The Early Years (1789-1816)The Early Years (1789-1816)

“Hudson River School” style of painting

1790 Census – 4 million (3 million farmers)1790 Census – 4 million (3 million farmers)

Families 0f 10-12 were not unusual

The FRONTIER moved from East to West

The FRONTIER moves WEST

This is bad news for what group of people?

Population density - now

Native American reservations - now

Main idea – President Washington transforms the Constitution into a real government.Main idea – President Washington transforms the Constitution into a real government.

I. Washington’s PresidencyI. Washington’s PresidencyWhat do we do? This has never been done before!

The Constitution didn’t spell out a lot of detailsThe Constitution didn’t spell out a lot of details

There were no precedents (prior examples)There were no precedents (prior examples)

Filling in the details…

The Judiciary Act of 1789

The president’s cabinet

Creates the system of Federal Judges, makes federal laws “the supreme Law of the Land”

The group of department heads who serve as the president’s chief advisors

Advise me.

Advise me.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a5jzwQm69uU

Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson

Likes a strong central government

Distrusts the ‘mob’

Favors development of business, manufacturing and shipping

Republic led by well-educated elite

Distrusts a strong government, and the rich

Supports the ‘plain people’

Favors a society of farmer-citizens

The National Bank DebateThe National Bank Debate

Jefferson, you poor, naïve fool, we need a national bank to issue paper money and take in taxes. Plus, it will make people trust the government more.

Hamilton, you dunce, a national bank will make the government and rich investors too powerful. Oh, and PS…it’s unconstitutional! Congress doesn’t have the power to create a bank!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UrxKOO0nKwc

Loose construction of the Constitution

Strict construction of the Constitution

Literal (or strict) interpretation of the language in the Constitution.

Broad (or loose) interpretation of the language of the Constitution, especially the ‘elastic clause’

First Bank of the United States Philadelphia, PA

First Bank of the United States Philadelphia, PA

The Hamiltonians win, and the Bank of the United States is established in 1791

The District of Columbia is designated as the new capital

Moved to the ‘center’ of the country

To make southern states feel more included in the government

in 1790

Uninhabited parts of the U.S. - 20142014

The new political parties emerge

Philosophy: Liberal Conservative

Economic Ideas:

Favor minimum wages and progressive taxation i.e. higher tax rates for higher income brackets.

Believe taxes shouldn't be increased for anyone (including the wealthy) and that wages should be set by the free market.

Stand on Military issues:

Decreased spending

Increased spending

Stand on gay marriage:

Support (some Democrats disagree)

Oppose (some Republicans disagree)

Social and human ideas:

Based on community and social responsibility

Based on individual rights and justice

Traditionally strong in states:

California, Massachusetts

Oklahoma, Kansas, Texas

Symbol: Donkey Elephant

Democratic Party Republican Party

Red = Republican Party

Blue = Democratic Party

Where 50% of Americans live

Events in Europe divide public opinionEvents in Europe divide public opinion

The USA stays neutral during the French Revolution.The USA stays neutral during the French Revolution.

Pinckney’s Treaty (1795)Spain gives up all claims of land east of the Mississippi (except Florida)

The Northwest TerritoryThe Northwest Territory

Problems - British forts remained, and the Native Americans were British forts remained, and the Native Americans were fighting settlement of the territoryfighting settlement of the territory

The Northwest TerritoryThe Northwest Territory

The Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) decisive battle between US Army and Native American tribes, ending hostilities with the Native Americans (for the time being…)

The Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) decisive battle between US Army and Native American tribes, ending hostilities with the Native Americans (for the time being…)

“Mad Anthony” Wayne

Jay’s Treaty (1794) Britain agrees to remove its forts from the Northwest Territory

Jay’s Treaty (1794) Britain agrees to remove its forts from the Northwest Territory

Battle Of Fallen Timbers - YouTubeBattle Of Fallen Timbers - YouTube

The Northwest TerritoryThe Northwest Territory

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Non-Native-American-Nations-http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Non-Native-American-Nations-Territorial-Claims-over-NAFTA-countries-1750-2008.gifTerritorial-Claims-over-NAFTA-countries-1750-2008.gif

Washington’s Farewell AddressWarns against the Party System, and foreign alliances

We must be unified at home and independent abroad.

John Adams becomes the second president 1797John Adams becomes the second president 1797

He’s a federalist, from Massachusetts

The ‘Quasi-war’ with France (1798-1800)

“undeclared” war with France

Have Mr. Githler arrested.

Sectionalism Placing the interests of your own region ahead of the interests of the nation as a whole

1860

1990

Nullification is a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional.

Thomas Jefferson becomes president - 1801

Jefferson simplified the presidency, tried to shrink the government and expanded the size of the country

About Sally Hemings - YouTube

Loose construction of the Constitution

Strict construction of the Constitution

Literal (or strict) interpretation of the language in the Constitution.

Broad (or loose) interpretation of the language of the Constitution, especially the ‘elastic clause’

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. MadisonThe Supreme Court rules that it has the power to abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional (known as ‘judicial review’)

Louisiana purchase

I must find a way to buy that land from Napoleon…

So much for “strict construction”…So much for “strict construction”…

Lewis and clark

War of 1812 Grievances against Britain - Impressment of U.S. sailors

Interference with Indian uprisings

Seizing American ships

Tecumseh

War of 1812 Quotes “We have met the enemy and they are ours”

“Don’t give up the ship”

The Star Spangled Banner

“Old Hickory” (Andrew Jackson)

This is The War of 1812 - YouTube

Newfield

The British burn the White HouseThe British burn the White House

James MadisonJames MadisonA war with England seemed like a good idea at the time…

War of 1812

Results of the warResults of the warConfirmed American independenceConfirmed American independence

Strengthened nationalism/our national identityStrengthened nationalism/our national identity

New heroesNew heroes

A military drawA military draw

The Watkins and Flint Purchase

Newfield

After the Revolutionary War, was a period of lively land speculation in western New York. In 1794, John Watkins and Royal Flint became land agents, and received from New York State a patent for land south of the Military Tract which had been set aside for use as payment to Revolutionary War soldiers. The patent consisted of 336,000 acres in twelve townships, at $.40 an acre, and included the area that is now Newfield. What would later become Newfield village was part of the Thomas Livingston purchase from Watkins-Flint.

Land in the area typically sold for $3.00 to $4.00 an acre, paid in equal installments over a number (usually four) of years. The deed would not be recorded until the price was paid in full. In those early years, cash was hard to come by and the economy was based on barter. Very often, the purchaser would fail to make his payments and would forfeit the money already paid and title to the land would revert to the seller. In fact, only one such sale was officially recorded before 1822.

Newfield in 1815 – population about 1000

The first settler was James Thomas in Poney Hollow in about 1800.

About the same time, though they remained residents of Ithaca, the Dean family settled what is now the West Branch of Cayuga Inlet, and were founders of the present village on the site of an Indian village named “Three Springs” (near the corner of Main Street and Shaffer Road). The Deans were investors from Ithaca, and their settlement was called “Florence”.

A mill was constructed behind where the town hall is presently located, and another mill at the intersection of Mill Street and Depot Road.

In the first decade, a saw mill (1809) and then a grist mill (1811) were erected along the stream. The walls that can be seen today behind the town hall were from mills that were constructed somewhat later – probably around 1830. There was also a hotel and tavern operated by Jeremiah Hall. There was no bridge until 1812 and the roads were little better than improved Indian trails. As a result, agricultural activity in the township was mostly subsistence farming. Generally, settlers at the lower altitudes had better land and a longer growing season than those in the hills. There was no easy way at that time to transport products (or people) to other places.

Life was quite different in those early years. Mail was carried between Ithaca and Elmira once a week on horseback, weather permitting. Most of the structures were made of logs. Perhaps the biggest threats to livestock were the numerous wolves. Bears and rattlesnakes were common, too. There was a log schoolhouse, but no churches, and residents had to rely on infrequent visits by circuit preachers.

Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson

Likes a strong central government

Distrusts the ‘mob’

Favors development of business, manufacturing and shipping

Republic led by well-educated elite

Distrusts a strong government, and the rich

Supports the ‘plain people’

Favors a society of farmer-citizens