the circulatory system chapter 23faculty.uncfsu.edu/ssalek/biol130/circulation.pdf · the...
TRANSCRIPT
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The circulatory systemChapter 23
• Internal transport• Compare the mammalian system to that of a
fish.• Function and location of organs.• Trace blood flow through the body.• Study the heart beat and cardiac cycle.• Diseases.
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Announcements
• Exam next Thursday• Pick up unclaimed papers outside my office• Update your portfolio• See your advisor for help with Fall course
selection• Next weeks lab is on Circulation
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The Circulatory System
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Overview• The circulatory system transports gases, nutrients,
and wastes• Different body designs demand a heart for
pumping blood to the tissues because gravity opposes blood circulation
• Muscles contract around the blood vessels and work together with valves to pump blood to the heart
• Skin and connective tissue keep blood vessels from enlarging
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Capillaries and diffusionFig 23.5
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Capillaries and diffusionFig 23.1B
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The circulation reaches all cells• Diffusion is insufficient for moving
substances over large distances• Capillaries are the smallest vessels, and
reach all cells• RBC’s exchange materials with the
interstitial fluid.• O2 and nutrients diffuse to the tissues and
wastes and CO2 diffuse to the blood• Homeostasis is maintained in the blood by
the liver and kidney
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Types of internal transport Fig 23.2
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Types of Internal transport
• Gastrovascular cavity– Digestion and respiration occur in the same
cavity– Intricately branched system that allows water to
bathe the entire system, fluid moved by flagella– Not good in animals with thick multiple layers
of cells
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Types of internal transport Fig 23.2
What other system is here but not shown?
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Types of Internal transport
• Open circulatory system– Found in Arthropoda and Mollusca– Blood pumped by hearts through open ended
vessels - no interstitial fluid– Fluid is called hemolymph– Contracts -heart pumps blood out of the sinuses– Relaxes - heart draws hemolymph into the
circulatory system
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Closed Circulatory System
Fig 23.2
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Types of Internal transport
• Closed circulatory system– Blood is confined to vessels, keeping it separate
from the interstitial fluid– Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins
carry blood to the heart– Fish Gills- gill capillaries- two chambered
heart- atrium - ventricle
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Evolution of cardiovascular systems
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Fish vs mammal• Fish have a single circuit of blood flow,
with the heart receiving and pumping oxygen poor blood flow
• Mammals have two circuits, a four chambered heart, two atria and two ventricles– Pulmonary right side - blood to lungs– Systemic - left side to the body
• Double system - rapid delivery of oxygen to support high activity
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A trip through the cardiovascular system
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A trip through the cardiovascular system
• Heart is size of fist- composed of cardiac muscle -cells are electrically connected by intercalated disks
• Atria are thin walled and receive blood, ventricles are thick walled and pump blood.
• AV valves separate the atria and ventricles, Semilunar valves separate the heart and the circulation (pulmonary and systemic)
• Valves maintain flow in one direction• Learn the flow!
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Structure and function of blood vessels
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Structure and function of blood vessels• Capillaries - supply cells, thin walled, single layer
of epithelial cells and a basement membrane. Promotes diffusion of material to and from the interstitial fluid.
• Arteries - pressure vessels that are thick walled, contain smooth muscle and connective tissue
• Arteioles- small vessels that control flow by changing diameter
• Veins -capacitance vessels- hold much blood -more elastic than arteries, contain valves to prevent backflow of blood
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Cardiac cycle
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Cardiac Cycle• The heart passively fills with blood, then actively
contracts pumping out blood• Diastole- blood fills the heart while it is relaxed,
all the valves are open• Systole- atria contact and force blood to ventricles,
ventricles contract next forcing the AV valves closed and semilunar valves open - blood is pumped to the body
• Lubb = closing of AV valve, Dubb=closing of semilunar valve
• Cardiac output - amount of blood leaving heart each beat, 75 ml per beat
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Pacemaker
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Pacemaker and heartbeat
• SA node or pacemaker maintains the heartrate in the wall of the right atrium
• Generates electrical signals that travel to the atria, then to the ventricles
• The AV node delays the signal allowing the ventricles to fill before they contract
• The heart is regulated autonomically just like the lungs
• A slight decrease in blood pH increased heartrate
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Heart Attack
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Heart Attack•Death of cardiac cells resulting from lack of blood delivered to the heart•Coronary artery blockage
•Dietary influences narrow arteries, blood clots block the arteries
•Angina•Corrective surgery
•Coronary bypass•Balloon angioplasty
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Blood pressure and flow in arteries
Pressure declinesVelocity declinesFlow reduced from Frictionarea increasedGarden hose analogy
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Blood pressure and flow in arteries• Blood pressure - force that blood exerts against
the walls of blood vessels • Pulse - stretching of arteries causes by pressure of
blood from the heart during systole• Caused by pumping of heart against the resistance
of the smaller blood vessels, greatest in aorta then decreases with distance form the heart
• Blood flow (velocity) decreases with distance from the heart lowest in the capillaries. This allows for maximum diffusion
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Blood flow in veins
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Blood flow in veins
• Pressure in the veins is near zero• How does it return to the heart?
– Skeletal muscle pumps the veins– Valves allow the blood to flow only to the heart– Breathing also helps by enlarging the veins
around the heart
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Measuring blood pressure
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Measuring blood pressure• Blood pressure varies throughout the body• 120/70 - 120 @ systole and 70 during diastole• Sphygomomanometer
– Cuff cuts off pressure, systole pushes blood through when the pressure is reduced
– Diastole - when turbulent sounds are no longer heard
• Hypertension - a consistent BP of 140/90 or higher– Pumping against greater resistance wears out the heart– athlerosclerosis
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Figure 23.12 Atherosclerosis: normal artery and artery with plaque
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Smooth muscle controls the distribution of blood
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Smooth muscle controls the distribution of blood
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Smooth muscle controls the distribution of blood
• Blood flow is constant to the heart and brain, but varies in other tissues
• Constriction of the arterioles reduces flow to the capillaries, it is controlled by nerves and hormones
• Precapillary sphincters control blood flow into capillary beds
• Meals- capillary beds in the digestive tract receive more blood after eating
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Capillary transfer of substances
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Capillary transfer of substances
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Transfer of substances• Movement across the membrane occurs by
diffusion, endocytosis, osmosis• Capillaries are the only vessels small
enough• Water, sugar, salt,and O2, leak through
small cracks between epithelial cells• Blood pressure tends to actively force fluid
out of capillaries• Osmosis tends to cause fluids to move in• Arteries = hi pressure, veins = low pressure
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Structure and function of blood
• Blood consists of cells suspended in plasma• Avg blood volume = 4-6 liters• 45% cells, 55% plasma• Ions/salts maintain osmotic balance and pH• Proteins help in blood clotting and
immunity
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Figure 23.14-23.15 Blood smear
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Red and white blood cells
• RBC’s -erythrocytes, formed in bone marrow
• Biconcave disk to increases surface area• 250 million molecules of hemoglobin each• RBC’s carry gases• Production of RBC’s controlled by O2
levels and erythropoetin and neg. feedback• Anemia, low iron
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Red and white blood cells• WBC’s help defend the body• Leukocytes, help defend the body• Basophils- fight infection by releasing chemicals• Phagocytes- move into body tissue and eat
bacteria and foreign proteins (neutrophils and monocytes)
• Eosinophil -phagocytic and eat protozoans• Lymphocytes -specific defense
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Blood clotting
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Figure 23.16 Blood clot
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Blood clotting
• Blood contains self sealing material, activated after injury
• Involves platelets, fibrinogin, and clotting factors• Tissue damage exposes connective tissue to blood• Pin pricks - platelets adhere and attract other
platelets• Serious cuts - fibrin clot forms, thrombrin,
fibrinogin form fibrin which traps white blood cells
• Hemophilia/ Thrombus
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Stem cells
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Stem Cells
• RBC’s, WBC’s and platelets all arise from stem cells in the bone marrow
• Leukemia– Overproduction of WBC’s (cancer)– Interferes with gas exchange and clotting