The Cardiovascular system 1.2.2

Right ventricle

Left ventricle Septum

Tricuspid valve

Bicuspid valve

Right atrium

Semilunar valves

Vena cavae

Aorta

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary veins

Left atrium

Cardiac muscle

To the lungs To the body

From the lungs

The left side

pumps oxygenated

blood to the rest of

the body for use.

The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen.

From the body

The Circulatory system

• Blood flows around the body in a ‘figure of eight’ circuit, passing through the heart twice on each circuit. Hence the name the Double Pump System.

There are 2 separate ‘loops’ to the circuit:

• The top loop – carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back.• The bottom loop – carries blood from the heart to all over the body and back.(A)(A)

(V)(V)

Heart

Body

Lungs

Blood Pressure

The Circulatory system 1.2.2Heart rate is:

“The number of times the heart beats each minute”• During exercise your HR will increase• With continued training your resting HR will be lower as your

heart is stronger and more efficient • Stroke volume is:

“the volume of blood pumped out of the heart during one contraction”

• At rest stroke volume may be 85ml, but when exercising it will increase up to 130ml

The Circulatory system

• Cardiac output is:“the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute”

• Cardiac output is governed by the HR and stroke volume• Cardiac output = stroke volume x HR• When you train your cardiac output will increase because

your heart is be bigger, stronger and more efficient

The Circulatory system

• There are three main types of blood vessels • Arteries • Veins• Capillaries

The Respiratory System 1.2.3

• Alveoli• Are tiny structures were

diffusion of o2 and co2 takes place

• Surrounded by capillaries• Capillaries have thin walls as

well to allow exchange of o2 and co2

• The more training you do the more alveoli become available for gaseous exchange

Thin wall

Capillaries Red blood cells

The Respiratory System

• Tidal volume“The volume of air inspired and expired with each normal breath at rest or during exercise ”

• Tidal volume increases during exercise• Vital capacity

“the maximum amount of air that can be made to pass into and out of the lungs by the most forceful inspiration and expiration”

The Respiratory System

• Oxygen debt“the amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above that which would have ordinarily been consumed in the same time at rest”

Muscles and muscle action 1.2.4

Muscle Position in the body Main Action

In the middle of the body at the back, forming the bottom

Pull the legs back at the hips.

At the top of each leg at the back.

Bend the legs at the knees

At the bottom of each leg at the back. Also known as the calf muscles.

Straighten the foot so you can stand on your toes.

Hamstring

Gluteals

Gastrocnemius

Muscles and muscle action

Muscle Position in the Body

Main Action

Pull your arms down at the shoulders and back behind your back.

Straighten the arms at the elbow.

Hold and rotate the shoulders and also move the head back and sideways.

At the back of the body, either side of the chest.

At the top of each arm at the back.

In the centre of the chest at the back of the body, spreading up.

Trapezius

Latissimus dorsi

Triceps

Muscles and muscle action

Muscle Position in the Body

Main Action

Deltoids

Biceps

Quadriceps

In the upper part of the body, covering the shoulders.

At the top of each arm at the front.

At the top of each leg at the front.

Raise the arms in all directions at the shoulders.

Bend the arms at the elbows.

Straighten the legs at the knees.

Muscles and muscle action

Muscle Position in the body

Main Action

Pectorals In the upper part of the chest at the front.

At the front of the body in the middle, just below the chest.

Raise the arms up, sideways and across the chest at the shoulders.

Pull in the abdomen and bend the spine so you can bend forward.

Abdominals

Muscles and muscle action

• Antagonistic muscles

· Skeletal muscles work across a joint and are attached to the bones by strong cords known as tendons.

· They work in pairs, each contracting or relaxing in turn to create movement.

Muscles and muscle action

• Flexion (bending) of the arm

· The muscle doing the work (contracting) and creating the movement is called the agonist or prime mover.· The muscle which is relaxing and letting the movement take place

is called the antagonist.

Agonist or Prime Mover(Biceps contract)

Antagonist(Triceps relax)

Muscle vocab

• hypertrophy and atrophy• Anabolic steroids• Lactic Acid .... Poison• Isotonic – muscle contraction resulting in limb

movement• Isometric – muscle contraction resulting in

increased tension• Strain muscles .... Sprained joints• RICE

Bones 1.2.5

• Functions of skeleton• Support – Allows us to hold positions, standing up.• Movement – Allows activity.• Protection – Protects the vital organs, eg, brain, hearts, lung

etc..

Bones

• Bone forms part of our lean body mass, which relate to weight and can affect performance (Diet and Nutrition Year 10).

• Bone determines size of body and length of limb, rugby players, gymnasts, high jumpers.

• Bones influences Body Composition and can therefore influence participation and performance in Sport.

• A joint – a place where 2 or more bones meet.

Joints, tendons and ligaments

• A joint is:“a place were two bones meet”

• Joints allow use to move freely during everyday life and in sporting activities

• Without them our movement would be restricted

• E.g. joints in our fingers allow us to grip (a racket, ball etc)

Joints, tendons and ligaments

• You need to now the different types of joint• Ball and socket (shoulder)• Synovial hinge joint (knee)

Joints, tendons and ligaments

• Joint movements• Flexion • Extension• Adduction• Abduction • Rotation