The Crusades

Before 1100 AD. Europe’s economic conditions was based on Agriculture Warfare Government (decentralized) Feudalism

From 1051-1270 AD we have a change Now a central Government Larger crops (New technology-feed the

armies) Growth of Population A change in the Church’s power over the

people

And this is the topic for the day

Jerusalem- is a holy city for 3 religions

Jews—site of the ancient temple built by Solomon

Christians– Jesus was crucified and resurrected

Muslims– Muhammad ascended to heaven from here

In the 600 AD. Jerusalem and Palestine fell to Arab Invaders

These invaders mostly Muslims tolerated other religions

In late 1000’s AD. The SELJUK TURKS took control of the city and closed it to Jews and Christians—The also threatened to attack the Byzantine Empire especially the City of Constantinople

In 1095 AD. The Pope Urban II asked for an army to expel the Seljuk Muslims from Jerusalem

When now that time was at hand which the Lord Jesus daily points out to His faithful, especially in the Gospel, saying, "If any man would come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me," a mighty agitation was carried on throughout all the region of Gaul. (Its tenor was) that if anyone desired to follow the Lord zealously, with a pure heart and mind, and wished faithfully to bear the cross after Him, he would no longer hesitate to take up the way to the Holy Sepulchre.

And so Urban, Pope of the Roman see, with his archbishops, bishops, abbots, and priests, set out as quickly as possible beyond the mountains and began to deliver sermons and to preach eloquently, saying: "Whoever wishes to save his soul should not hesitate humbly to take up the way of the Lord, and if he lacks sufficient money, divine mercy will give him enough." Then the apostolic lord continued, "Brethren, we ought to endure much suffering for the name of Christ - misery, poverty, nakedness, persecution, want, illness, hunger, thirst, and other (ills) of this kind, just as the Lord saith to His disciples: 'Ye must suffer much in My name,' and 'Be not ashamed to confess Me before the faces of men; verily I will give you mouth and wisdom,' and finally, 'Great is your reward in Heaven."' And when this speech had already begun to be noised abroad, little by little, through all the regions and countries of Gaul, the Franks, upon hearing such reports, forthwith caused crosses to be sewed on their right shoulders, saying that they followed with one accord the footsteps of Christ, by which they had been redeemed from the hand of hell.

If I was a peasant why would I join the army? Freedom from Feudalism

Knights—chance to fight, wealth and adventure

All were promised immediate salvation in heaven if they were killed

Red crosses of cloth were stitched onto clothing as a symbol of service to God

Atmosphere at this time A hatred of Muslims A hatred of Jews as well Anyone who wasn’t a Christian was hated,

therefore on their way down to Jerusalem the Crusades killed many Jews along the way

1096 AD begins the 1st Crusades

French, English, Spain, Germany (FEGS) All quarreled along the

way 1099 reach Jerusalem

In 2 months the city fell by siege Surround and don’t let

anything in or out. Mostly Muslims and Jews

were killed.

Many Crusader stayed and set-up feudalistic type societies in Syria and Palestine

This is one major factor that ended the cultural isolation of western Europe

In 1144 Muslims scored a victory at Edessa

Papacy proclaims a 2nd Crusade in 1145

King of France Louis VII and Conrad III (HRE) set out in 1147

Germans left first, French a Month later

Germans ambushed—most killed--Anatolia

French also suffered serious casualties along the way

Reached Jerusalem by 1148

Failed in attack upon Damascus and returned to Europe

RIGHTEOUSNESS OF FAITH

Failure of 2nd Crusade allowed Muslim powers to regroup under Saladin

Muslim state extended from Libyan desert to the Tigris Valley

Crusaders states are surrounded on 3 fronts

Kings Crusade 1189 Pope Gregory

VIII proclaims a 3rd Crusade

Widespread support

Frederick I (German HRE)

Philip II (France) Richard I (England)

Saladin-Muslim unification after 2nd CrusadeCaptured Jerusalem in 1187—Sparked 3rd CrusadeA Christian Blockade forced the surrender of Acre in 1191

An armistice was signed with Richard I in 1192Terms: Reestablishes a Christian State in Middle East without ceding JerusalemDoes allow Christian access to JerusalemAcre is found in Present-Day Israel—seaport near Haifa ( Christian Nation)

Warring against his father Henry II—was to become brother –in-law to Phillip II of FranceRichard and Phillip quarreled from the beginning of the 3rd CrusadesUpon capturing Acre, Richard executed 2700 POW’s (chopped the bodies up)Captured upon his return to England by Henry IV (HRE) (German) paid a heavy ransomCaptured by Duke Leopold of Austria

Duke Leopold went on crusadeLeft because Richard made fun of himCalled him “The Sponge” because of his drinkingRevenge Capture

English Nobles pay ransom because they do not like King John (bro of Richard). King John has been taxing, taking land , and imprisoning the nobles.

Richard makes peace with his brother John I, who has been conspiring in his absence with Phillip II of France

He was killed by an arrow in an insignificant skirmish (Charles of Aquitaine)A peasant found a small treasure—vassal claimed it---Richard claimed it over him—fighting breaks out—sieges the village—Richard shot from a bowman in the shoulder—infection---dies

One of the most powerful monarchs of the middle ages

Returned to France from the 3rd Crusade in 1191

Allied w/ Henry IV and John I vs. Richard I

Went to war Vs. John I—doubled land holdings

Established French superiority in Europe

German Leader

Holy Roman Emperor

Lead 3rd Crusade—Drowns in Asia Minor—German knights begin retreat---Many die of plague or are killed in attempt to return

Faced difficulty w/ the Pope (Alexander III) and the Lombard League in Italy—Lost at Legnano—preventing solidification of Empire in Italy

Other crusades followed, none successfully winning permanent Christian control of Palestine

4th Crusade was plagued by financial difficulties leading to the shameless plundering of Constantinople

1212– One of the most unusual Crusades was the Children’s Crusade

lacked official sanction—led by young French Sheppard Steven of Cloges—insidred by a vision

Marched to Paris to convince Phillip II to sponsor—sent them home

Led an unconventional Crusade—being pressured and excommunicated by Gregory IX (Pope) ventured into the Holy land in 1228

His Crusade was conducted almost entirely by diplomatic means

Negotiated w/Egyptian sultan Al-Kamil

Peace Treaty resulted in restoring Jerusalem to the Crusaders and guaranteeing 10 years of peaceful coexistence

Nevertheless Frederick was the object of revulsion and the Pope proclaimed a Crusade against his Italian possessions

1208—Pope Innocent’s Crusade vs. the Albigensians (France)

Never did bring them under control

Another large group of Crusaders depart from Cologne under the leadership of Nicholas---

Most Crusades disappeared without a trace

By 1291 Acre—Last Christian stronghold was lost to a Muslim invasion—all are slaughtered –Religious motivation forgotten

1.Bolstered commerce of Italian cities (Venice, Genoa)2.Generates interest in exploration of the orient3.Establishes trade markets of enduring importance4.Laid foundation for process of colonization5.Systems of direct taxation developed as financing measures6.Feudalism breaks down7.King power increases8.Classical texts brought to West from Byzantium9.Technology advances--diffusion

Increased agricultural production was significant sparked by new plow and horse harness as well as the 3 field system

This phenomenon resulted n tremendous population growth

Economic diversityTowns developed and trade expanded

Italian cities monopolized trade with the Mediterranean

Flanders (Northern France) became the trade center on Europe’s northern coast (region not a city)

Traded in textiles with European markets It shortly became a cultural center as well Elevated to a leading position in

European Civilization The commodities available became more

and more diverse—this was even more pronounced during a TRADE FAIR

Fairs—occasional meetings of buyers and sellers for the purpose of trade—Originally held in conjunction with a religious festival

The fairs at Champagne (France) were the most famous

Fairs sometimes were established for particular kinds of goods (cattle) others dealt in general merchandise

Some fairs involved LABOR EXCHANGES—domestic or agricultural servants hired themselves out for a year

At times pleasure fairs were held in conjunction with commercial fairs

Location was determined by access Feudal lords profited through—taxing sales

and licensing merchants

Champagne was centrally located in Europe

Its fairs lasted for more than a month European merchants found the BARTER

SYSTEM impractical, and soon required a common medium of exchange

The emergence of a MONEY Economy led to the need for a banking system

Were to provide money exchanges The Jews and Italians frequently worked as

money changers Banks soon came to develop methods for

transferring funds from one place to another Banks provided: receiving deposits,

providing loans The word bank comes from BANCA or BENCH

that money changers set up at Trade Fairs

Depended on location---near roads and waterways

They were protected from attack by fortification

Structures were wooden and subject to fire

Lack of sanitation was a problem--Disease

Also known as the “Black Death” 1348-1350

Buboes—swelling of the lymph glands Spread by rats infested with fleas Increased trade makes the epidemic

possible

Guilds designed to create monopoly of local markets for members

Monopoly? Why they are illegal Any legal monopolies? Why? Guilds restrict trading of foreigners in

their markets and fixed prices uniformly Craft guilds also oversee the work of

artisans Strict rules concerning prices, wages,

employment

Craft guilds controlled by masters—own shops and tools of the trade

Apprentices worked for masters without pay for a specified time

After a time became a paid journeyman Journeyman would submit a masterpiece to

the guild for evaluation—then became a master

Guilds did provide benefits—unemployment assistance, social activities, medical relief

Name for the evolving middle Class—Bourgeosie

Was derived from name for medieval town—burg

Initially a reference to all town dwellers It came to mean anyone who made

money through the money economy that was emerging

Merchants, bankers, artisans—not dependent on land to make money

As money economy became established, monarchs relied upon this tax base for support—thus their political influence grew as well

Feudal Lords vs. Middle Class The middle class wants autonomy (self-

rule) Monarchs support this why? Tax

Monarchs grant Independence—autonomy thru Charters—city can have autonomy but must understand that they are still part of a larger kingdom

Not emphasized in medieval society Illiteracy was the norm Education was controlled by the clergy—

provided monasteries and cathedral schools

As the demand for education increased with development of towns—Universities were formed

Universities—educators organized along the lines of a guild

Classes held in existing structures—churches—text are scarce

Many of the emerging universities were modeled after the law school in Bologna, Italy

Most providing legal or medical education Bologna—oldest in the world—Dante studied

here Curriculum at most universities included

Latin classics, Roman law, philosophy (Aristotle), Islamic sciences

Application of Aristotle's philosophy controversial

When incorporated with theological study— Scholasticism-- Emphasis upon reason as well as faith in

interpretation of Christian Doctrine Most important scholastic teacher—Taught

in Paris—Thomas Aquinas Greatest work: Summa Theologica—Reason

is a gift from God that should be applied

The emphasis upon education spurred publication of songs and epics in the Middle Ages

One of the earliest was Beowulf—handed down by oral tradition the Anglo-Saxon Epic—author unknown—Poet—written in 700AD

Mead hall—Danish king seeks help of an Anglo-Saxon Warrior vs. Grendel—Monster

French Epic: Songs of Roland—story of defense of Christianity by Charlemagne's knights

Troubadours—traveling poet musicians-create stories of love and heroic knights

Medieval literature was beginning to be written in vernacular instead of Latin

The use of vernacular makes literature more accessible to the public

Some of the most outstanding literature written in vernacular includes Dante Alighieri The Divine Comedy

Epic poem written in Italian—Afterlife journey from Heaven to Hell (trilogy)

Geoffrey Chaucer—The Canterbury Tales—English

Allegories--literary technique in which characters or events are representations of abstract concepts—emotions, vices, etc…

The development of Romanesque architecture

Combination of Roman and Byzantine features

Primarily found in Churches Chars: Thick walls, close

set columns, heavy curved arches, small windows

Begins in France Flying buttresses, stone, weight bearing

beams extending from the walls—allows walls to be thinner—large stain glass windows

Ceilings supported by pointed arches allowing for higher ceilings

1337 to 1453 England vs. France Causes: 1066—Hastings—William of

Normandy (NW France) invades and conquers England

His successors to the English throne see themselves as rulers of part of France as well

English control over French lands increase—Henry II marries Eleanor of Aquitaine (SW France)

English King has more influence in France than the French Kings

Tide turns with the reign of Philip II—many defeats over John I of England lead to French conquest of English territory in France

Rivalry between French and English monarchies reaches a head when French King (last Capetian ruler) dies without leaving a heir to the throne in 1328

Edward III of England (1312-1377) is grandson to Charles IV, The Fair of France

Edward claims right to the throneThe French successor-A greatNephew—quietly mobilizes hisForces in preparation for war(Philip VI)

The first major confrontation was at Crecy 1346, Aug. 26—English had 3,900 Knights,

11,000 archers, and 5,000 infantry French had: 12,000 Knights, 6,000 crossbow,

and 20,000 infantry French advantages: greater population,

wealth English advantages: popular & governmental

support and military leadership

Crecy-small village located in NE France (Flanders) French superiority in numbers was about 2:1

16 French charges More important was the advantage in

mounted knights but the English long bow made the French advantage negligible

Armor piercing capability made mounted knights far less significant

2 other weapons of importance to emerge at this time: pike (Braveheart) and a crude form of the canon

Gun powder?

The defeat at Crecy in conjunction with other disruptive factors in France Plague Peasant Revolt

Lead to a brief period of English domination

In 1415 at Agincourt the English once again triumphed over superior French numbers 4:1 (25,000 Fr. vs. 6,000 Eng.)

Henry V of England vs. Charles d’ Albret of France

Agincourt as very near Crecy—The victory was directed by English King Henry V

Once again longbow men are a key factor Heavily armored French caught in mud

after the rains

In 1420 Northern France to Henry VI of England

Southern France to Charles VII of France

The fortunes of the French will be reversed by the unlikely leadership of a young peasant girl.

In 1429, a mere teenager, she went to the French King (Charles, who had not yet been crowned) persuading him that she be allowed to command the troops

Her claim was that she had been ordained for this task by God—she experienced visions of Saints

Charles administered tests of her credibility and then conceded to her wishes

A decisive French victory at Orleans (Battle of Patay)

This was followed by other French victories

Joan was with Charles VII (1429) when he was crowned at Reims Cathedral

Physical destruction in France (where most of the War was fought)

Contributes to a spirit of unity in both countries

The collapse of feudalism was accelerated Firearms and long bow made importance

of mounted knights obsolete Monarchs replaced feudal knights with

hired national armies—funded by taxes from lower nobility and townspeople

Charles VII emerges from 100 Years War with a strong monarchy

Louis XI looks to further the power of the monarchy

Takes control of lands held by French nobility (Burgundy)

Charles wanted to restart the 100 Yrs. War and split France’s kingdom with English Edward IV…Edward takes a bribe from Louis XI of France and stops fighting

Charles the Bold (allied with Edward IV of England) ruler of Burgundy killed in battle with the Swiss (The Swiss were allied to France)

Northern half (Flanders) goes to Charles’ daughter, Mary

She marries a Hapsburg – Maximilian of Austria HRE—Her kingdom goes to France

Other half is absorbed by the French monarchy

Louis XI left France strong and unified—strengthening the bureaucracy and promoting trade and agriculture

Define bureaucracy---non-elected government officials

1455-1487 Richard of York was put in charge of King

Henry VI because of his mental illness (Protector of the Realm)

Henry VI promises the throne to the Yorks Richard’s son Edward IV named king Henry VI denies giving the throne to the

Yorks and asks help from his relatives—Lancasters

Henry VI is imprisoned and killed by Richard of York

1483 Edward IV dies (Bro. Richard murdered him along with his other brother Clarence)

Also kills Edward IV’s two sons (Edward V and Richard)(Sent to Tower of London for “protection”)

Becomes Richard III Richard III battles Henry Tudor (Lancaster) White Rose represents the Yorks and Red

Rose represents the Lancasters

Richard III battles Henry Tudor and loses at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1487

Richard is killed in battle—last English king to be killed in battle

Henry Tudor becomes Henry VII (Tudor Dynasty) which will last for more than 100 years

Henry VII eliminates rivals, strengthen trade, avoids foreign wars, asserts monarchy’s authority over nobles

Emerges as a European power in the late 1400’s

Had asserted authority on the Iberian peninsula

Retaking land conquered by the Muslims even before the Crusades

Portugal (West) Castile (Central) Aragon (Mediterranean Coast) Only Granada in the South remained in

the hands of the Moors 1469 Ferdinand & Isabella marry—he of

Aragon—she of Castile The Kingdoms maintained separate

governments however…..

The power of the monarchs were limited Sizeable religious minorities in each

Kingdom (Jews and Muslims) made their own laws

and elected their own officials Royal charters allowed towns to maintain

their own courts and customs Noble assemblies (Cortes) were

permitted to review royal policies

The monarchs began to solidify power in Castille

Royal officials governed towns and royal courts enforced law

In 1492 the conquest of Granada began a crackdown on religious minorities forcing conversion to Catholicism or exile from Spain

The Spanish Inquisition enforced Catholic law further strengthening the authority of the monarchs

Contributing factors included the strengthening of the monarchy and growing educated middle class began questioning the teaching of the Church

Babylonian Captivity—weakens papal authority

1305—Under the influence of the French Monarchy—French Archbishops elected Pope Clement V (French)

He moves the papacy from Rome to Avignon, France

His reason was to escape the Italian Civil War

The Pope only appointed French Bishops as Cardinals, Clement and his French successors remain in Avignon until 1377

Those outside of France become suspicious of the Pope and the influence of the French Monarchy

Papacy is criticized too for becoming overly concerned with Church taxes---seen as corrupted by worldly power and neglecting spiritual duties

1377 Gregory XI leaves Avignon for Rome Following his death Roman mobs insist

upon the election of an Italian Pope (Urban IV)

Afterwards the election was declared invalid—having voted under duress

When the Cardinals elected a second pope, (Innocent VI-French) both now claim legitimacy—causing division and undermining papal authority until it was resolved in 1414

Political leaders and church scholars began to demand reform—The Church reforms through a Church Council

Problems with this method included Since Pope calls council, little chance of

Pope’s authority being reduced Different political leaders support

different Popes making it impossible to agree upon a council site

In 1409 a Council at Pisa called to determine a single Pope—RESULT a third Pope (Gregory XII)

1414 a council meets at Constance, Germany—forcing the resignation of all 3 and electing Martin V—this ends the Great Schism

Had seriously weakened the Papal authority in favor of monarchs

People criticize abuses by the Church Simony—the buying and selling of church

positions Indulgences—selling of reduction of a

person’s time in purgatory or reduction of punishment for a sin

The call for reform was led by a scholar from Oxford

Criticized the Church on Church wealth Corrupt clergy Absolute authority of the Pope Called for a secular control of immoral

clergy Believed bible sole source of religious

truth—translated the Bible into English Wycliffe’s followers are called Lollards

(French for Hypocrite)

Another reformer from Bohemia (Czech) Church officials there were German Church condemned him—persuaded to

come to Council at Constance Was burned at the stake Church launches Crusades vs. Hussites Was unsuccessful Compromise reached Hus’ influence inspires later challenges to

Church authority

King of England—Writes a pamphlet attacking Martin Luther—”Defender of the Church”

Henry married his brother’s widow—Catherine of Aragon—6 children—only one survives

Love match with Anne Boleyn—a court beauty Asks pope to dissolve marriage—NO Henry appoints new Archbishop of Canterbury

Archbishop dissolves marriage He marries Anne

Has Parliament sign the ACT OF SUPREMACY

Henry VIII is the supreme leader of the English Church

He beheaded Anne and then Married Jane Seymour

Anne had a daughter Elizabeth Catherine had a daughter “Bloody Mary” Jane had a son Edward