the circulatory system - aghamazing guro - home...circulatory system by mr. danilo villar rogayan...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Circulatory
System
By Mr. Danilo Villar Rogayan Jr.
Instructor I, Department of Natural Sciences
College of Agriculture & Veterinary Medicine
RMTU San Marcelino
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Introduction
• The cardiovascular system consists of heart and blood vessels
• Sends blood to• Lungs for oxygen
• Digestive system for nutrients
• CV system also circulates waste products to certain organ systems for removal from the blood
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The Heart: Structures
• Cone-shaped organ about the size of a loose fist
• In the mediastinum
• Extends from the level of the second rib to about the level of the sixth rib
• Slightly left of the midline
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The Heart: Structures (cont.)
Heart is bordered:
Laterally by the lungs
Posteriorly by the vertebral
column
Anteriorly by the sternum
Rests on the diaphragm
inferiorly
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The Heart: Structures (cont.)
• Heart coverings• Pericardium
• Covers the heart and large blood vessels attached to the heart
• Visceral pericardium
• Innermost layer
• Directly on the heart
• Parietal pericardium
• Layer on top of the visceral pericardium
• Heart walls:• Epicardium
• Outermost layer
• Fat to cushion heart
• Myocardium • Middle layer
• Primarily cardiac muscle
• Endocardium • Innermost layer
• Thin and smooth
• Stretches as the heart pumps
Click for Larger View
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The Heart: Structures (cont.)
• Four chambers• Two atria
• Upper chambers
• Left and right
• Separated by interatrial septum
• Two ventricles• Lower chambers
• Left and right
• Separated by interventricular septum
Click for
View of
Heart
Atrioventricular septum separates the atria
from the ventricles
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The Heart: Structures (cont.)
• Tricuspid valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts
• Bicuspid valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts
• Pulmonary valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle
• Aortic valve – prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle Click for
View of
Heart
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The Heart: Blood Flow
Deoxygenat
ed blood in
from bodyOxygenated
blood in lungs
Atria Contract Ventricles Contract
Deoxygenate
d blood out
to lungs
Oxygenated
blood out to
body
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The Heart: Blood Flow (cont.)
Right
Atrium
Right
Ventricle
Pulmonary
Semilunar
Valve
Left
AtriumBicuspid
Valve
Left
Ventricle
Pulmonary
Valve
Tricuspid
Valve
Aortic
Semilunar
Valve
LungsBody
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The Heart: Cardiac Cycle
• Right atrium contracts• Tricuspid valve opens
• Blood fills right ventricle
• Right ventricle contracts• Tricuspid valve closes
• Pulmonary semilunar valve opens
• Blood flows into pulmonary artery
• Left atrium contracts • Bicuspid valve opens
• Blood fills left ventricle
• Left ventricle contracts• Bicuspid valve closes
• Aortic semilunar valve opens
• Blood pushed into aorta
One heartbeat = one cardiac cycle
Atria contract and relax
Ventricles contract and relax
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The Heart: Cardiac Cycle (cont.)
• Influenced by• Exercise
• Parasympathetic nerves
• Sympathetic nerves
• Cardiac control center
• Body temperature
• Potassium ions
• Calcium ions
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The Heart: Heart Sounds
• One cardiac cycle – two heart sounds (lubb and dubb) when valves in the heart snap shut• Lubb – First sound
• When the ventricles contract, the tricuspid and bicuspid valves snap shut
• Dubb – Second sound • When the atria contract and the pulmonary and aortic valves
snap shut
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The Heart: Cardiac Conduction System
• Group of structures that send electrical impulses through the heart
• Sinoatrial node (SA node)• Wall of right atrium
• Generates impulse
• Natural pacemaker
• Sends impulse to AV node
• Atrioventricular node (AVnode)• Between atria just above ventricles
• Atria contract
• Sends impulse to the bundle of His
• Bundle of His
• Between ventricles
• Two branches
• Sends impulse to Purkinje fibers
• Purkinje fibers
• Lateral walls of ventricles
• Ventricles contract Link to
Diagra
m
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Blood Vessels: Arteries and Arterioles
• Strongest of the blood vessels
• Carry blood away from the heart
• Under high pressure• Vasoconstriction
• Vasodilation
• Arterioles• Small branches of
arteries
• Aorta• Takes blood from the
heart to the body
• Coronary arteries• Supply blood to heart
muscle
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Blood Vessels: Veins and Venules
• Blood under no pressure in veins
• Does not move very easily
• Skeletal muscle contractions help move blood
• Sympathetic nervous system also influences pressure
• Valves prevent backflow
• Venules
• Small vessels formed when capillaries merge
• Superior and inferior vena cava
• Largest veins
• Carry blood into right atrium
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Blood Vessels: Capillaries
• Branches of arterioles
• Smallest type of blood vessel
• Connect arterioles to venules
• Only about one cell layer thick
• Oxygen and nutrients can pass out of a capillary into a body cell
• Carbon dioxide and other waste products pass out of a body cell into a capillary
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Checkpoint!!!
How do arteries control blood pressure?
ANSWER: The muscular walls of arteries can
constrict to increase blood pressure or dilate to
decrease blood pressure.
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Blood Pressure
• Force blood exerts on the inner walls of blood vessels• Highest in arteries
• Lowest in veins
• Systolic pressure • Ventricles contract
• Blood pressure is at its greatest in the arteries
• Diastolic pressure • Ventricles relax
• Blood pressure in arteries is at its lowest
• Reported as the systolic number over the diastolic number
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Blood Pressure (cont.)
• Control is based mainly on the amount of blood pumped out of the heart
• The amount of blood entering should equal the amount pumped from the heart
• Starling's law of the heart• Blood entering the left ventricle stretches the wall of the
ventricle
• The more the wall is stretched
• The harder it will contract and
• tTe more blood it will pump out
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Blood Pressure (cont.)
• Baroreceptors• Also help regulate blood pressure
• Located in the aorta and carotid arteries
• High blood pressure in aorta message to cardiac center in brain decreases heart rate lowers blood pressure
• Low blood pressure in aorta message to cardiac center in the brain increases heart rate increases blood pressure
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Checkpoint!!!
What is the difference between the systolic
pressure and diastolic pressure?
ANSWER: Systolic pressure is the result of the
contraction of the ventricles increasing the
pressure in the arteries. Diastolic pressure is the
result of the relaxation of the ventricles lowering
the pressure in the arteries.
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Circulation
• Pulmonary circuit right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery trunk pulmonary arteries lungs pulmonary veins heart (left atrium)
• Systemic circuitleft atrium left ventricle aorta arteries
arterioles capillaries venules veins vena cava heart (right atrium)
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Circulation (cont.)
• Arterial system• Carry oxygen-rich blood
away from the heart
• Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood
• Paired – left and right artery of the same name
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Circulation (cont.)
• Venous system• Carries oxygen-poor
blood toward the heart• Except pulmonary veins
• Most large veins have the same names as the arteries they are next to
Hepatic portal system
Collection of veins
carrying blood to the
liver
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Checkpoint!!!
ARTERIES: Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood.
Do pulmonary arteries carry blood with high levels of
oxygen or low levels of oxygen?
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Blood
• A type of connective tissue• Red blood cells
(erythrocytes)
• White blood cells (leukocytes)
• Platelets – cell fragments
• Plasma – fluid part of blood
Average-sized adult has
4 to 6 liters of blood
Amount depends on:
Size of person
Amount of adipose tissue
Concentrations of ions
Females have less than
males
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Blood Components
• Hematocrit • The percentage of red blood cells
• Normal is about 45%
• White cells and platelets = 1%
• Plasma = 55%
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Blood Components: Red Blood Cells
• Erythrocytes
• Transport oxygen throughout the body
• Small biconcave-shaped cells
• Hemoglobin is a pigment in RBCs• Oxyhemoglobin carries oxygen; bright red
• Deoxyhemoglobin does not carry oxygen; darker red • Carries carbon dioxide, so also called carboxyhemoglobin
• Anemia – low RBC count
• Erythropoietin – regulates production of RBCs
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Blood Components: Red Blood Cells (cont.)
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Blood Components: White Blood Cells
• Granulocytes• Neutrophils (55%) –destroy bacteria, viruses, and
toxins in the bloodstream (phagocytes)
• Eosinophils (3%) – get rid of parasitic infections such as worm infections
• Basophils (1%) – control inflammation and allergic reactions
• Agranulocytes• Monocytes (8%) – destroy bacteria, viruses, and
toxins in blood
• Lymphocytes (33%) – provide immunity for the body
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Blood Components: White Blood Cells (cont.)
• WBC count normally 5000 to 10,000 cells per cubic millimeter of blood• Leukocytosis
• Elevated WBC count
• Usually due to infection
• Leukopenia • Low WBC count
• Some viral infections and other conditions
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Blood Components: Platelets
• Fragments of cells found in the bloodstream
• Also called thrombocytes
• Important in the clotting process of blood
• Normal count• 130,000 to 360,000 platelets per cubic millimeter of
blood
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Blood Components: Plasma
• Liquid portion of blood composed mostly of water
• Proteins• Albumins
• Smallest plasma proteins
• Pull water in to help maintain blood pressure
• Globulins – transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
• Fibrinogen – needed for blood clotting
• Nutrients• Amino acids
• Glucose
• Nucleotides
• Lipids from the digestive tract
• Gases – oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen
• Electrolytes
• Waste products
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Blood: Bleeding Control
• Hemostasis – the control of bleeding
• Three processes of hemostasis• Blood vessel spasm
• Platelet plug formation
• Blood coagulation
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Blood Types
• Types are distinguished by antigen and antibodies
• Agglutination• Clumping of red blood
cells
• Antigens on surface of RBCs bind to antibodies in plasma
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Blood Types (cont.)
Blood Type Antigen
Present
Antibody
Present
Blood That Can
Be Received
A A B A and O
B B A B and O
AB AB None A, B, AB, and O
O None A and B O
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Blood Types (cont.)
• Rh antigen – protein on RBCs
• Rh-positive• RBCs contain the
Rh antigen
• Rh-negative• RBCs do not contain
the Rh antigen
• Rh-positive blood is given to Rh-negative person
• Antibodies form
• If Rh-negative person receives more Rh-positive blood• Antibodies bind to the
donor cells
• Agglutination occurs
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Chest Pain
• Cardiac• Myocardial infarction
• Angina
• Pericarditis
• Coronary spasm
• Non-cardiac• Heartburn
• Panic attacks
• Pleurisy
• Costochondritis
• Pulmonary embolism
• Sore muscles
• Broken ribs
Take all complaints of
chest pain seriously!
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Chest Pain (cont.)
• Determine cause• Electrocardiogram
• Stress tests
• Blood tests
• Chest x-ray
• Nuclear scan
• Coronary catheterization
• Echocardiogram
• Endoscopy
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Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
Disease Description
Anemia The blood does not have enough red blood cells
or hemoglobin to carry an adequate amount of
oxygen to the body’s cells
Aneurysm A ballooned, weakened arterial wall
Arrhythmias Abnormal heart rhythms
Carditis Inflammation of the heart
Endocarditis Inflammation of the innermost lining of the
heart, including valves
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Disease Description
Myocarditis Inflammation of the muscular layer of the heart
Pericarditis Inflammation of the membranes that surround
the heart (pericardium)
Congestive
Heart Failure
Weakening of the heart over time; heart is
unable to pump enough blood to meet body’s
needs
Coronary Artery
Disease (CAD)
Atherosclerosis; narrowing of coronary arteries
caused by hardening of the fatty plaque deposits
within the arteries
Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.)
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Disease Description
Hypertension High blood pressure; consistent resting blood
pressure equal to or greater than 140/90 mm Hg
Leukemia Bone marrow produces a large number of
abnormal WBCs
Murmurs Abnormal heart sounds
Myocardial
Infarction
Heart attack; damage to cardiac muscle due to a
lack of blood supply
Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.)
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Disease Description
Sickle Cell
Anemia
Abnormal hemoglobin causes RBCs to change
to a sickle shape; abnormal cells stick in
capillaries
Thalassemia Inherited form of anemia; defective hemoglobin
chain causes, small, pale, and short-lived RBCs
Thrombophlebitis Blood clots and inflammation develops in a vein
Varicose Veins Twisted, dilated veins
Diseases and Disorders of the Cardiovascular System (cont.)
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Checkpoint!!!
ANSWER: Anemia is a condition in which a person does not have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood to carry an adequate amount of oxygen to body cells.
The doctor has told your patient she has anemia. How
would you explain this to the her?
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In Summary
• Cardiovascular system• Transport system for body
• Heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
• Blood• Transport medium
• RBCs, WBCs, platelets, plasma
• Medical assistant• Assists patients in understanding prevention and
treatments for cardiovascular problems
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Lakô hã salamát!Maraming salamat!