Section 4THE CHURCH IN THE MODERN ERA

Section 4, Part 3:CATHOLICS IN AMERICA

Introduction• Catholics in England faced persecution, especially under Elizabeth I, after the Protestant Reformation & the formation of the Anglican Church• Colony in Maryland promised religious freedom so a small group of Catholics left• Seed was sewn & later nourished by John Carroll & holy clergy, religious, & laity• Church thrived & multiplied with 19th century European immigration• Church organized & sustained by later holy clergy, religious, & laity• Church contributed deeply to the formation of the United States• 3 articles• (A. 40) – The Church in America• (A. 41) – An Immigrant Church• (A. 42) – American Missionaries and Saints

Article 40: The Church in America•Catholics seized opportunity to escape English/Anglican persecution under Elizabeth I (1533-1603)•Opportunity came when King James I (1566-1625) granted Catholic Lord Baltimore land for an American settlement in Maryland (1634)• Welcomed all & offered religious freedom but by 1704 non-Catholics outnumbered Catholics• Catholics were deprived of rights to build churches & hold public office•Revolutionary War brought the Bill of Rights & the U.S. Constitution which protected rights & created separation of Church & state•Climate improved but it took some time for prejudices to disappear•Catholics faced practical challenges—handful of priests to serve 30K & too poor to support or grow•Lay people organized the Church until John Carroll came on the scene & dramatically changed it

Article 40 cont.: The Church in America•U.S. Catholics wanted a native bishop to avoid suspicion from the new republic so petitioned Pius VI (1775-1799) in March of 1788 to elect own bishop—pope approved in July but reserved ratification•Gathered in May of 1789 to celebrate mass; elected John Carroll first bishop of Baltimore (chose two)•Vatican approved in November of 1789 & he began to work to organize the American Church•Challenge was to retain Catholic support & gain control while satisfying desire for democratic Church•Language was also a difficulty—English & immigrant languages•Succeeded b/c adopted an American style (democracy & separation) while remaining loyal to pope•Catholic population grew from 30K in 1775 to 200K in 1815 when Carroll died; also branched out from Baltimore & Philadelphia; priests increase 6x but still shortage

Article 40 cont.: The Church in America•Women religious grew dramatically—both new native & European• Convents, schools, orphanages, and hospitals•Building the Church through education—Jesuit spirituality of John Carroll• To secure Church’s mission & adapt to American

culture; to nationalize & educate clergy & laypersons• Georgetown Academy planned in 1786 and opened in

1791• Sulpicians (4 priest & 5 seminarians) founded St.

Mary’s Seminary (first one) in a bar in 1791• Today over 240 catholic colleges/universities in the U.S.

(20% of the world)—Catholic upper & middle class

You Tube Videos: The Church in America

America's Basilica The Carroll Family

You Tube Videos: The Church in America

History of Georgetown St. Mary's Seminary

Homework•Read A. 41 in the e-Book for discussion tomorrow

•Section 4, Part 3 review questions 1-2 for Thursday

A. 41: An Immigrant Church•Immigrants flooded into the U.S. mid 19th century in hopes of escaping poverty & bettering life• 1830-1860—Irish (Catholic population 500K to 3 million)• 1860-1890—German (about 250K)• 1890-1920—Italian & Eastern European (less but significant amount)•Naturally banded together in new world forming ethnic neighborhoods (often slums)•Widespread immigration inspire widespread anti-Catholic sentiments & action starting in 1830• Protestants called nativists developed into a political party in 1850 called the Know-Nothings• Evaded questions about their organization--“I don’t know”• Started rumors that Vatican & American Catholics were conspiring to take over the U.S.• Incited riots, fixed elections, & harassed convents, monasteries, rectories, schools, hospitals,

orphanages, …•Influence of Know-Nothings waned by 1900 but bigotry continued into the 20th century—John F. Kennedy’s campaign for Presidency as a Catholic (conspiring with pope)—& continues still today

A. 41 cont.: An ImmigrantChurch

•Catholics who fought on both sides of the Civil War helped answer the question of Catholic patriotism•Immigrants desired to worship in their own native language & resented other ethnicities•Formed ethnic parishes starting in 1830 with Irish & 1860 with German & 1890 with Italians (continues today on a small scale in some places with some ethnicities)• Offered opportunity to worship in their native language; center of social life; community & continuity from old world• Every major city had German, Polish, Italian, & Irish churches within a few blocks of each other downtown•Late 19th century Eastern Europeans began to arrive & form their own ethnic churches (Ukraine, Slovakia, Romania, Czechoslovakia, & other former Soviet countries)• Many of these immigrants were Eastern Catholics (two ways) with their own eparchies,

patriarchs, customs, & laws (Code of Canons of the Oriental Churches--1990)•Roman Catholics (Latin or Western), Eastern Catholics (Byzantine; 21 rites; full union under pope), & Orthodox Christians (11th century schism; majority Greek Orthodox; earlier & later ones as well)

A. 41 cont.: An Immigrant Church

• Today working to unite via ecumenical dialogue•U.S. is called the “nation of immigrants” & every immigrant has a story to tell• What is your family story; how is faith a part of that story?•Catholic education has been a very important part of America’s story of faith• Public schools in the 19th & 20th centuries were not secular but Protestant surprisingly enough—

bible & prayers• Catholic immigrant parishes sacrificed tremendously to build parochial schools despite poverty• Male & especially female religious sacrificed to run those schools—means of protecting & passing

on faith• Over time, Catholic education system became excellent & therefore respected• Council of Baltimore in 1884 mandated that every parish had a school by 1886 & commissioned a catechism that we know as the Baltimore Catechism (standard U.S. religious text until 1960)• System today?

You Tube Videos: An Immigrant Church

Crash Course: Growth, Cities, & Immigration

John F. Kennedy: Address on Religion

Homework•Read A. 42 in the e-Book for discussion tomorrow [Last reading assignment!]

•Section 4, Part 3 review questions 3-4 for Thursday

•Study for the Section 4, Part 3 quiz Thursday [Last quiz!]

Article 42: American Missionaries and Saints•Elizabeth Ann Seton (1774-1821)• First American born saint—14 September 1975; remembered for this but let’s not forget her life• Episcopalian from New York City; married at 20 to wealthy merchant William Seton; widowed by 30 with 5 kids• Opened an academy in the city to support herself & kids; converted to Catholicism by late husband’s partners• Invited by John Carroll in 1809 to open a school in Baltimore for girls—St. Joseph’s Academy and Free School• Founded Sisters of Charity (1st religious order from the U.S.) to open & run schools esp. on frontier• Model for U.S. parochial school system; continued to raise her children by special provisions

•Rose Philippine Duchesne (1769-1852)• French member of Religious of the Sacred Heart; founded 1st convent in America in 1818 in Louisiana Territory• Established a mission & school for Native Americans & dedicated her life to their service

•Augustus Tolton (1854-1897)--“Good Father Gus”• First black priest for America; refused admittance to U.S. seminary so went to Rome to study & be ordained• Returned to Quincy, IL to organize a black parish but white Catholics & Protestants prevented• Reassigned to Chicago where he opened St. Monica’s black “national parish”—quickly grew to 600 members• Eloquent sermons & beautiful singing voice• Previously the position of Americans on black Catholics had been split since their arrival in the 16th century colonial

days through slavery & then conversion through missionary work; Vatican condemned in 1839 but what about existing slaves; discrimination amidst split; Oblate Sisters of Providence & Holy Family Sisters (black religious) fought

A. 42 cont.: American Missionaries and Saints•Francis Cabrini (1850-1917)• Italian immigrant to America in 1889 & founder of Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart in Italy• Established schools & hospitals to care for the poor; came to New York at urging of Leo XIII (1878-1903)• Along with six sisters, established schools, hospitals, & orphanages in Chicago, Philadelphia, New Orleans, NYC, …

•Theodora Guerin (1798-1856)• French missionary; Sisters of Providence; Indiana in 1841; Academy of St. Mary of the Woods; first women’s liberal

arts college in the U.S.; dedicated to education; in Indiana & Illinois•John Neumann (1811-1860)• From Bohemia in Czechoslovakia; Redemptorist missionary; 4th bishop of Philadelphia; 1st U.S. bishop canonized• First U.S. bishop to organize a diocesan Catholic school system; facility with languages; immigrants (esp. German)

•Katharine Drexel (1858-1955)• From wealthy family in Philadelphia• Founded Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament• Dedicated her life and large family inheritance to service African & Native Americans• Founded over sixty missions & schools in the U.S.• Most notably, Xavier University in Louisiana for African Americns—1st one

You Tube Videos: American Missionaries & Saints

Saints of the Americas Calendar Elizabeth Ann Seton: National Shrine

Venerable Fr. Solanus Casey

Homework•Section 4, Part 3 review questions 5-6 for tomorrow [Last homework assignment!]

•Study for the Section 4, Part 3 quiz tomorrow [Last quiz!]

•Make sure the Section 4, Part 3 review questions 1-6 are ready to turn in tomorrow