fi

e

l

d

WEDER-ley

,

c

.


25/66

ANIMALS.2

3

T

h

e LAMBin

LAMB- bu rst,

LAMB-to

n

,

LAMBER- hur st,

LAM- brook

,

c

.

W

e

fi

n

d

t

h

e Scandin av ian form sfor Sh

ee

p

(

SAUDE andEA A R,

)

in

SOUTER-fell,

SO

U

D

E

N

-hill,

the SOUTER-g

a

te

,

th

e

sh

e

e

p

s stree

t;

shee

p

s hi

ll3

FAIR-ford the sh

ee

p

s for

d

3

EA

R

-

l

e

i

g

h

,

EARS-ley

,

th

e

FA I R-lei

g

h

,

t

he

sh

ee

p

s m

ea

sheep

sm

ea

d

o

w

3

do

w

3

F A I

R

-

fi

e

l

d

t

h

e sheep

s field3

E

A R

-

a

,

EA

R

-

0 e

,

t

he

sh

e

e

p

s

is

l

and

S

ow

(

S

U

j

U

)

m a

y

be tracedin

SUGle

y

,

t

h

e sowsm eadow3

S

UG

~

g

a

t

e

,

t

he sows street3

S

o

-

ha

m

,

Su

E

Rs

-

h

am

,

t

h

e sow

s SOWER-by

,

t

h

e to

w

n

3

hom e3

SWINEin

SWIM-bu rn,

S

W

Y

N

-bou rn e

,

t

h

e

SCHWEIN-a,

the

swi

n e

sa

bod

e

sw

i

n e

s stream3

byt he str eam3

S

wrN

-

h

o

pe,

the

swin

e

s sh

e

lte

r

3

SCHWEINfu

rt,

t

he swin es ford3

S

w

NE

s

-

c

o

,

S

w

N

E

s

-

co t

,

t

h

e

S

c

H

W

EIN

s

-berg

,

t

he sw

in

e

sh

i

l

.

swin esb ut

3

G

RIS(

Scandina

vi

an

)

w l

d

sw

in e

,

g

i

v

e

sn

am

e

t

o

G

R

IS-d

a

l

e

,

t

he

w

ild

sw

i

n

e

sMun

- GRIS-d

a

l

e

,

t

h

e m

o

n

ks

v

a

l

e

3

w

ild

s

w

i

ne

s vale 3W

e m a

y

trace the WOLFi

n

W

OO

L

V

E

R

-

h

am

p

ton,

t

h

e wo

l

f

s WOOLS-to

n

,

t

h

e

w

o

l

f

s tow

n

3

h

o

m e

- to

w

n

3

lV

OO

L

wi

ch,

t

h

e wol

f

sb ay

3

W

O

O

LV

I

S

-

t

o

n

,

t

h

e wo

l

f

s town3

WOL-an,

t

h

e

w

o

l

f

sm eadow3

WOOL -ho

p

e

,

VV OLF

'

s

-

h

o

pe

,

th

e

WOLF-ac

h

,

t

he

w

o

l

f

sabodewol

f

s sh

elter3

byt he stream3

V

V

OLN

-

e

y

,

t

h

e

w

o

l

f

si sland;

\VOLE -hag

e n

,

t

h

e

w

o

l

f

se n cloV V

O

OLV ER

-

de

n

,

t

h

ewo

l

f

sho

ll

ow

3

sur e;

\

V

OO

L

-

m

e

r

,

th

e

w

o

l

f

slake3

WOLF- ste

i

n

,

the wo

l

f

s ston e3

WO

L

E

-

h

am

- cote,

t

h

e

wol

f

s WOLFEN-buttle,

th

e

wo

l

f

sh

om e

h

u t

3

d

w

e

l

li

n

g

.

WOOLPITt he wolf

sp

it

3

T

he

F

O

X

g

i

v e

sna

m

e

to

F

o

x

-

h

o

l

e

,

F o

x

-hun t,

C

ar

-

F

o

x

,

c

.

3

b

u

t TO

D

,

a

n

o

the r n ame fo

r thisa

nim a

l

,

occu rsin


26/66

2

4 ETYMOLOGYO

F LOCAL NAMES.

TOD-be

r

e

,

t

h

e fo

r

e

sto

f

t

h

e

f

o

x

3

TOD-mo

r

-

d

en

,

th

e

m

a

r shyh

o

l

TOD-hu r st3

hollow

oft

h

e

f

o

x

3

TO D-burn,

t

h

e str eam oft

he

f

ox

;

TOD-w

i

ck,

c.

Th

e

d

o

g

, HOUNDor HUND, is foundin

HOU

ND s

-borough,

th

e

h

o

u

nd

s HUNcity3

to

w

n

3

HOUNS

l

o

w

,

t

h

e

h

o

u

n

d

s hill3

HUN-feld the

b

o

u

nd

sfie

l

d

3

HUND-ho lm,

t

h

e

b

o

un

d

s

H

u

N

s

-

ru

the etymology of local names

Documents