the coulter principle for cellular & biological applications

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The Coulter Principle for Cellular and Biological Applications Multisizer™ 4

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Page 1: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

The Coulter Principle for Cellular and Biological Applications

Multisizer™ 4

Page 2: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

The Coulter Principle

• The Coulter Principle, which uses electrical impedance to measure particulate volume was developed over 60 years ago for counting and sizing red blood cells.  

• It is the subject of numerous ASTM and ISO standards for sizing and counting.  

• It is independent of particle refractive index, chemistry, etc.  It will detect any particle that displaces liquid.

Page 3: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

The Coulter Principle in Practice

Particles, liquid and electric current are pumped through an orifice of an exact diameter The particles cause changes in the electric current & these changes are monitored to count and size particles

Page 4: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

Current Users of the Multisizer

• Georgia Tech• MIT• Harvard• U. Texas• UC London

• UC Berkeley• Leiden U.• McGill U.• U. Chicago• NYU

• UCLA• Lehigh U.• RIT• Johns Hopkins• Columbia

Page 5: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

http://www.microbiologybytes.com/virology/kalmakoff/baculo/pics/Apoptosis.gifhttp://www.microbiologybytes.com/virology/kalmakoff/baculo/pics/Apoptosis.gif

• Apopotosis involves the swelling and breaking apart of cellular structure

• Carefully designed studies can use the Coulter Principle to understand the role of various chemicals, proteins, etc. in the process

Studying Cell Death(Apopotosis)

Page 6: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

Cell Shrinkage is a prerequisite for Apopotosis

Maeno, et al. PNAS 2000, 97, 17, 9487Maeno, et al. PNAS 2000, 97, 17, 9487

Page 7: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

Determining Fertility based on Sperm Volume

• Depending on the time of year, farm animals display high or low fertility (counts)

• Volume changes can be indicative of disorders (size)

Hossain, et al, Human Reproduction, 13. 6. 1578-1583. 1998

Page 8: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

Effect of Quinine on Sperm

Yeung, et al, J. of Andrology, 23. 4. 522-528 2002Yeung, et al, J. of Andrology, 23. 4. 522-528 2002

Page 9: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

Characterization of Cell Culture

Industrial scale cell cultures require constant   monitoring and analysisCoulter Counter provides answers to many common questions

How big are the host cells?How uniform are  the host cells?Have any of the host cells broken apart?What is the relative percentage of debris to desired cell type?

Page 10: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

Characterization of host rDNA Cell Culture

Page 11: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

Environmental Conditions Effect Cell Stability and Viability  

Page 12: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

Filtration Efficiency

• After growing up cell culture, filtration is used to remove debris• Key parameters are efficiency and fouling‐ batch differences in media culture can cause filter fouling

• The Coulter Principle can be used to help select filters that perform the best

Page 13: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

Data from Major Pharma Company

Company was interested in removing the cellular debris/fragments prior to pumping the supernatant into downstream processing steps.  First two curves are as harvested (showing debris/fragment concentrations).  The remaining curves are samples set aside in beakers etc that were then sampled. Two 

different clarification filtering systems were used.

Page 14: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

Cell Banking:  Real Time Measurement of Changes in Cell Size 

Mukherjee, et al, Cryobiology, 55(1):10-18. 2007Mukherjee, et al, Cryobiology, 55(1):10-18. 2007

• To permanently preserve cell lines, cryoprotectants are used prior to freezing

• Cryoprotectants themselves cause cell damage• Studying the rate of this damage and changes in cell size as a function of time allows users to make better decisions about preservation methods

Page 15: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

Multi‐Tube Overlap: Bacterial Aggregation in a Culture

Bacterial aggregates can reduce the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents. A combination of detergents and filters can be used to decrease the amount of 'clumps'.  The percentage of 'clumps' relative to single cells can be determined by using two different apertures. The Multi‐Tube Overlap function merges the results into a single continuous distribution.

Page 16: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

Corollary I: Which Bead Formulations?

• Micron Sized Beads are used in a variety of cellular and biological applications

Typically coated with recognition moleculesCan be dye‐loaded, magnetic, or other…Optimization of formulation conditions is key

• The Coulter Principle is the only technique that can provide the resolution necessary for these studies

Page 17: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

~6

~12~18 ~24

Formulation B

Formulation A

Corollary I: Which Bead Formulations?

The volume peaks increase by multiples of 6, indicating singlets, doublets, triplets, etc.

Page 18: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

Corollary II: Microbubble Characterization

• Large beads (2‐20 micron)Hollow and filled with imaging agentsMost typically applied in ultrasoundHeavy focus for biomedical research

• The MultisizerTM allows researchers to characterize these emerging imaging agents

Page 19: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

Particulates and Aggregates in Protein Formulations

Beckman Coulter Particle Characterization

Page 20: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

Protein Aggregates: Overview

• Problem statement• The opportunity• How the Coulter Principle competes• Voice of the customer• Frequently asked questions• References• The Coulter Principle

Page 21: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

Problem Statement:

• Protein scientists have identified an overlooked region of product quality data.

Currently, techniques such as AUC, CE, and chromatography provide information up to 100 nm particles in size.Other technologies, such as light blockage provide information above 10 micron in size.

• A “blind spot” exists with particles between 100 nm and 10 micron.

Particles in this range may cause immunogenicity.Active studies of this size range began in mid-2008.Regulators are demanding data in this range.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Science-2009 Journal of Pharmaceutical Science-2009

Page 22: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

Genzyme Case Study:Importance of Particles in Biologics

November 2009FDA reports that Cerezyme, Fabrazyme and three other enzyme drugs that are put into vials at the factory were contaminated with PARTICLES of steel, rubber or fiber.Financial analyst predicts the overall cost to the Genzyme will be in the $200 million to $300 million range

Genzyme says FDA will oversee its factoryBy ANDREW POLLACK

NEW YORK TIMES, Published: March 24, 2010

Key MessageFOREIGN OR PROTEINACEUOS PARTICLES

HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO MAKE PEOPLE SICK

Page 23: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

The Opportunity:

Regulatory pressure is forcing manufacturers to account for particulates of smaller and smaller sizes.  

Current lower limit =10 micronLikely future lower limit = 1 micron

Currently used technologies do not perform well below 10 micron

The Multisizer™4 has been shown to be very effective in this size range.

Page 24: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

The Opportunity:

• FDA & EMEA require data for particulates less than 10 micron, but do not specify the technique that should be used.

USP and EDQM pharmacopeias DO establish acceptable techniques for FOREIGN particles greater than 10 µmTwo current, acceptable techniques for foreign particulates greater than 10 µm‐ Technique 1: Light Obscuration‐ Technique 2: Microscopy

USP: United States PharmacopeiaEMEA: European Medicines Agency

Page 25: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

The Opportunity:

• Competing techniques being evaluated for particulates less than 10 micron:

The Coulter Principle (BEC)Light Blockage (HIAC)Flow Imaging (MFI, Flowcam)

Page 26: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

Opportunity Matrix:

Particulate Characteristics

Less than 10 micron

Greater than 10 micron

Foreign Particulates Opportunity for MS4 Covered by current

USP & EMEA Methods

Protein Aggregates Opportunity for MS4 Opportunity for MS4

USP: United States PharmacopeiaEMEA: European Medicines Agency

Page 27: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

Coulter Principle: Advantage

0.00E+00

6.00E+04

1.20E+05

0.4 1.9 3.4

Diameter (mm)

Num

ber p

er m

L

Pre-filtrationPost-Filtration

Approx. light blockage lower limit (~2 μm)

Approx. flow imaging lower limit (~1.5 μm)

Diameter (μm)

MultisizerTM 4 Data from Actual Protein Therapeutic

Other techniques miss the majority of particulates

Page 28: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

Technique Comparison:

OperatingPrinciple

Handles Transparent Particles?

MinSampleVolume

MinSize

MaxConcentration

Light Blockage Light Based Questionable 2 mL 2.0

micron18,000

particles/mL

Flow Imaging Light Based Questionable 2 mL 1.5

micron750,000

particles/mL

Coulter Principle

MultisizerTMImpedance Excellent 4 mL 0.4

micron>1,000,000particles/mL

Page 29: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

How can we estimate aggregate mass?

Mass = Density x Volume

Page 30: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

Aspherical Objects: Preview

Page 31: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

Voice of the Customer:

“We WANT…”1. Accurate counts below 10 micron, and 

ideally as low as 0.1 micron2. The ability to run samples neat3. Total sampling volumes between 2 and 5 mL4. Extremely linear and reproducible data

Page 32: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

How We Meet Customer Needs:

Accurate counts below 10μm, ideally as low as 0.1μm The MS4 is the only instrument that can count particulates under 1 μm and down to 0.400 μm. 

The ability to run samples neat The MS4 can count proteins in a wide variety of native buffers without dilution 

Sampling volumes between 2 and 5 mL Our new sample procedure and adaptor allow s volumes as small as 4 mL 

Extremely linear and reproducible data The MS4 is highly sensitive and reproducible Typical CV's are below 2% The Coulter Principle has been used as the #1 method for counting red blood cells for over 50 years 

Page 33: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

“Do you have to dilute?”Not necessarily.  Depends on sample characteristics and smallest size range needed.  Protein scientists often dilute for other analyses (size exclusion chromatography, CE, AUC)

“Can you provide morphology information?”Ask why this is important.  Customers are most concerned about counts and current flow image techniques and rely upon image aspect ratios for morphology

Frequently Asked Questions

Page 34: The Coulter Principle for Cellular & Biological Applications

Frequently Asked Questions

“Can you count down to 100 nm?”How low can you count now? The MultisizerTM is the only instrument with accurate and reproducible data below 1 micron.

“What sample volumes are required?”The standard set up accommodates 10 mL.  However, we have a special technique for proteins that can use as little as 4 mL.

“What is the Coulter Principle?”It uses electrical impedance to count and size particles.  It has been around for more than 55 years and widely used as a counting standard.