Plants!!Plants!!Chapters 22-23Chapters 22-23

BiologyBiology

What is a plant?What is a plant?

MulticellularMulticellular EukaryotesEukaryotes Contains cell walls (cellulose)Contains cell walls (cellulose) Develop from multicellular embryosDevelop from multicellular embryos Photosynthesis by using green Photosynthesis by using green

pigmentspigments– Chlorophyll A and Chlorophyll BChlorophyll A and Chlorophyll B

Trees, Shrubs, Grasses, Mosses, FernsTrees, Shrubs, Grasses, Mosses, Ferns

Survival RequirementsSurvival Requirements

SunlightSunlight Water & MineralsWater & Minerals Gas ExchangeGas Exchange Movement of Water and NutrientsMovement of Water and Nutrients

Least evolved: BryophytesLeast evolved: BryophytesWater Babies!!Water Babies!!

Mosses Mosses LiverwortsLiverworts HornwortsHornworts

– Low growing plants that are found in wet Low growing plants that are found in wet areas with shadeareas with shade

– Can survive in polar and tropical regionsCan survive in polar and tropical regions– Osmosis for water transport (plants need to Osmosis for water transport (plants need to

be close to water source; water moves from be close to water source; water moves from higher conc. to lower conc.)higher conc. to lower conc.)

– Sperm travels thru water to reach eggs of Sperm travels thru water to reach eggs of diff. individualsdiff. individuals

((They have no They have no Xylem or Xylem or PhloemPhloem))

True Moss

Liverwort

Hornwort w/Sporophytes

Bryophyte Bryophyte Life CycleLife Cycle

Must have Must have water for water for reproduction reproduction to occurto occur

Sperm travels Sperm travels thru water to thru water to meet up with meet up with eggegg

Evolution from Osmosis to Vascular Evolution from Osmosis to Vascular TissueTissue

Water: precious to life!Water: precious to life! Tracheids: hollow cells w/thick cell wallsTracheids: hollow cells w/thick cell walls

– Resists pressure, connected, making water Resists pressure, connected, making water movement very efficientmovement very efficient

Xylem: carries Xylem: carries waterwater upward from the upward from the rootsroots

Phloem: moves Phloem: moves nutrientsnutrients made during made during photosynthesis thru-out plantphotosynthesis thru-out plant

Works against gravityWorks against gravity

Ferns and its relativesFerns and its relatives Seedless vascular plantsSeedless vascular plants Contain true roots, leaves, and stemsContain true roots, leaves, and stems Roots: Underground organ absorbs water and Roots: Underground organ absorbs water and

mineralsminerals Leaves: photosynthetic organs w/vascular Leaves: photosynthetic organs w/vascular

tissuetissue– Veins: w/in leaves made of xylem & phloemVeins: w/in leaves made of xylem & phloem

Stems: supporting structures connecting Stems: supporting structures connecting roots-leaves, carries water & nutrients roots-leaves, carries water & nutrients between thembetween them– Club mossesClub mosses– HorsetailsHorsetails– FernsFerns

Not all plants have seeds either

Club moss

Horsetail

Boston Fern

Asparagus Fern

Seed PlantsSeed Plants

Advantages: Freed from H2O existence Advantages: Freed from H2O existence (vascular, reproduction)(vascular, reproduction)– Cones and Flowers (Seed bearing structures)Cones and Flowers (Seed bearing structures)– Pollen (seed plants) carried to female structurePollen (seed plants) carried to female structure– Seeds (embryo of plant) covered by seed coatSeeds (embryo of plant) covered by seed coat

GymnospermsGymnosperms: Cone bearing : Cone bearing – Pines, spruce, palms, ginkoPines, spruce, palms, ginko

AngiospermsAngiosperms: Flowering plants: Flowering plants– Grasses, flowering anythingGrasses, flowering anything

Angiosperms: Enclosed SeedAngiosperms: Enclosed Seed Flowering plants: Flowers attract Flowering plants: Flowers attract

animals that transport pollen (bees, animals that transport pollen (bees, birds, bats, etc)birds, bats, etc)

Flowers contains ovaries: Ovary is Flowers contains ovaries: Ovary is protection for young seed. protection for young seed.

Ovaries become fruit after Ovaries become fruit after fertilization, aids in dispersal of seedsfertilization, aids in dispersal of seeds– Seeds enter digestive tract, seeds travelSeeds enter digestive tract, seeds travel– Birds Birds

Responsible for most plant dispersalResponsible for most plant dispersal

Diversity of AngiospermDiversity of Angiosperm

MonocotMonocot: 1 : 1 cotyledoncotyledon– leaves have parallel veinsleaves have parallel veins– flowers are in multiples of 3flowers are in multiples of 3– vascular bundles scatter thru tissuevascular bundles scatter thru tissue– fibrous root systemfibrous root system

DicotDicot: 2 : 2 cotyledoncotyledon– branched veinsbranched veins– floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5– vascular bundles in ringvascular bundles in ring– taproot systemtaproot system

Plants Continued: Plants Continued: Specialized TissuesSpecialized Tissues

Seed Plant StructureSeed Plant Structure

Roots: Anchor for plant, nutrient & Roots: Anchor for plant, nutrient & water absorptionwater absorption

Stems: Support, transports nutrientsStems: Support, transports nutrients Leaves: Main photo-synthesizer, Leaves: Main photo-synthesizer,

protect from water loss, COprotect from water loss, CO22 & H & H22O O exchangeexchange

Plant tissues: 3 typesPlant tissues: 3 types

Dermal: Epidermal cells, covered in Dermal: Epidermal cells, covered in wax (cuticle)- protects against Hwax (cuticle)- protects against H22O lossO loss– Roots: root hairs provide surface area Roots: root hairs provide surface area

(water absorption)(water absorption)– Leaves: trichomes (fuzz) provide protectionLeaves: trichomes (fuzz) provide protection– Underside of leaves: regulate water loss Underside of leaves: regulate water loss

and gas exchangeand gas exchange

Tissues continuedTissues continued

Vascular: transport system to move Vascular: transport system to move water & nutrients thru-out plantwater & nutrients thru-out plant– Xylem: made up of impermeable cells Xylem: made up of impermeable cells

called Tracheids. These are the called Tracheids. These are the transporting vesiclestransporting vesicles

– Phloem: these cells are called sieve tube Phloem: these cells are called sieve tube elements. These carry sugars and other elements. These carry sugars and other foods. Companion cells surround sieve foods. Companion cells surround sieve tube elements, provide support and aid tube elements, provide support and aid in movementin movement

Tissues continuedTissues continued

Ground tissue: lie between dermal Ground tissue: lie between dermal and vascular tissuesand vascular tissues– Consists of Parenchyma. These are Consists of Parenchyma. These are

packed with chloroplasts: packed with chloroplasts: photosynthesis!! photosynthesis!! Collenchyma: support in larger plants Collenchyma: support in larger plants

(strings of celery)(strings of celery)Sclerenchyma: thick, rigid cell walls making Sclerenchyma: thick, rigid cell walls making

them tough and strongthem tough and strong

Leaf StructuresLeaf Structures

Simple vs CompoundSimple vs Compound

LEAF ARRANGEMENTLEAF ARRANGEMENT

Individually vs. Paired on the stemIndividually vs. Paired on the stem

Leaf Vein PatternLeaf Vein Pattern

Pinnate vs. PalmatePinnate vs. Palmate

Leaf Edge ConfigurationsLeaf Edge Configurations

Serrated, Pointed, Smooth, Smooth Serrated, Pointed, Smooth, Smooth w/lobesw/lobes

Leaf FunctionLeaf Function

Photosynthesis: the more broad Photosynthesis: the more broad and/or flat, the more surface areaand/or flat, the more surface area

Transpiration: loss of water to Transpiration: loss of water to atmosphere (part of gas exchange)atmosphere (part of gas exchange)

Gas Exchange: Plants require CO2, Gas Exchange: Plants require CO2, and give off O2 as a waste productand give off O2 as a waste product

Water and nutrient transportWater and nutrient transport Capillary Action: Cohesion of water Capillary Action: Cohesion of water

molecules: water will rise in thin molecules: water will rise in thin tubes: water is attracted to the walls, tubes: water is attracted to the walls, and water is attracted to each other. and water is attracted to each other. Not enough to bring water to the Not enough to bring water to the highest leaves however.highest leaves however.

Transpiration: Water being Transpiration: Water being evaporated helps to increase water evaporated helps to increase water transporttransport– Wilting occurs when water is released Wilting occurs when water is released

faster than is transported up. Helps faster than is transported up. Helps conserve waterconserve water

Activity:Activity:

Diagram a plant including all outside Diagram a plant including all outside structures, and an internal structure structures, and an internal structure showing the xylem, phloem.showing the xylem, phloem.

Compare an Angiosperm to a Compare an Angiosperm to a GymnospermGymnosperm

Compare a monocot to a dicotCompare a monocot to a dicot

Each Group Needs to Find:

• 1 monocot leaf• 1 Dicot leaf• 1 small branch with the

leaf structure, arrangement, vein pattern, and leaf edge configuration defined

• 1 type of root system (either tap or fibrous); you must define it

• 1 Gymnosperm reproductive part (either male or female, but you MUST be able to distinguish which)

• 1 Angiosperm reproductive part (same as above)

• 1 moss or 1 fern

3/31/11 Activity3/31/11 Activity

Work on Vocabulary SheetWork on Vocabulary Sheet Pre-read Lab for tomorrowPre-read Lab for tomorrow

Lab in class- 4/1/11Lab in class- 4/1/11

Each station contains different Each station contains different structures and parts of different structures and parts of different plants. It is your job to use your plants. It is your job to use your notes to define all the plants notes to define all the plants (angiosperm, bryophyte, etc). (angiosperm, bryophyte, etc).

At your desk, answer the questions At your desk, answer the questions at the end of your lab.at the end of your lab.

HW: Don’t forget your portfolio HW: Don’t forget your portfolio

Activity: 4/26/10Activity: 4/26/10

Reviewing Content, 1-10: Chapter 23, Reviewing Content, 1-10: Chapter 23, Page 605Page 605

HW: Go home and try to find a leaf HW: Go home and try to find a leaf for each of the slides (Simple vs. for each of the slides (Simple vs. Pinnate, Compound vs. Simple, etc.)Pinnate, Compound vs. Simple, etc.)

4/26/10 4/26/10

Honors: QuizHonors: Quiz Field trip tomorrow Field trip tomorrow Quiz BowlQuiz Bowl Review for exam tomorrowReview for exam tomorrow

4/27/104/27/10

Plant Exam!!Plant Exam!!