Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

Computers and Composition 27 (2010) 4–14

The Design of Web 2.0: The Rise of the Template, The Fall of Design

Kristin L. Arola

Abstract

In a time when Web 2.0 technologies dominate web experiences, and when the media by and large sings the praises of thepersonal empowerment afforded by such technologies, it is important to bring a critical lens to the design of Web 2.0. Althoughthere are many empowering and engaging features of user-driven content, this article explores the downside to template-drivendesign. Through tracing the decline of homepage web authoring (where users had control of visual design choices) alongside therise of social networking sites (where users have little to no control over the visual design of their representation), I call for a renewedattention to the rhetoric of design.© 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Interface; Design template; Screen design; Web design; Visual rhetoric; Web 2.0; Social networking; Identity

1. Introduction

My web developer husband calls me technologically stubborn. In 1998, I proudly showed him my very first home-page, composed dutifully in Netscape Composer. The following weekend I found myself on an all-but-mandatorydate in the computer lab, where he very patiently taught me Photoshop and HTML. “But it works in Composer!” Istubbornly whined, yet after a few hours creating designs and carefully laying them out in tables, I was hooked. I feltpowerful creating my own designs, and for the first time ever I felt technologically literate.

Six years after our HTML date, he again dragged me kicking and screaming to the world of web standards. “Buttables work just fine!” I pouted, clinging to my Photoshop slice tool and mess of <td> tags. He handed me a copy ofJeffrey Zeldman’s (2003) Designing with Web Standards, and after a resistant reading I realized he was right—if I wasto do any service to my web design students, I needed to learn (X)HTML and CSS. Again, very patiently, my husbandtaught me how to relearn web design. This relearning was far more challenging than the move from a web editor tocode in large part because, for me, the split between form (the design, what the CSS manages) and content (the wordsand images, what the HTML manages) was antithetical to the way I conceptualized web design.

In Web 2.0 this split is a forgone conclusion. While I have relearned web design in order to conform to standards,and while I understand the reasons for the change, I am still troubled by Web 2.0’s tendency to render form standardizedand invisible. It is my intention, then, to encourage those of us using and teaching in the spaces of Web 2.0 to rethinkthe ways in which we might bring design to a discursive level, for while we might be losing the means of production,this should not keep us from questioning and embracing design’s potential. Through describing the rhetorical functionsof interface design—particularly MySpace and Facebook—this paper argues that, in a Web 2.0 world, compositionteachers need to engage, along with our students, the work of design.

E-mail address: arola@wsu.edu.

8755-4615/$ – see front matter © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.compcom.2009.11.004

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2. Seamless technology: The death of the homepage

Digitally speaking, I came of age in an era—the mid-to-late 1990s—where those studying digital technologieswere also designing and coding their own homepages. Additionally, computers and composition scholars in particularpaid close attention to the connections between writing and coding. Consider, for example, the 1999 special issue ofComputers and Composition, “From Codex to Code: Programming and the Composition Classroom,” which calledattention to these connections, for as editors Ron Fortune and Jim Kalmbach noted, “New methods of softwareconstruction will bring with them new ways of writing applications and, as this happens, questions regarding therelationship between the processes involved in this kind of writing and traditional writing will become more persistent”(p. 324). In the same issue, Joel Haefner (1999) argued, “English instructors in computer-supported classrooms needto know something about the context and the neuromancers of the code” (p. 337). Although these claims remaintheoretically important, it seems fewer and fewer English instructors know how to code, much less how to writeapplications. Our students are no different.

In thinking over the vast changes Web 2.0 has ushered forward (or, perhaps, that we have ushered forward throughWeb 2.0), I decided to ask a classroom of thirty-five 18- to 22-year-old Rhetoric and Professional Writing majors thequestion, “Who owns a homepage?” The silence was deafening. It was as though I had asked, “who uses a typewriterto compose their essays?” or “who calls their parents on a rotary-phone land line?”

In spite of this deafening silence, the lack of homepages in no way indicates, as we all know, a lack of internetusage or web presence. For students of the Net Generation (loosely those born between 1982-2000), Web 2.0 is woveninto the fabric of their lives. Reynol Junco and Jeanna Mastrodicasa (2007) surveyed 7,705 college students in theUnited States and found that for most of our students, computer technology is a given: 97% own a computer, 97%have downloaded music and other media using peer-to-peer file sharing, and 76% use instant messaging and socialnetworking sites. Their lives don’t start and stop on or offline; instead, their lives are woven throughout—the transitionbetween the two is seamless.

Most of our large-scale learning goals acknowledge the prevalence of online technologies in our students’ lives(see, for example, the CCCC (2004) Position Statements on Teaching, Learning, and Assessing Writing in DigitalEnvironments, the CCCC (2007) Position Statement on the Multiple Uses of Writing, or the NCTE (2008) PolicyResearch Brief on Writing in a Changing World). But it is important to keep in mind that just because technology isseamlessly woven into their lives does not mean that they are technologically savvy. As one student smartly analogizedto me, “Just because I can drive a car doesn’t mean I can fix one.” The more seamless and invisible the technologybecomes, the less we tend to know about how it works. As our students’ lives become more seamlessly enmeshed withthe Internet, the less they know about web development.

Though in 1999 Alan Rea and Doug White claimed, “Sooner or later most Web users want to become Web writers”(1999, p. 421), today being a Web writer does not mean creating a homepage, and it certainly doesn’t mean understandinghow servers, the Internet, (X)HTML, and CSS work. Trace the decline of once-popular web hosting services such asAngelfire and Geocities alongside the rise of social networking sites such as Facebook and MySpace1 and it becomesclear—for our students, the homepage has gone the way of the landline.

3. The rise of social networking and “the post”

Social networking, loosely defined as an online service allowing users to create an online profile and build com-munities, by no means comprises all of what is Web 2.0. It is, however, its largest manifestation. Social networkingembodies some key components of Web 2.0: the Web as platform, the Web as participation, and the Web as collabora-tion. Popular media has heralded Web 2.0 as a movement that empowers citizens to make themselves seen and heardin online spaces. Acknowledging this democratizing potential of Web 2.0, Time named its 2006 Person of the Year“you.” Meanwhile, in an April 2006 cover story, Newsweek writers Steven Levy and Brad Stone described Web 2.0

1 In June 1997, GeoCities was the fifth most popular site on the Web (Wikipedia). By December 2008, GeoCities didn’t even rank in the top-100 (Alexa, 2008). GeoCities’ sharpest decline was seen between January 2005 and August 2006, when its market share fell from 0.25% of “allcategories” based on visits to 0.10%. During those same twenty months, MySpace’s market share rose from 0.40% to 4.88% (Madden & Fox,2006). A Google Trends search of “MySpace” or “Facebook” in contrast with “GeoCities,” “Web Hosting,” or “Domain Name” shows inverselyproportional traffic—as social networking rises, the homepage falls.

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as a movement that harnesses “the Internet’s ability to empower citizens” (para. 2). This empowerment in large partcomes from the way in which Web 2.0 treats the Web—as Tim O’Reilly and John Battelle argued at the first Web 2.0Conference in 2004—as platform. Web users who want an online presence do not need to code a web site or even usea WYSIWYG program; instead, the “web as platform” allows them to post a profile to MySpace or Facebook, or posta blog in LiveJournal or Blogger, or post their pictures in Flickr.

For the majority of Net Generation users, “the post” has replaced “web authoring.” Users post within preformattedtemplates designed by the site’s creators. In the late 1990 s, creating a web page through either hand coding or aWYSIWYG program necessarily included choices of how and if to incorporate graphics, colors, fonts, sounds, andhyperlinks. Today, our students still choose photographs, words, sounds, and hyperlinks (clearly all rhetorical choices),but they choose colors, fonts, and shapes less and less. Instead, the platform, or more specifically the design template,is chosen for them. Those of us engaged with digital rhetoric continue to acknowledge the need to allow students to, inRea and White’s terms, “experiment with new forms of writing,” (p. 421) but we need to acknowledge and engage withthe fact that new forms of writing in Web 2.0 often exclude design insofar as design is, as I define it, the purposefulchoice and arrangement of page elements. Though our students may choose a template in Blogger, Bebo, or MySpacewith preformatted colors, fonts, and shapes, they rarely have the opportunity to create these choices for themselves.

4. The shape of Web 2.0: Form/content

In some ways, my (X)HTML and CSS date with my husband prepared me for a new world of web developmentwhere form and content are treated separately. In my case, however, I was learning how to control both the form andthe content. In spite of being coded in separate files, the form and content found their way together again, and I mademy own rhetorical choices as to how this melding would appear. What my (X)HTML and CSS date did not prepareme for was the onslaught and impact of the web-as-platform, where the only thing most users have control over isthe content—content in this case being the words, photos, hyperlinks, videos, and sounds. Dave Clark (2008) arguedthat, though this separation allows for a “rapid reuse and repurposing of content,” it also tends to make design scholarsuneasy:

Design scholars both within and outside of our field have long argued for a whole document approach, in whichcontent and presentation must be designed simultaneously to be rhetorically effective. Design should be thoughtof not as a look and feel imposed on top of content but as a rhetorical melding of form and function. (p. 36)

Theoretically, the form/content separation is problematic in that form is implied as not content. Anne FrancesWysocki (2001) has repeatedly argued against a form/content split, noting that, although our handbooks and textbookstend to “assume content is separate from form, writing from the visual, information from design, word from image”(p. 138), in practice it is not possible to make such a clear distinction between “design and information” (p. 160).

The last decade has seen a rise in visual rhetorical theory and practice amongst compositionists. Consider, forexample, the rise of composition textbooks focusing on visual rhetoric (Faigley, George, Palchik, & Selfe, 2004;McQuade & McQuade, 2006; Ruszkiewicz, Anderson, & Friend, 2006) and Diana George’s (2002) frequently citedargument that “[f]or students who have grown up in a technology-saturated and an image-rich culture, questions ofcommunication and composition absolutely will include the visual, not as attendant to the verbal but as complexcommunication intricately related to the world around them” (p. 32). I think it is safe to say compositionists valuevisual communication; moreover, we acknowledge as the New London Group did in 1996 that “literacy pedagogy nowmust account for the burgeoning variety of text forms associated with information and multimedia technologies” (p.61).

The move toward multimodal composition has worked to undo the word/image split and encouraged a pedagogythat engages with the rhetorical impact of not just words, but images, design, and sound. In spite of what seems to bepedagogical attention toward modes beyond the alphabetic, we need to acknowledge that in practice Net Generationstudents, as well as ourselves, are discouraged in Web 2.0 from creating designs. We are certainly posting information,but this information has become “content” placed in a “form” beyond the user’s control. I worry that unless we,along with our students, engage in analysis and discussions of online design, in the absence of creating designs—ouralienation from “form” or “presentation”—we will further render the template invisible. If we are really to do the newwork of composing, that which Kathleen Blake Yancey in her 2004 CCCC Chair’s Address argued “includes rhetoricand is about literacy [and] includes the literacy of print: it adds on to it and brings the notions of practice and activity

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and circulation and media and screen and networking to our conceptions of process” (p. 320), then we must (re)engageourselves and our students with the rhetoric of the interface and thus the rhetoric of design.

5. Interface matters

The interface of any software, web, or operating system is a designed space. Interface designers purposefully choosegraphical elements, fonts, colors, shapes, and sounds. In the early-mid 1990s, computers and composition scholarsbrought the rhetoric of software and interface design to the attention of English Studies. Cynthia L. Selfe and RichardJ. Selfe (1994) famously examined the Macintosh operating system, arguing for an understanding of the interface as a“linguistic contact zone” (p. 494). Selfe and Selfe encouraged readers to see the interface as a map that “is orientatedsimultaneously along the axes of class, race, and cultural privilege [and] aligned with the values of rationality, hierarchy,and logocentrism characteristic of Western patriarchal cultures” (p. 491). Such arguments helped many of us teachingwith and about composing technologies to question and rethink the power of software and operating system interfaces.

Anne Frances Wysocki and Julia I. Jasken (2004) look back to such arguments alongside textbook and handbookdesign instruction in order to explore the importance of understanding “interfaces as rhetorical” (p. 33). In spite of thefact that scholars have argued for such a recognition, textbooks and handbooks tend to ignore the rhetorical functionof design. Though textbooks and handbooks often describe “good” interface design as invisible, in that it shouldn’timpede the user from performing tasks, this does not mean, as Wysocki, Jasken, and others before them argued, thatit is absent of ideology. Wysocki and Jasken point to Paul LeBlanc (1990) and Paul Taylor (1992) as scholars whorecognized the rhetoric of design. In exploring how software functions within ideologies, LeBlanc (1990) arguedthat “software programs are not neutral” (p. 8), and he encouraged teachers to “take care that the [computer-assistedcomposition] tools both our students and we will use do not possess an ideological foundation we would prefer to keepout of our classrooms” (p. 11). Similarly, Taylor (1992) argued that computer programs “manage the user’s actions byestablishing possible and recommended actions” (p. 45).

Wysocki and Jasken, in embracing the rhetoric of the interface, encouraged “instruction that helps students attaina broad and mindful view of interfaces” as opposed to instruction that views interfaces as arhetorical and emphasizes“the values of efficiency, easy of use, and transparence over other possible human activities and relations” (p. 38).In a Web 2.0 world where design remains primarily beyond a user’s control, the interface seemingly functions in anarhetorical way; an interface that allows an easy post is a success. Yet, as we know, interfaces do rhetorical work. Ifwe are to critically engage with the rhetoric of the interface and critically engage with Web 2.0, we must pay attentionto how Web 2.0 interfaces are shaping our interactions and ourselves.

The loss of design agency witnessed in Web 2.0 is troubling in two ways. First, by not producing our own onlinedesigns, we have little control over a large part of our representation. Even when we can choose a template2, somethingsites like Blogger and Bebo encourage, we are not producing the design ourselves. Having a choice of design isclearly more empowering than having no choice, yet users remain limited to the predetermined options. Because ofthe form/content split and the ways in which CSS and (X)HTML function alongside the databases underlying mostWeb 2.0 sites, the overall design layout tends to remain the same; the colors and fonts tend to be the only elements thatchange.

Second, composing texts, more specifically making choices about the composition of a page or screen, helpsindividuals think through the ways in which design functions to make meaning and produce selves. As Mary E. Hocks(2003) writes, “[T]hrough designing digital documents and then testing to determine how people see and read them,our students develop an awareness of themselves as active producers of knowledge in their discipline or professionand as agents in the world around them” (p. 205). I worry that the loss of design production in Web 2.0 might leadto less critical consciousness not only about the meaning design conveys but also the ways in which that meaning is

2 I want to be clear that Web 2.0 significantly blurs any distinction between interface and template. Consider, for example, the web site Blogger. Ablog author engages with an interface in order to post content to his or her blog. This content is then presented in the design template chosen by theuser. This “final” product, the blog content in the blog template, is still an interface in that audience members can engage with the design in orderto post comments, hence changing the shape of the text. There never really is a “final” product posted in a static template; instead, the template isthe interface. I use “interface” to describe the page in action—that is, when an author or audience member sees the text as something to alter oradd to. In contrast, I use “template” to describe the design as a static product, realizing that this moment is brief and inextricably linked back to theinterface.

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enmeshed with the world around us. Gunther Kress and Theo VanLeeuwen (1996) argue, “images of whatever kind[are] entirely within the realm of ideology, as means—always—for the emergence of ideological positions” (p. 12). IfWeb 2.0 takes design away from us, then we need to find a way to reengage it.

6. The design of social networking

Before offering some suggestions to help us, along with our students, reengage with the rhetoric of design, I want toprovide an example of how template-driven design shapes meaning. In order to illustrate the “interface as rhetorical”(Wysocki & Jasken, 2004, p. 33), I examine the design of my own MySpace and Facebook profiles. Although this is alimited example in that it comes from a particular genre within Web 2.0—that of social networking—I use it to bringto light the ways in which Web 2.0 templates shape understanding.

The act of posting a social networking profile allows, in danah boyd’s words, users to “write themselves and theircommunity into being” (2007, p. 2). Though boyd speaks specifically about teenagers, no matter the user’s age, the actof composing a profile is an act of composing the self. In the spaces of social networking, people organize themselvesaccording to a range of identifiers, including religious affiliations, clubs, alma maters, workplaces, and hometowns.These networks are created by befriending others and becoming part of specified groups. But, none of this wouldhappen if a user didn’t first create a profile.

Profiles are constructed in social networking sites by simply filling out a series of online forms. The contentposted in these forms—including uploaded photos and information about the user—is then displayed within a pre-defined template. Although Facebook and MySpace profiles serve similar purposes, that is, as a representation ofthe individual—what boyd calls “a form of individual home page” (p. 6)—the interface of each site encourages verydifferent readings.

6.1. The design of Facebook: The self as relational

A Facebook profile (Fig. 1) includes the user’s uploaded picture in the upper-left hand corner and general informationbelow (Networks, Relationships Status, and Birthday). Yet, the largest visual territory on the profile is given to theWall—a report that shows all user activity on a given day. For example, as I write this paper and view my profile,it shows that at 2:12pm today I updated my status to “Kristin is in her office on a Saturday. Whine,” below which itlists the comments people have made on this status; for example, a former student says, “I hope someday I can whineabout having to be in my office on Saturday (right now it’s a given).” Following the status update comments, it liststhat at 10:43am I wrote on another user’s Wall. Scrolling down reveals previous days’ activities. The Wall lists notonly actions I have taken but also lists actions others have taken in regards to me—for example, photos people havecommented on, images I have been tagged in, or Wall posts from my friends.

Although the design of a Facebook profile is visually dominated by the Wall, given that users tend to read left-to-rightand top-to-bottom, the profile picture will most likely be the first place the eyes go. The profile is read in part by imageand in part by the actions the user has taken, as well as the actions others have taken in relation to the user. Although onecan click on the tabs next to the Wall in order to see other areas of content (“Info” includes general information aboutthe user, “Photos” includes photos the user has uploaded, and “Boxes” includes applications the user has added), theFacebook template encourages an understanding of ourselves and each other through the image we choose of ourselvesalong with the actions we take and the actions of others—those we befriend, those who comment on our photos, poston our walls, and comment on our status. This construction is even more prevalent in the Home view.

When a user logs into Facebook, he or she sees an interface similar to the profile. Instead of only seeing one’s ownactions, however, he or she sees a News Feed that reports all friends’ actions. In the Home view (which only the usercan see) the profile picture is significantly smaller and the News Feed takes up a huge portion of the page. The visualdominance of the News Feed suggests its importance, and because it is so much larger than any other section of thepage, it encourages us to understand others through their actions in Facebook. It also encourages us to understandourselves in relation to the actions of others. In the case of both the profile view and the home view, the design templateencourages an understanding of self and others in part through our image and in large part through actions taken withinthe space of Facebook.

Facebook does not offer any means of changing its interface. For example, one cannot interchange the location ofthe Wall and the profile picture, nor can one get rid of the Wall view altogether and replace it with a YouTube video,

K.L. Arola / Computers and Composition 27 (2010) 4–14 9

Fig. 1. Facebook Profile.

nor can one change the grey boxes of status comments into pink circles (should one want to make such changes). Userscan adjust their Facebook settings in order to control what stories are published on the Wall and in the News Feed, butthe design of the template remains the same. The elements remain in place, the background is always white, the mainnavigation bar is always blue, and the text is always a sans-serif font. Because it remains static and is the same forevery user, the interface fades to the background and users are encouraged to enact and understand identities throughinteraction with others, not through a tightly controlled representation. You are what you post and what others postabout you.

6.2. The design of MySpace: Self-determined representations

In contrast to Facebook, the default MySpace profile (Fig. 2) produces a design template that encourages a muchdifferent reading. Similar to Facebook, the picture is in the top left and serves as an initial visual identifier. UnlikeFacebook, however, the template displays content posted solely by the user. The right-hand side of the page includes aBlurb section in which users can describe “About me” and “Who I’d like to meet.” Underneath the Blurbs are avatars ofthe user’s top friends (one can change who appears in this section). The left-hand side of the page includes informationon how to contact the user, underneath which is a section listing the user’s interests. Facebook’s design template,because it gives visual importance to the Wall and the News Feed, encourages an understanding of the user throughtheir actions and relations with others; in contrast, MySpace’s default template encourages an understanding of theuser through self-determined content. Many users choose not to post alphabetic content, like I have done, but insteadpost images, videos, or sound files. In either case, users choose content and thus are read in a more intentional manner.MySpace includes a Comments section where friends can post comments to and about the user, yet this space is locatedbeneath Top Friends—in order to see it, the user has to scroll down. Unlike Facebook’s Wall, which begins above thefold, MySpace’s Comments is located below the fold and thus does not create an immediate visual impact.

Like Facebook, MySpace includes both the profile page and a Home view. The Home interface, like all of MySpace,is heavily laden with advertising. The upper-left hand box of the Home interface includes the user’s photo and direct

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Fig. 2. MySpace Profile.

links to forms for updating profile content. Below are different options for adding applications, updating mood, andchecking mail. The right-hand side of the page is dominated by advertising, but also includes a section called FriendUpdates. This section functions similarly to the Facebook News Feed and was added to MySpace after the rise inFacebook’s popularity. Similar to the MySpace profile comments, Friend Updates lie below the fold; therefore, toview it one has to scroll down. The Home view places visual emphasis on advertisements and links to update theprofile; therefore, though a user might understand her identity and relationships through the actions of others (theFriend Updates section), the interface strongly encourages not only a consumer identity but also one where postingnew profile content is valued.

6.3. Social networking sites: The powers and limitations of choice

The default designs of Facebook and MySpace employ different design strategies resulting in different understand-ings of self, yet MySpace, in what might seem a dramatic possibility for design agency, allows users to modify theprofile template. Originally this was not an intentional act by MySpace. Early on, users found a loophole that allowedthem to modify the code (boyd, 2007). This loophole prompted an influx of template-generating sites that function toassist those unable to tweak the code themselves. A Google search for “MySpace templates” returns hundreds of sites,all offering assistance with template tweaking. These sites display a range of design templates and provide instructionson how to embed code in order to employ the template of your choice. For example, I went to the site Pyzam, chosea template I found appealing, pasted the code into my “Edit Profile” section (as per the instructions on Pyzam), andvoila—I changed the default template (Fig. 2) to a new design (Fig. 3).

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Fig. 3. Modified MySpace Profile.

At first glance, the ability to modify the template might seem a powerful tool for controlling modes of self-representation. Yet, the differences between Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 are not as stark as they might seem at first glance. Thefonts, background, and colors have all changed, but the page components retain the same arrangement and shape. Forexample, the default design (Fig. 2) includes a white background whereas the modified version (Fig. 3) includes aswirled hot pink and brown background—yet the rectangles around each element and the location of the elementsremain the same. Undoubtedly, the new design impacts how my profile is read, yet because there is no change in thevisual importance given to the various components of the page, it is likely that much understanding will remain thesame. I might now be read as whimsical and energetic, but I am still read as someone identified by my picture, myposted information, and my top friends. I did choose this particular design over others, but it is not a design of my ownmaking—I chose within a limited set of options.

Template choices have recently made their way from template-tweaking sites to MySpace itself. In response to thefrequency of template tweaking, as well as the fact that Bebo—another social-networking site—includes hundreds ofdesign templates, in late 2008 MySpace added a function that allows users to choose a design template from within itswalls. As I write this piece, there are only a handful of template choices, one-fifth of which advertise an upcoming movieor video game release (again, reinforcing a consumer identity). Still, this move towards including design templateswithin the confines of MySpace enables users to choose a profile through the click of a button—they no longer evenhave to read directions on embedding code.

When users participate with MySpace or Facebook, they agree to participate in a space that shapes one’s identityand one’s sense of others in particular ways. The design template is in no way the only means of shaping identity insocial networking, as the posted words, images, links, videos, and actions one takes play a huge role in how one is read.

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Undoubtedly, there is a rhetoric of the post. Yet, as illustrated above, the template encourages particular understandingsof the self and of others. Using a MySpace template generator will modify how one is read (for example, as moreplayful, serious, masculine, artistic, edgy, etc.), but in large part the MySpace user is still constructed as an autonomousindividual who shapes and controls one’s own representation through pre-determined content (the Interests and Blurbs)and whose relation to others, though important, lies below the fold. In contrast, a user within Facebook is shaped as anode within a network of meaning, a network that continually shifts in accordance with one’s actions and the actionsof others. The design of the space shapes understanding.

7. Bringing design back

If the template is a designed rhetorical space, if Web 2.0 encourages the split between content (the post) and form(the template), and if the form is controlled not by the user but by the company behind the site (or the designerbehind the template), then how do we empower our Net Generation students when it comes to design? It is highlyunlikely that Web 2.0 is going to change its form/content split, yet it behooves us to cast a suspicious eye on thelibratory narrative of Web 2.0 espoused by popular media (consider the aforementioned Time and Newsweek arti-cles). Additionally, consider programmer and essayist Paul Graham’s claim that one of the most powerful effects ofWeb 2.0 “is democracy. . . .On the web, people can publish whatever they want” (2005, Graham). Similarly, tech-nology consultant Harold Jarache (2007) suggested, “Social media on the web (blogs, wikis, podcasts, videos) havegiven the 1 billion connected people on the planet the basic tools of production in a knowledge economy”. Yet, fill-ing out forms and uploading content, while rhetorical in its own way, leaves design behind. As Amazon.com CEOJeff Bezos has argued, “Web 2.0. . .is about making the Internet useful for computers” (as cited in MacManus &Porter, 2005). In this view, Web 2.0 is not about democracy or shared knowledge: it’s about making technology moreefficient.

As we plod through the template-driven path of Web 2.0, consider Yancey’s caution:If we continue to partition [technology] off as just something technical, or outside the parameters governing com-

posing, or limit it to the screen of the course management system, or think of it in terms of the bells and whistlesand templates of the PowerPoint screen, students in our classes learn only to fill up those templates and fill in thoseelectric boxes—which, in their ability to invite intellectual work, are the moral equivalent of the dots on a multi-ple choice test. Students will not compose and create, making use of all the means of persuasion and all the possibleresources thereto; rather, they will complete someone else’s software package: they will be the invention of that package.(2004, p. 320)

If we don’t want our students to become the invention of the template, what do we do? Realistically, we are not goingto change the ubiquity of template-driven design, but we can change the shape of our students’ discursive consciousnessand rhetorical awareness. One avenue is to analyze the interfaces of Web 2.0. Teachers can ask students how Facebookwould be different if there were no user profile pictures, or if the rectangular listing of the News Feed was replacedby pink thought bubbles, or if one’s status appeared vertically instead of horizontally and could only be displayedthrough the use of animated emotive stick figures. Such interrogations help students see how the design of everyelement impacts the overall effect. In particular, making seemingly ludicrous suggestions (for example, what if everyelement on Facebook appeared in concentric circles) helps interrogate the ways in which seemingly neutral or invisibleinterfaces shape our understanding and use of the space. It can be particularly rewarding to perform this assignmentwith interfaces already in use. For example, if students are using a university-sponsored course-management softwaretool, ask them to analyze how the interface encourages them to post, engage, learn, and behave as a student in aparticular class and at a particular university.

In addition to such analysis, experimenting with design can be productive. Teachers can ask students to redesignan interface—either in an image-editing software program or with crayons and paper—for a different purpose or adifferent audience. For example, ask students to “design a MySpace interface for your Grandmother,” or “design aMySpace interface that encourages you to meet people with whom you share similar musical tastes.” Such promptsget students producing their own designs and help them enact visual rhetorical choices. Along with such assignments,I include a written or oral justification in which they articulate the rationale behind their choices. To describe thisrationale, however, they need a shared language.

A number of textbooks and handbooks provide visual terminology, but I have found that creating the terminologywithin the classroom invests students in the process and also allows for a discussion of the rhetoric of terminology.

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To create a shared terminology, I ask students to analyze a shared text and list every design strategy they notice3.We then share these strategies and work to come to a consensus on the language that will best describe the rhetoricalchoice. This list of terms and their definitions can become a class text that can be updated as the semester progresses.Performing analysis, producing redesigns, and generating and using terminology helps students engage with the powerof the template.

In an era when Web 2.0 technologies dominate our web experiences, and when the media by and large singsthe praises of the personal empowerment afforded by Web 2.0 technologies, it is important for those of us teachingcomposition to bring a critical lens to the design of Web 2.0. Although there are many empowering and engagingfeatures of user-driven content, we need to interrogate the form/content split embraced by Web 2.0. In a 2004 keynoteaddress at the Online News Associate Conference, Associated Press CEO Tom Curley (2004) claimed that Web 2.0had “begun to unlock content from any vessel we try to put it in.” The belief that design is simply a “vessel” or a“container,” and that content is the real meat of the Web, threatens to make the effects of design invisible. Those ofus committed to engaging with modes of meaning beyond the alphabetic need to work to bring design to a discursivelevel so that we, along with our students, become attuned to the ways in which design encourages users to participatein online spaces. If we are to enact a meaningful multimodal pedagogy, then we need to make design visible.

Kristin Arola is an Assistant Professor of Rhetoric, Composition and Technology at Washington State University. She teaches courses in design,multimedia authoring, and rhetoric for the Digital Technology and Culture program and the Rhetoric and Professional Writing major. Her researchexplores the available means of representation encouraged and enacted within digital spaces. She is currently exploring how such issues play outfor those of mixedblood American Indian descent.

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3 This particular assignment comes courtesy of Paul Muhlhauser.

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