The Cell

Plant Cell

Cell Wall: Made of Cellulose; Allows things into and out of the cell; Provides structure to the plant. Does not exist in animal cells.

Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane): Regulates what goes in and what goes out of the cell. Made of a phospholipid bilayer.

Phospholipid Bilayer

Cytoplasm: cytosol and organelles; “egg white”; high in proteins including enzymes

cytoskeleton: proteins called microtubules that hold the organelles loosely in place

Endoplasmic Reticulum: transportation system for the cell; E.R.

Nuclear Membrane (Nuclear Envelope): regulates what goes in and out of the nucleus: phospholipid bilayer

Ribosomes: Make proteins (sequence amino acids); aka protein synthesis (travels via the E.R.)

Nucleus: contains DNA, chromosomes and chromatin, the genetic material of the cell

Nucleolus: produces rRNA, parts for the ribosomes

Chromatin: DNA/chromosomes; invisible until it coils up

Vacuoles: storage for the cells; food vacuoles, water vacuoles, etc.; garage

Mitochondria: cell respiration;

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 +6H2O =

38 ATP

Converts food into ATP

Chloroplasts: Only in plant cells. Perform photosynthesis in the presence of light turning sunlight energy into chemical energy; 6CO2 +6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2

Golgi Bodies:

Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Body: Flattened sacs that act like the Post Office for the cell. They package and ship materials outside the cell or to other cells.

Lysosome: lys= to cut; some=body Where digestion happens within the cell.

Osmosis

Diffusion of water across a membrane

Does not require ATP

Hyper- Above Ex. Hyperactive

(above/over active)

Hypo- Below Ex. Hypodermic needle

(below + skin)

Iso- Equal Ex. Isobar

(same barometric pressure)

Hypertonic

There are more solute (salt, sugar, etc.) molecules outside the cell

Water moves towards the higher solute concentration

“salt sucks” Cells shrink as they lose

water. Egg in salt water is

hypertonic and will lose water.

Hypotonic There are fewer solute (salt)

molecules outside the cell water will move into the cell. The cell will gain water and grow

larger. In animal cells, organelles called

CONTRACTILE VACUOLES will pump water out of the cell to prevent this.

The egg in fresh water is hypotonic and water will enter the egg.

Isotonic Concentration of solute

(salt) is equal on both sides.

Water will move back and forth across membrane.

No change on the overall amount of water on either side.