MODERN ERAMODERN ERAINTERACTIONS: INTERACTIONS:

1750 - 19141750 - 1914

THEMESTHEMES ModernizationModernization

• Reform, industrialization, progress minus WesternizationReform, industrialization, progress minus Westernization WesternizationWesternization

• The west as the cultural, economic, political model The west as the cultural, economic, political model DemocratizationDemocratization

• Increasing franchise, increasing governmental voiceIncreasing franchise, increasing governmental voice Industrialization, MechanizationIndustrialization, Mechanization

• Machines, technology replace human, animal muscleMachines, technology replace human, animal muscle• Mass production of items, decreasing pricesMass production of items, decreasing prices

Commercialism, ConsumerismCommercialism, Consumerism• Capitalism, profit, buying replace tradition, command in economicsCapitalism, profit, buying replace tradition, command in economics

Disruptions, Conflict, WarDisruptions, Conflict, War• Change marks all societies leading to conflict, warChange marks all societies leading to conflict, war

Population MovementsPopulation Movements• Urbanization, Immigration, MigrationUrbanization, Immigration, Migration

Western Global HegemonyWestern Global Hegemony• It is the West and all of the RestIt is the West and all of the Rest

Globalization or DiversityGlobalization or Diversity• Global Unity vs. Regional Autonomy; Think Globally, Act LocallyGlobal Unity vs. Regional Autonomy; Think Globally, Act Locally

MODERN ERAMODERN ERAINTERACTIONS:INTERACTIONS:

WARS & CONFLICT WARS & CONFLICT 1750 - 19141750 - 1914

THE FIRST “WORLD” WARSTHE FIRST “WORLD” WARS 1750 - 17651750 - 1765

• War of Austrian Succession and Rise of PrussiaWar of Austrian Succession and Rise of Prussia France, Spain, England, Portugal, Dutch, Russia, Sweden in warsFrance, Spain, England, Portugal, Dutch, Russia, Sweden in wars Rise of Prussia as a great power, England as a super powerRise of Prussia as a great power, England as a super power Showed balance of power doctrine at its fullestShowed balance of power doctrine at its fullest

• Colonial WarsColonial Wars Battles fought around the worldBattles fought around the world

• Colonies changed hands, colonials effectedColonies changed hands, colonials effected• English, French contest for North AmericaEnglish, French contest for North America• France lost influence in North America, Caribbean, IndiaFrance lost influence in North America, Caribbean, India

England emerges as world’s super powerEngland emerges as world’s super power• British navy rules seas unopposedBritish navy rules seas unopposed• Acquires former French North American coloniesAcquires former French North American colonies• Acquires preeminent influence in IndiaAcquires preeminent influence in India• Acquires right to supply slaves to Spanish AmericasAcquires right to supply slaves to Spanish Americas• Spain, Portugal, Dutch no longer great powersSpain, Portugal, Dutch no longer great powers

American Revolution 1776 – 1783 and the Wider World ImpactAmerican Revolution 1776 – 1783 and the Wider World Impact• British colonists revolt, inspired by EnlightenmentBritish colonists revolt, inspired by Enlightenment• American ships ranged seas attacking EnglishAmerican ships ranged seas attacking English• Dutch, French, Spanish support colonial effortsDutch, French, Spanish support colonial efforts

Dispatch aid, ships, troops to fight British in colonies, on seasDispatch aid, ships, troops to fight British in colonies, on seas Spain invades English colonies to support colonistsSpain invades English colonies to support colonists

• Russians, Prussian, Swedes pledge an armed neutrality against UKRussians, Prussian, Swedes pledge an armed neutrality against UK• Treaty of Ghent ends war, gives Americans independenceTreaty of Ghent ends war, gives Americans independence• Canada begins to rise as British loyalists immigrate to areaCanada begins to rise as British loyalists immigrate to area• Led to bankruptcy of France and French RevolutionLed to bankruptcy of France and French Revolution• Great impact, influence on Latin Americans, European reformersGreat impact, influence on Latin Americans, European reformers

WAR OFWAR OFAMERICANAMERICAN

INDEPENDENCEINDEPENDENCE

THE FRENCH & NAPOLEONTHE FRENCH & NAPOLEON An Era of Global Conflict from 1792 to 1814An Era of Global Conflict from 1792 to 1814 French Revolution as InteractionFrench Revolution as Interaction

• French revolutionary success sparked interest throughout Europe, French revolutionary success sparked interest throughout Europe, AmericasAmericas

• Many revolutionary regimes set up by French armies in Italy, GermanyMany revolutionary regimes set up by French armies in Italy, Germany• Haiti rebels during French RevolutionHaiti rebels during French Revolution• Spanish American colonies achieve independenceSpanish American colonies achieve independence

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) • Brilliant military leader; upset the Balance of PowerBrilliant military leader; upset the Balance of Power• Became general in royal army at 24 Became general in royal army at 24 • Supported the revolution; defended the Directory Supported the revolution; defended the Directory • His invasion of Egypt was defeated by British army His invasion of Egypt was defeated by British army • Overthrew Directory; named himself consul for lifeOverthrew Directory; named himself consul for life

Napoleon's empireNapoleon's empire• 1804, proclaimed himself emperor 1804, proclaimed himself emperor • Dominated the European continentDominated the European continent

Annexed lands in Italy, Netherlands, Germany, Spain; controlled other thronesAnnexed lands in Italy, Netherlands, Germany, Spain; controlled other thrones Defeated Austria and Prussia, Occupied Spain and Portugal, allied with ScandinaviaDefeated Austria and Prussia, Occupied Spain and Portugal, allied with Scandinavia

• Perennial Enemy: Great Britain who controlled the high seas Perennial Enemy: Great Britain who controlled the high seas • Disastrous invasions of Spain, Russia in 1812 destroyed Grand ArmyDisastrous invasions of Spain, Russia in 1812 destroyed Grand Army

The fall of Napoleon The fall of Napoleon • Forced by coalition of enemies to abdicate in 1814, exiled on Elba Forced by coalition of enemies to abdicate in 1814, exiled on Elba • Escaped, returned to France, raised armyEscaped, returned to France, raised army• Defeated by British in 1815 at Waterloo, exiled to St. HelenaDefeated by British in 1815 at Waterloo, exiled to St. Helena

Collapse of much of Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, French empiresCollapse of much of Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, French empires Great Britain became literally the only surviving major colonial powerGreat Britain became literally the only surviving major colonial power

EUROPE 1812 & 1815EUROPE 1812 & 1815

RUSSIAN EXPANSIONRUSSIAN EXPANSION Nineteenth-century Russia Nineteenth-century Russia

• Collapse of Napoleon left Russia as great power Collapse of Napoleon left Russia as great power Russia dominates Eastern Europe (saved both Prussia, Austria)Russia dominates Eastern Europe (saved both Prussia, Austria) Russia increased presence in Central Europe, Northern EuropeRussia increased presence in Central Europe, Northern Europe Russia wants to push into Ottoman SE Europe, SW AsiaRussia wants to push into Ottoman SE Europe, SW Asia Expands into Central Asia, Pacific Expands into Central Asia, Pacific

• Autocracy, Orthodoxy, ConservatismAutocracy, Orthodoxy, Conservatism Official government policy to uphold conservatism Official government policy to uphold conservatism Pre-destined Russia to oppose revolution, change everywherePre-destined Russia to oppose revolution, change everywhere

• Rise of Pan-Slavic NationalismRise of Pan-Slavic Nationalism Sought to control all Orthodox, SlavsSought to control all Orthodox, Slavs Brought Russia into conflict with Ottoman Empire, Austria in BalkansBrought Russia into conflict with Ottoman Empire, Austria in Balkans Also wanted access to Mediterranean SeaAlso wanted access to Mediterranean Sea Hoped to seize control of Constantinople Hoped to seize control of Constantinople

War against the Ottoman EmpireWar against the Ottoman Empire• Numerous wars to acquire Turkish lands in SE Europe, CaucasusNumerous wars to acquire Turkish lands in SE Europe, Caucasus• Supported rise of Christian Balkan states under Russian influenceSupported rise of Christian Balkan states under Russian influence• Crimean War 1853 - 1856Crimean War 1853 - 1856

France, Great Britain, Sardinia supported OttomansFrance, Great Britain, Sardinia supported Ottomans Crushing defeat; forced tsars to modernize army, industryCrushing defeat; forced tsars to modernize army, industry

Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905• Russian expansion into China, Korea met JapanRussian expansion into China, Korea met Japan• Japanese attack Russia without warningJapanese attack Russia without warning• Defeat two Russian fleets, armiesDefeat two Russian fleets, armies• First defeat of a European by an Asian powerFirst defeat of a European by an Asian power• Japan emerges as a world military powerJapan emerges as a world military power

RUSSIAN EMPIRERUSSIAN EMPIRE

THE SICK OLD MAN OF EUROPETHE SICK OLD MAN OF EUROPE The issue of Ottoman State called the Eastern QuestionThe issue of Ottoman State called the Eastern Question

• A central concern of European diplomacy from 1800 to 1914A central concern of European diplomacy from 1800 to 1914• At issue was whether to preserve or partition Ottoman EmpireAt issue was whether to preserve or partition Ottoman Empire

By 1800s, Ottoman Empire a dying stateBy 1800s, Ottoman Empire a dying state• Central government Central government

Horribly corrupt, unable to reform, unviableHorribly corrupt, unable to reform, unviable Central authority breaks down and provinces begin to rebel, break offCentral authority breaks down and provinces begin to rebel, break off

• Multinational stateMultinational state Greeks, Slavs, Albanians, Rumanians, Jews, Arabs, Kurds, ArmeniansGreeks, Slavs, Albanians, Rumanians, Jews, Arabs, Kurds, Armenians Conflicting traditions demanding autonomyConflicting traditions demanding autonomy

• Nationalism affects some subject peoplesNationalism affects some subject peoples Mehmet Ali of Albania seeks independenceMehmet Ali of Albania seeks independence Muhammad Ali of Egypt seeks independenceMuhammad Ali of Egypt seeks independence Greek Rebellion in 1820 achieves independenceGreek Rebellion in 1820 achieves independence Serbs, Bulgars, Rumanians, Albanians follow in late 19Serbs, Bulgars, Rumanians, Albanians follow in late 19thth century century

Russians, Austrians prey on Ottoman TerritoryRussians, Austrians prey on Ottoman Territory• Russians constantly looking to take over territoryRussians constantly looking to take over territory• Austrians, Germans, French, English oppose Russian designsAustrians, Germans, French, English oppose Russian designs• French, English interested in markets, protecting Suez CanalFrench, English interested in markets, protecting Suez Canal

Balkan Wars and the Ottoman EmpireBalkan Wars and the Ottoman Empire• Congress of Berlin 1878Congress of Berlin 1878

Territory lost to Austria, RussiaTerritory lost to Austria, Russia Serbia, Montenegro, Rumania, Bulgaria declared independentSerbia, Montenegro, Rumania, Bulgaria declared independent

• Westerners intervene to protect Christians, economic interestsWesterners intervene to protect Christians, economic interests• Often Russia was the loser and it bred Russian resentmentOften Russia was the loser and it bred Russian resentment• Balkan Wars led to a Russo-France alliance and the Austro-German allianceBalkan Wars led to a Russo-France alliance and the Austro-German alliance• England very troubled by late period German interest in Ottoman EmpireEngland very troubled by late period German interest in Ottoman Empire• World War I was often called the last of the Balkan WarsWorld War I was often called the last of the Balkan Wars

THE THE DECLINEDECLINE

ANDANDPARTITIONPARTITION

OF THEOF THEOTTOMAN OTTOMAN

EMPIREEMPIRE

EGYPT & THE WORLDEGYPT & THE WORLD Napoleon’s Invasion of (Egypt) Ottoman EmpireNapoleon’s Invasion of (Egypt) Ottoman Empire

• French Revolution and ideas influence Ottoman EuropeansFrench Revolution and ideas influence Ottoman Europeans Napoleon invaded Egypt, made radical changes while in possessionNapoleon invaded Egypt, made radical changes while in possession Introduced westernization, nationalism into EgyptIntroduced westernization, nationalism into Egypt

• Destroyed Mameluk army without serious lossDestroyed Mameluk army without serious loss Showed the weakness, outdated nature of the Muslim institutionsShowed the weakness, outdated nature of the Muslim institutions English halt invasion and restore Turkish control of EgyptEnglish halt invasion and restore Turkish control of Egypt

Muhammad Ali emerges as ruler of Egypt after NapoleonMuhammad Ali emerges as ruler of Egypt after Napoleon• Began process to modernize Egyptian army Began process to modernize Egyptian army

Hired European officers, adopted European tacticsHired European officers, adopted European tactics Invaded Syria; builds modern fleet to invade Greece, TurkeyInvaded Syria; builds modern fleet to invade Greece, Turkey

• Modernizes economy to support militaryModernizes economy to support military Increased production of cash crops for export: cotton, hemp, indigoIncreased production of cash crops for export: cotton, hemp, indigo Improved harbors, irrigation, increased revenuesImproved harbors, irrigation, increased revenues Reform frustrated by worried Europeans, traditional MuslimsReform frustrated by worried Europeans, traditional Muslims Europeans destroy navy at Battle of NavarinoEuropeans destroy navy at Battle of Navarino

Khedives and European InterventionKhedives and European Intervention• Successors to Muhammad Ali ruled Egypt, Sudan until 1956Successors to Muhammad Ali ruled Egypt, Sudan until 1956• Egypt: single export crop economy (cotton): vulnerable to fluctuations Egypt: single export crop economy (cotton): vulnerable to fluctuations • Khedives unable to balance expenses, borrowed heavily from Europeans; in debtKhedives unable to balance expenses, borrowed heavily from Europeans; in debt

The Suez CanalThe Suez Canal• French build canal connecting Mediterranean, Red Sea (1869); controlled Egyptian French build canal connecting Mediterranean, Red Sea (1869); controlled Egyptian

debtdebt• Canal becomes critical to British empire, route to Asia; purchased Khedive’s stockCanal becomes critical to British empire, route to Asia; purchased Khedive’s stock• British, French intervened militarily in 1882 when Khedive could not pay debtsBritish, French intervened militarily in 1882 when Khedive could not pay debts

Khedive calls in British troops to protect him from army revoltKhedive calls in British troops to protect him from army revolt• British intervened, ruled Egypt through puppets, the KhediveBritish intervened, ruled Egypt through puppets, the Khedive• British officers controlled Egypt’s finance, foreign affairs; protect CanalBritish officers controlled Egypt’s finance, foreign affairs; protect Canal

AMERICAN CIVIL WARAMERICAN CIVIL WAR War not just an American domestic conflictWar not just an American domestic conflict

• France, UK nearly intervened for SouthFrance, UK nearly intervened for South Both dependent on Southern cottonBoth dependent on Southern cotton Both provided aid to Southern blockade runnersBoth provided aid to Southern blockade runners France and Mexico 1863 - 1867France and Mexico 1863 - 1867

• Revolution ousted Santa Anna; Juarez new leaderRevolution ousted Santa Anna; Juarez new leader• Mexico owed Europeans moneyMexico owed Europeans money• Europeans occupy Veracruz, ignored Monroe DoctrineEuropeans occupy Veracruz, ignored Monroe Doctrine• France set up a puppet regime under Austrian emperorFrance set up a puppet regime under Austrian emperor

• Austria, Prussia, Russia supported NorthAustria, Prussia, Russia supported North Saw Southern secession as revolt against legitimacySaw Southern secession as revolt against legitimacy

• Poland 1863: Three nations suppressed rebellionPoland 1863: Three nations suppressed rebellion• Three nations warned France, UK not to get involvedThree nations warned France, UK not to get involved• Russian fleets anchored in Northern portsRussian fleets anchored in Northern ports• US bought Alaska in 1867 to repay Russia for supportUS bought Alaska in 1867 to repay Russia for support

Prussia observed Union militaryPrussia observed Union military• Learned from Northern art of war, rebuilt armyLearned from Northern art of war, rebuilt army• Increased use of railroads as instrument of warIncreased use of railroads as instrument of war

• Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address Had world impactHad world impact Reminded French, English that North not South represented democracyReminded French, English that North not South represented democracy Came at same time as the Russian emancipation of their serfsCame at same time as the Russian emancipation of their serfs

• Union’s Industry and Agriculture productivity increasedUnion’s Industry and Agriculture productivity increased Northern industry boomed; after war turned to exporting finished goodsNorthern industry boomed; after war turned to exporting finished goods Northern agriculture mechanized to support war; increased productivity, exportsNorthern agriculture mechanized to support war; increased productivity, exports

Egypt and India developedEgypt and India developed• Cotton production increased to offset loss of American cottonCotton production increased to offset loss of American cotton• UK and France increased interests in Egypt, IndiaUK and France increased interests in Egypt, India

Brazil became last slave holding regime in Americas after 1865 Brazil became last slave holding regime in Americas after 1865

MEXICO IN MODERN ERA:MEXICO IN MODERN ERA:INSTABILITY AND FOREIGN INTERVENTIONINSTABILITY AND FOREIGN INTERVENTION

Mexican Republic under Santa AnnaMexican Republic under Santa Anna• Until his death dominated MexicoUntil his death dominated Mexico• Saw himself as a Latin NapoleonSaw himself as a Latin Napoleon• Constantly in debt to foreignersConstantly in debt to foreigners• Revolt of Texas led to conflict with USRevolt of Texas led to conflict with US

Mexican American War 1846 – 1848Mexican American War 1846 – 1848• Mexico lost 1/3 of its territoryMexico lost 1/3 of its territory• Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo• US expanded to Pacific and annexed TexasUS expanded to Pacific and annexed Texas

The French InterventionThe French Intervention• Benito Juarez Benito Juarez

Liberal Indian President of MexicoLiberal Indian President of Mexico He started a liberal revoltHe started a liberal revolt La Reforma which was powerfulLa Reforma which was powerful

• Conservatives turned to French for supportConservatives turned to French for support French troops landFrench troops land French install an Austrian emperor on throneFrench install an Austrian emperor on throne Backed emperor with French troops, French moneyBacked emperor with French troops, French money

• US demanded French withdrawal in 1867US demanded French withdrawal in 1867• Supply insurgents with arms; Juaristas winSupply insurgents with arms; Juaristas win

Diaz Era Dictatorship to 1910Diaz Era Dictatorship to 1910• Encouraged foreign investors Encouraged foreign investors • Built rails, telegraphs; developed mines, plantationsBuilt rails, telegraphs; developed mines, plantations• Country largely became property of American businesses Country largely became property of American businesses • Mexican oligarchy and foreign investors got wealthy Mexican oligarchy and foreign investors got wealthy • Average Mexican standard of living declined; Indians exploitedAverage Mexican standard of living declined; Indians exploited

OPIUM WARSOPIUM WARS 1795 Maccauley Mission and After1795 Maccauley Mission and After

• British send diplomatic, trade delegation to ChinaBritish send diplomatic, trade delegation to China Chinese tell British they are not interested in tradeChinese tell British they are not interested in trade China made mistake of underestimating EuropeansChina made mistake of underestimating Europeans

• Forced British, Europeans to trade through CantonForced British, Europeans to trade through Canton Chinese exported silks, porcelains, teas for silverChinese exported silks, porcelains, teas for silver Chinese refused to trade for manufacturesChinese refused to trade for manufactures

Opium trade Opium trade • A serious threat to Qing dynasty by 19A serious threat to Qing dynasty by 19thth century century • Cohong Cohong system restricted foreign merchants to Canton system restricted foreign merchants to Canton

China had much to offer, but little demand for European products China had much to offer, but little demand for European products East India Company cultivated opium to trade for Chinese goods East India Company cultivated opium to trade for Chinese goods

• British found that Chinese would trade for opiumBritish found that Chinese would trade for opium 1810: 4500 chests weighing 133 pounds yearly1810: 4500 chests weighing 133 pounds yearly By 1839, 40,000 chests traded yearlyBy 1839, 40,000 chests traded yearly Opium draining revenue, destroying economy, societyOpium draining revenue, destroying economy, society By 1838, 1% of 400 million Chinese were addictedBy 1838, 1% of 400 million Chinese were addicted

The Opium War (1839-1842) The Opium War (1839-1842) • Commissioner Lin Zexu directed to stop tradeCommissioner Lin Zexu directed to stop trade• British merchants refused British merchants refused • Lin confiscated, destroyed 20,000 chests of opium Lin confiscated, destroyed 20,000 chests of opium

British reactionBritish reaction• British retaliated, easily crushed Chinese forces, destroyed Grand CanalBritish retaliated, easily crushed Chinese forces, destroyed Grand Canal• British navy destroyed Chinese navy with steam gunboatsBritish navy destroyed Chinese navy with steam gunboats• British army invades and emperor sues for peaceBritish army invades and emperor sues for peace• 22ndnd Opium war erupts in 1850s which the British won Opium war erupts in 1850s which the British won• British begin using Hong Kong and five other portsBritish begin using Hong Kong and five other ports

22ndnd Opium War in 1860s: France, UK crush China Opium War in 1860s: France, UK crush China

CHINA: CHINA: UNEQUAL TREATIESUNEQUAL TREATIES

Unequal treaties forced trade concessions from Qing dynasty Unequal treaties forced trade concessions from Qing dynasty • Treaty of Nanjing, 1842Treaty of Nanjing, 1842

Britain gained right to opium tradeBritain gained right to opium trade Obtained most-favored-nation statusObtained most-favored-nation status Hong Kong ceded to Great Britain Hong Kong ceded to Great Britain

• Called unequal treaties Called unequal treaties Made with western countries and Japan Made with western countries and Japan ExtraterritorialityExtraterritoriality

• Foreigners not subject to Chinese lawsForeigners not subject to Chinese laws• Criminal acts tried in Western courtsCriminal acts tried in Western courts• Chinese crimes against westerners tried in western courtsChinese crimes against westerners tried in western courts

By 1900, China lost control of economy to foreignersBy 1900, China lost control of economy to foreigners• Foreigners invest in China, control industryForeigners invest in China, control industry• Ninety ports open to foreign powersNinety ports open to foreign powers• Foreigners issued own stamps, had own postForeigners issued own stamps, had own post

Spheres of influence eroded Chinese power Spheres of influence eroded Chinese power • Foreign powers seized Chinese tribute states Foreign powers seized Chinese tribute states

Vietnam (France)Vietnam (France) Burma (United Kingdom)Burma (United Kingdom) Korea, Taiwan (Japan)Korea, Taiwan (Japan)

• Effective partition of China by 1898Effective partition of China by 1898 China carved into spheres of economic influenceChina carved into spheres of economic influence

• France: Southern ChinaFrance: Southern China• UK: Canton area, Shantung area, Yangzte River, TibetUK: Canton area, Shantung area, Yangzte River, Tibet• Russia: Manchuria, SinkjiangRussia: Manchuria, Sinkjiang• Japan: Amoy area across from Taiwan, Southern ManchuriaJapan: Amoy area across from Taiwan, Southern Manchuria

Chinese government ineffectiveChinese government ineffective• Foreign merchants, missionaries free to run about countryForeign merchants, missionaries free to run about country• Foreign legations (embassies) control many citiesForeign legations (embassies) control many cities• Western, Japanese ships sail up, down rivers without interruptionWestern, Japanese ships sail up, down rivers without interruption

CHINA & CONCESSIONSCHINA & CONCESSIONS

MODERN ERAMODERN ERAINTERACTIONS:INTERACTIONS:IMPERIALISM IMPERIALISM 1750 - 19141750 - 1914

IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM Motives of imperialism Motives of imperialism

• Modern imperialism Modern imperialism Refers to domination of industrialized countries over subject lands Refers to domination of industrialized countries over subject lands Domination achieved by trade, investment, business activitiesDomination achieved by trade, investment, business activities

• Two types of modern colonialism Two types of modern colonialism Colonies ruled and populated by migrants Colonies ruled and populated by migrants Colonies controlled without significant settlementColonies controlled without significant settlement

• Economic motives of imperialism Economic motives of imperialism European merchants made personal fortunes European merchants made personal fortunes Expansion to obtain raw materials Expansion to obtain raw materials Colonies were potential markets for productsColonies were potential markets for products

• Political motives Political motives Strategic purpose: harbors, supply stations Strategic purpose: harbors, supply stations Overseas expansion used to defuse internal tensionsOverseas expansion used to defuse internal tensions

• Cultural justifications of imperialism Cultural justifications of imperialism Christian missionaries sought converts in Africa and Asia Christian missionaries sought converts in Africa and Asia "Civilizing mission“/"white man's burden“ justified expansion"Civilizing mission“/"white man's burden“ justified expansion

Tools of empire Tools of empire • Transportation technologies supported imperialism Transportation technologies supported imperialism

Steam-powered gunboats reached inland waters of Africa and Asia Steam-powered gunboats reached inland waters of Africa and Asia Railroads organized local economies to serve imperial powerRailroads organized local economies to serve imperial power

• Western military technologies increasingly powerful Western military technologies increasingly powerful Firearms: from muskets to rifles to machines guns Firearms: from muskets to rifles to machines guns In Battle of Omdurman 1898, British troops killed eleven thousand Sudanese in In Battle of Omdurman 1898, British troops killed eleven thousand Sudanese in

five hoursfive hours• Communication technologies linked imperial lands with colonies Communication technologies linked imperial lands with colonies

Oceangoing steamships cut travel time from Britain to India to weeks Oceangoing steamships cut travel time from Britain to India to weeks Telegraph invented in 1830s, global reach by 1900Telegraph invented in 1830s, global reach by 1900

Difference between colonialism and imperialismDifference between colonialism and imperialism

EMPIRE IN ASIAEMPIRE IN ASIA The British empire in India The British empire in India

• Company rule under the English East India Company Company rule under the English East India Company EIC took advantage of Mughal decline in India, began conquest of India in 1750s EIC took advantage of Mughal decline in India, began conquest of India in 1750s Built trading cities and forts at Calcutta, Madras, Bombay Built trading cities and forts at Calcutta, Madras, Bombay Ruled with small British force, Indian troops called Ruled with small British force, Indian troops called sepoyssepoys Sepoy Rebellion, 1857: attacks on British led to reprisals Sepoy Rebellion, 1857: attacks on British led to reprisals

• British imperial rule replaced the EIC, 1858 British imperial rule replaced the EIC, 1858 British viceroy and high-level British civil service ruled India British viceroy and high-level British civil service ruled India British appointed viceroy, ran all domestic, foreign policy British appointed viceroy, ran all domestic, foreign policy Indians held low-level bureaucratic positionsIndians held low-level bureaucratic positions

• Economic restructuring of India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka) Economic restructuring of India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka) Introduction of commercial crops: tea, coffee, opium Introduction of commercial crops: tea, coffee, opium Built railroads, telegraph lines, canals, harbors, irrigationBuilt railroads, telegraph lines, canals, harbors, irrigation

• Did not interfere with Indian culture, religion Did not interfere with Indian culture, religion Established English-style schools for Indian elites Established English-style schools for Indian elites Outlawed Indian customs considered offensive, (Outlawed Indian customs considered offensive, (sati)sati)

Imperialism in central Asia and southeast Asia Imperialism in central Asia and southeast Asia • "Great Game" refers to competition between Britain, Russia in central Asia "Great Game" refers to competition between Britain, Russia in central Asia

By 1860s Russian expansion reached northern frontiers of British India By 1860s Russian expansion reached northern frontiers of British India Russian and British explorers mapped, scouted, but never colonized Afghanistan Russian and British explorers mapped, scouted, but never colonized Afghanistan Russian dominance of central Asia lasted until 1991Russian dominance of central Asia lasted until 1991

• Dutch East India Company held tight control of Indonesia (Dutch East India) Dutch East India Company held tight control of Indonesia (Dutch East India) • British colonies in southeast Asia British colonies in southeast Asia

Established colonial authority in Burma, 1880s Established colonial authority in Burma, 1880s Port of Singapore founded 1824; was base for conquest of Malaya, 1870sPort of Singapore founded 1824; was base for conquest of Malaya, 1870s

• French Indochina created, 1859-1893 French Indochina created, 1859-1893 Consisted of Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos--former tribute states of Qing dynasty Consisted of Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos--former tribute states of Qing dynasty French encouraged conversion to Christianity, established western-style schools French encouraged conversion to Christianity, established western-style schools

• Thailand left in place as buffer between Burma and IndochinaThailand left in place as buffer between Burma and Indochina

IMPERIALISM IN ASIAIMPERIALISM IN ASIA

SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICASCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1875 and 19001875 and 1900

• European powers seized almost the entire continent European powers seized almost the entire continent • Early explorers charted the waters, gathered information on resources Early explorers charted the waters, gathered information on resources • Missionaries like David Livingstone set up mission posts Missionaries like David Livingstone set up mission posts • Henry Stanley sent by Leopold II of Belgium to create colony in Congo, 1870s Henry Stanley sent by Leopold II of Belgium to create colony in Congo, 1870s • To protect their investments and Suez Canal, Britain occupied Egypt, 1882To protect their investments and Suez Canal, Britain occupied Egypt, 1882

South Africa South Africa • Settled first by Dutch farmers (Afrikaners) in seventeenth century Settled first by Dutch farmers (Afrikaners) in seventeenth century • By 1800 was a European settler colony with enslaved black African population By 1800 was a European settler colony with enslaved black African population • British seized Cape Colony in early nineteenth century, abolished slavery in 1833 British seized Cape Colony in early nineteenth century, abolished slavery in 1833 • British-Dutch tensions led to Great Trek of Afrikaners inland to claim new lands British-Dutch tensions led to Great Trek of Afrikaners inland to claim new lands • Mid-19Mid-19THTH century, they established Orange Free State in 1854, Transvaal in 1860 century, they established Orange Free State in 1854, Transvaal in 1860 • Discovery of gold and diamonds in Afrikaner lands; influx of British settlers Discovery of gold and diamonds in Afrikaner lands; influx of British settlers • Boer War, 1899-1902: British defeated Afrikaners, Union of South AfricaBoer War, 1899-1902: British defeated Afrikaners, Union of South Africa

The Berlin Conference, 1884-1885 The Berlin Conference, 1884-1885 • European powers set rules for carving Africa into colonies, Africans not invited European powers set rules for carving Africa into colonies, Africans not invited • Occupation, supported by European armies, established colonial rule in Africa Occupation, supported by European armies, established colonial rule in Africa • By 1900 all of Africa, except Ethiopia and Liberia, was controlled by European powersBy 1900 all of Africa, except Ethiopia and Liberia, was controlled by European powers

Colonial rule challenging and expensive Colonial rule challenging and expensive • "Concessionary companies": granted considerable authority to private companies "Concessionary companies": granted considerable authority to private companies

empowered to build plantations, mines, railroads empowered to build plantations, mines, railroads made use of forced labor and taxation, as in Belgian Congo made use of forced labor and taxation, as in Belgian Congo unprofitable, often replaced by more direct ruleunprofitable, often replaced by more direct rule

• Direct rule: replacing local rulers with Europeans--French model Direct rule: replacing local rulers with Europeans--French model justified by "civilizing mission" justified by "civilizing mission" hard to find enough European personnelhard to find enough European personnel

• Indirect rule: control over subjects through local institutions--British model Indirect rule: control over subjects through local institutions--British model worked best in African societies that were highly organized worked best in African societies that were highly organized assumed firm tribal boundaries where often none existedassumed firm tribal boundaries where often none existed

AFRICA 1880 & 1914AFRICA 1880 & 1914

EMPIRES IN THE PACIFICEMPIRES IN THE PACIFIC Australia and New ZealandAustralia and New Zealand

• Both became settler colonies in the Pacific Both became settler colonies in the Pacific • 1770, Captain Cook reached Australia, reported it suitable for settlement 1770, Captain Cook reached Australia, reported it suitable for settlement

1788, one thousand settlers established colony of New South Wales 1788, one thousand settlers established colony of New South Wales Became a penal colony after loss of Georgia in American RevolutionBecame a penal colony after loss of Georgia in American Revolution 1851, gold discovered; surge of European migration to Australia 1851, gold discovered; surge of European migration to Australia

• Fertile soil and timber of New Zealand attracted European settlers Fertile soil and timber of New Zealand attracted European settlers Europeans diseases dramatically reduced aboriginal populationsEuropeans diseases dramatically reduced aboriginal populations European flora and fauna replaced most native species European flora and fauna replaced most native species

• Large settler societies forced indigenous peoples onto marginal landsLarge settler societies forced indigenous peoples onto marginal lands Pacific IslandsPacific Islands

• Spain and the PacificSpain and the Pacific Pacific had been a Spanish possession until 19Pacific had been a Spanish possession until 19thth century (Philippines, Micronesia) century (Philippines, Micronesia) Spanish yearly shipments of silver from Mexico to China ended in 1812Spanish yearly shipments of silver from Mexico to China ended in 1812

• Colonization of Pacific Islands delayed until late nineteenth century Colonization of Pacific Islands delayed until late nineteenth century • Early American visitors to the Pacific Early American visitors to the Pacific

American Whalers throughout region after American revolutionAmerican Whalers throughout region after American revolution American merchants on way to China began in 19American merchants on way to China began in 19thth century century California Gold Rush open Pacific coast to immigrants from Europe, ChinaCalifornia Gold Rush open Pacific coast to immigrants from Europe, China US challenged rule in 1854 when Commodore Perry forced Japan to open portsUS challenged rule in 1854 when Commodore Perry forced Japan to open ports Some missionaries active especially in Hawaii and on way to ChinaSome missionaries active especially in Hawaii and on way to China

• Late nineteenth century, Late nineteenth century, European states sought coaling stations and naval portsEuropean states sought coaling stations and naval ports 1867: USA acquires Alaska, Wake Island1867: USA acquires Alaska, Wake Island 1898: USA acquires Hawaii, Philippines, Guam1898: USA acquires Hawaii, Philippines, Guam 1899: German buys remaining Spanish islands 1899: German buys remaining Spanish islands By 1900, all islands claimed by France, Britain, Germany and United States. By 1900, all islands claimed by France, Britain, Germany and United States.

• Island plantations produced sugarcane, copra, guanoIsland plantations produced sugarcane, copra, guano

EMPIRES IN THE PACIFICEMPIRES IN THE PACIFIC

U.S. IMPERIALISMU.S. IMPERIALISM Westward Expansion, Manifest Destiny precede overseas imperialismWestward Expansion, Manifest Destiny precede overseas imperialism

• Americans push west after American revolutionAmericans push west after American revolution• Drove Indians from landDrove Indians from land• US purchases Louisiana from FranceUS purchases Louisiana from France• Opened up West to settlementOpened up West to settlement• Americans saw it as God-given right to occupy continentAmericans saw it as God-given right to occupy continent

The Monroe Doctrine and Latin AmericaThe Monroe Doctrine and Latin America• 1823: proclamation by U.S. president James Monroe 1823: proclamation by U.S. president James Monroe • Opposed European imperialism in the AmericasOpposed European imperialism in the Americas• Justified American interventions in late 19Justified American interventions in late 19thth, 20, 20thth century century• Used doctrine to tell France to withdraw from Mexico in 1867 Used doctrine to tell France to withdraw from Mexico in 1867 • United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 • Hawaii became a protectorate in 1875, formally annexed in 1898Hawaii became a protectorate in 1875, formally annexed in 1898• Tended to leave area open only for American investments, loansTended to leave area open only for American investments, loans

The Mexican American War 1846 – 1848The Mexican American War 1846 – 1848• US annexation of Texas set off conflict with MexicoUS annexation of Texas set off conflict with Mexico• US defeats Mexico, annexed 1/3 of Mexican territory US defeats Mexico, annexed 1/3 of Mexican territory • Settlement of Far West, Pacific Coast, Great Basin followsSettlement of Far West, Pacific Coast, Great Basin follows

1867 – 18981867 – 1898• Acquires small Pacific Islands, Alaska from Russia in 1867Acquires small Pacific Islands, Alaska from Russia in 1867• Economic interests in Hawaii lead to revolution, annexation in 1898Economic interests in Hawaii lead to revolution, annexation in 1898

The Spanish-American War (1898-99) The Spanish-American War (1898-99) • US defeated Spain and took over Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines US defeated Spain and took over Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines • US and PhilippinesUS and Philippines

Backed Filipino revolt against Spain, purchased and took over the colony Backed Filipino revolt against Spain, purchased and took over the colony 1902-1904, bitter civil war killed two hundred thousand Filipinos, ended in U.S. victory1902-1904, bitter civil war killed two hundred thousand Filipinos, ended in U.S. victory

The Panama Canal, 1903-1914 The Panama Canal, 1903-1914 • Colombian government refused U.S. request to build canal at Panama isthmus Colombian government refused U.S. request to build canal at Panama isthmus • US helped rebels establish the state of Panama for the right to build a canal US helped rebels establish the state of Panama for the right to build a canal • Completed in 1914; gave United States access to Atlantic and PacificCompleted in 1914; gave United States access to Atlantic and Pacific

MANIFEST DESTINYMANIFEST DESTINYWhat one painting can tell usWhat one painting can tell us

MAP OF AMERICAN IMPERIALISMMAP OF AMERICAN IMPERIALISM

IMPERIAL JAPANIMPERIAL JAPAN Japan and the WestJapan and the West

• 1854: US Commodore Perry forces Japan out of isolation1854: US Commodore Perry forces Japan out of isolation• Japanese resented unequal treaties of 1860sJapanese resented unequal treaties of 1860s• Borrowed western knowledgeBorrowed western knowledge• Resolved to become imperial power Resolved to become imperial power

Early Japanese expansion in nearby islands Early Japanese expansion in nearby islands • 1870s, to the north: Hokkaido, Kurile islands 1870s, to the north: Hokkaido, Kurile islands • By 1879, to the south: Okinawa and Ryukyu IslandsBy 1879, to the south: Okinawa and Ryukyu Islands

Meiji Government Meiji Government • Prussia trained Japanese army, Britain trained Japanese navyPrussia trained Japanese army, Britain trained Japanese navy• Bought British warships, built up navy, began building own shipsBought British warships, built up navy, began building own ships• Established military academies Established military academies • 1876, imposed unequal treaties on Korea at gunpoint 1876, imposed unequal treaties on Korea at gunpoint • Made plans to invade ChinaMade plans to invade China

The Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) The Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) • Rebellion in Korea: Chinese army sent to restore order, reassert authority Rebellion in Korea: Chinese army sent to restore order, reassert authority • Meiji leaders declared war against China, demolished Chinese fleet Meiji leaders declared war against China, demolished Chinese fleet • China forced to cede Korea, Taiwan, Pescadores, Liaodong peninsulaChina forced to cede Korea, Taiwan, Pescadores, Liaodong peninsula

Japan helps suppress Boxer Rebellion, creates own zones in ChinaJapan helps suppress Boxer Rebellion, creates own zones in China The Russo-Japanese War (1904-05) The Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)

• Russia had territorial ambitions in Liaodong peninsula, Korea, Manchuria Russia had territorial ambitions in Liaodong peninsula, Korea, Manchuria • Japanese navy destroyed local Russian forcesJapanese navy destroyed local Russian forces• Reinforcements from Baltic sunk at Battle of Tushima Reinforcements from Baltic sunk at Battle of Tushima • Japan now a major imperial powerJapan now a major imperial power• Made an alliance with Great BritainMade an alliance with Great Britain

1910: Annexes Korea1910: Annexes Korea

JAPANESE EMPIREJAPANESE EMPIRE

MODERN ERAMODERN ERAINTERACTIONS:INTERACTIONS:

RISE OF RISE OF INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL

DIPLOMACY DIPLOMACY 1750 - 19141750 - 1914

DIPLOMACY: BALANCE OF DIPLOMACY: BALANCE OF POWER & HEGEMONYPOWER & HEGEMONY

Century: Era of Western hegemony in all areasCentury: Era of Western hegemony in all areas Balance of Power dominates centuryBalance of Power dominates century

• After Napoleon, great powers kept peaceAfter Napoleon, great powers kept peace• Intervened in European affairs to maintain balanceIntervened in European affairs to maintain balance• Goals and PoliciesGoals and Policies

No one power should dominateNo one power should dominate No nation should be eliminatedNo nation should be eliminated No permanent ideologies threaten peaceNo permanent ideologies threaten peace Brokered conferences to decide touchy issuesBrokered conferences to decide touchy issues

International OrganizationsInternational Organizations• Non-governmental Organizations new in history Non-governmental Organizations new in history

Try to promote international accordTry to promote international accord Establish cooperationEstablish cooperation

• Red Cross Red Cross Established at end of Crimean WarEstablished at end of Crimean War Provide health care, relief following catastrophesProvide health care, relief following catastrophes

• Olympics Olympics Resurrected in 1896Resurrected in 1896 Healthy competitionHealthy competition

• International Laws International Laws Diplomacy reaches highest level during periodDiplomacy reaches highest level during period Rules of Peace and WarRules of Peace and War

• Hague Conferences and ConventionsHague Conferences and Conventions• Agreements create standards, rules of war, peaceAgreements create standards, rules of war, peace• Neutrality was a key conceptNeutrality was a key concept• Civilians were not to be touchedCivilians were not to be touched

PRE-WAR ALLIANCESPRE-WAR ALLIANCES Rival systems of alliance Rival systems of alliance

• Germany forms alliancesGermany forms alliances Bismarck attempts to isolate FranceBismarck attempts to isolate France Until 1890, Germany had alliances with all except FranceUntil 1890, Germany had alliances with all except France Obligated allies to come to one another's defenseObligated allies to come to one another's defense

• France and Russia France and Russia Found themselves isolated, fearful of GermanyFound themselves isolated, fearful of Germany Formed Double Entente to end their isolationFormed Double Entente to end their isolation

The Triple Alliance The Triple Alliance • Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Germany, Austria allied 1879 Germany, Austria allied 1879 Italy joined in 1882 (Triple Alliance) Italy joined in 1882 (Triple Alliance)

• Others Allied StatesOthers Allied States Ottoman Empire: German railroads, reforms of militaryOttoman Empire: German railroads, reforms of military Bulgaria and Rumania fearful of Russia and SerbiaBulgaria and Rumania fearful of Russia and Serbia

The Double and Later Triple Entente The Double and Later Triple Entente • France, Russia France, Russia

Common enemy: Germany, common war plans Common enemy: Germany, common war plans Worked together diplomaticallyWorked together diplomatically

• Why the United Kingdom joined Why the United Kingdom joined Due to rivalry with Germany over colonies and German construction of a navyDue to rivalry with Germany over colonies and German construction of a navy After German pre-war diplomacy seemed to lead to war After German pre-war diplomacy seemed to lead to war Shifting series of treaties ended with a military pact, 1914Shifting series of treaties ended with a military pact, 1914 Japan had a separate alliance with Great Britain for Asia PacificJapan had a separate alliance with Great Britain for Asia Pacific

War plans: each power poised and prepared for war War plans: each power poised and prepared for war • Military leaders devised inflexible military plans and timetables Military leaders devised inflexible military plans and timetables • France's Plan XVII focused on offensive maneuvers and attacks France's Plan XVII focused on offensive maneuvers and attacks • Germany's Schlieffen plan: swift attack on France, defend against RussiaGermany's Schlieffen plan: swift attack on France, defend against Russia

ALLIANCESALLIANCESc. 1914c. 1914

MODERN ERAMODERN ERAINTERACTIONS:INTERACTIONS:

TRADE AND COMMERCE TRADE AND COMMERCE

1750 - 19141750 - 1914

COMMERCIAL IDEOLOGIES IN 1750COMMERCIAL IDEOLOGIES IN 1750 MercantilismMercantilism

• Limited amount of wealth in the worldLimited amount of wealth in the world If one nation benefited, another sufferedIf one nation benefited, another suffered Goal is to maximize nation’s portion of tradeGoal is to maximize nation’s portion of trade Goal is to exclude competition from markets and monopolize wealthGoal is to exclude competition from markets and monopolize wealth

• Governments pass legislation to support domestic commerceGovernments pass legislation to support domestic commerce Trade incentives for local producersTrade incentives for local producers Establish barriers to outside tradeEstablish barriers to outside trade

• Tariffs, excise taxesTariffs, excise taxes• Quotas, restrictions on importsQuotas, restrictions on imports• Infant industries supportInfant industries support

• Governments support colonization, imperialismGovernments support colonization, imperialism Colonization: find homes for excess populationColonization: find homes for excess population Imperialism provides markets, resources for domestic industryImperialism provides markets, resources for domestic industry Foreign possessions bring glory, wealth to the nationForeign possessions bring glory, wealth to the nation

• Almost every nation in the world subscribes to this theoryAlmost every nation in the world subscribes to this theory Free TradeFree Trade

• Wealth is not finite but can be createdWealth is not finite but can be created• To maximize wealth, allow people, industry to compete freelyTo maximize wealth, allow people, industry to compete freely• Governments exist to protect competition, not guarantee successGovernments exist to protect competition, not guarantee success• UK, US (American colonies), Dutch are free tradersUK, US (American colonies), Dutch are free traders

Adam Smith and the Wealth of NationAdam Smith and the Wealth of Nation• Intellectual father of capitalism, free trade; ideas came to dominate US, Great BritainIntellectual father of capitalism, free trade; ideas came to dominate US, Great Britain• By 1914By 1914

UK was 1UK was 1stst in world, US was 3 in world, US was 3rdrd

English, American companies dominated world trade, finance, industry, capitalEnglish, American companies dominated world trade, finance, industry, capital Even Germany, 2Even Germany, 2ndnd practiced the doctrine often practiced the doctrine often

ECONOMIC EXCHANGES IN 1750ECONOMIC EXCHANGES IN 1750 Domestic TradeDomestic Trade

• Most commerce is internal, most markets are autarkic: self-sufficientMost commerce is internal, most markets are autarkic: self-sufficient• Great wealth is generated in trade but not as much as domestic productionGreat wealth is generated in trade but not as much as domestic production• Most workers, farmers generate wealth only sufficient for self consumptionMost workers, farmers generate wealth only sufficient for self consumption

International TradeInternational Trade• Conditions of TradeConditions of Trade

Mercantilism predominatesMercantilism predominates International trade tends to be limited to cash crops, finished luxuriesInternational trade tends to be limited to cash crops, finished luxuries Western Europe dominates most tradeWestern Europe dominates most trade Only Eastern Asia has the ability to rival, challenge Western EuropeOnly Eastern Asia has the ability to rival, challenge Western Europe

• Trade MarketsTrade Markets Western European exports and importsWestern European exports and imports

• Exports: finished products, finished luxuriesExports: finished products, finished luxuries• Imports: raw materials, minerals, primary crop luxuriesImports: raw materials, minerals, primary crop luxuries

Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Northern Europe, SW AsiaEastern Europe, Southern Europe, Northern Europe, SW Asia• Imports: finished products, finished luxuriesImports: finished products, finished luxuries• Exports: minerals, primary products, grainsExports: minerals, primary products, grains

Americas including Caribbean, South AsiaAmericas including Caribbean, South Asia• Imports: finished products, finished luxuriesImports: finished products, finished luxuries• Exports: minerals, primary products, cash cropsExports: minerals, primary products, cash crops

Eastern AsiaEastern Asia• Exports: finished products, finished luxuries, cloths, silksExports: finished products, finished luxuries, cloths, silks• Imports: minerals (silver), luxuries, luxury foodImports: minerals (silver), luxuries, luxury food• Note: most economies limit European influence, contactsNote: most economies limit European influence, contacts

AfricaAfrica• Imports: finished products, finished luxuries, cash cropsImports: finished products, finished luxuries, cash crops• Exports: slaves, ivory, gold, clovesExports: slaves, ivory, gold, cloves

ECONOMIC EXCHANGES IN 1914ECONOMIC EXCHANGES IN 1914 Saw the rise of international tradeSaw the rise of international trade

• Trade involved all types of products, goods for first timeTrade involved all types of products, goods for first time• Entire world involved: all continents, peoples effectedEntire world involved: all continents, peoples effected• Some nations traded to exist: made their wealth off of tradeSome nations traded to exist: made their wealth off of trade• Very few nations produced finished goods for international market (core)Very few nations produced finished goods for international market (core)• Most nations supplied world markets with raw materials (periphery)Most nations supplied world markets with raw materials (periphery)• Nations had begun to specialize in trade (we cannot produce everything)Nations had begun to specialize in trade (we cannot produce everything)

Terms of TradeTerms of Trade• Most items traded were finished goods, industrial productsMost items traded were finished goods, industrial products• Wealthy nations tended to trade with each otherWealthy nations tended to trade with each other• Western Colonies, Latin America, all of Asia except Japan Western Colonies, Latin America, all of Asia except Japan

Only accounted for a small part of tradeOnly accounted for a small part of trade Generally exported primary products, imported finished productsGenerally exported primary products, imported finished products

• Nations began negotiating trade agreementsNations began negotiating trade agreements The US and later UK came to favor open markets (markets open to all)The US and later UK came to favor open markets (markets open to all) Most favored nation status was goal: partners traded as equalsMost favored nation status was goal: partners traded as equals

Rise of international capital marketsRise of international capital markets• Domestic profit needed to be invested, sometimes best opportunities abroadDomestic profit needed to be invested, sometimes best opportunities abroad• Money invested abroad to reap benefits at homeMoney invested abroad to reap benefits at home• Rise of international banks, investment opportunitiesRise of international banks, investment opportunities

Rise of Multinational CorporationsRise of Multinational Corporations• Corporations had branches, outlets in other nationsCorporations had branches, outlets in other nations• Facilitated the transfer of technology, ideas, people between continentsFacilitated the transfer of technology, ideas, people between continents

International Economic ExchangesInternational Economic Exchanges• Linked the world better than most ideologiesLinked the world better than most ideologies• Was an instrument of revolutionary change to traditional societiesWas an instrument of revolutionary change to traditional societies• Was a threat to traditional societiesWas a threat to traditional societies

Rise of international communism, socialism as reactions to international wealthRise of international communism, socialism as reactions to international wealth