7 Ind. C1. Ccn, 1

THE CUI~?-AELT TRI3E OF IYDL9?S, on its ) own behalf; QUINAIZLT ?'?BE OF I>IDL!XS ) on beha= of the QUEaS TRDE OR BAKD OF ) IXDI3XS; GUl3TS TXBE OR BiUD Or" I?.DI.LXS, ) on re la t ion of and represented by Harry ) Shale, 1

1 Pet i t ioners , )

1 1

Docket No. 242

Defendant. j

Decided: Decenber 1, 1958

The Cormission r z e s t he following f i n d h g s of fac t :

1. The e - a i e l t Tribe of Indims are an ident i f i2ble tribe of

h e r i c a n I r d i a ~ s who resicked i n aboriginal t i n e s within t h e t e r r i t o r i a l

limits of the Uzited States i n what i s now a western pcrtion of the

S t a t e of Wasihgton, We find the ident i ty of this abor ig ind t r i b e ,

a s such, h s be67 est2blished in this record z-d meets t h e requirexznts

of t h e I E & ~ Cla3- Comission Act of August 13, 1946 (60 S e t , 1049;

25 U,S, Code Sec. 70(2)),

EimE?flTAT F-tSTS SUFBO3?I?!G ELTPL!.TE FD3=C- OF T;P.CT NO, 1 -

(a) The United Stztes recognized t h i s t r iSe a d exzcutd " ths

Treaty k i t h t h e U n i i i e i t , " etc . in 1855 (12 Stat . 971, I1 Kzipplzr 713) ,

with t h e I 1 c : ~ ~ f s , h~,a(5nsn a d delzgates of the d i f fe rent triks a?d

bands of the m - z a i - e l t zd Q~j.1-leh-rite I P ~ ~ s . "

7 Ind. C1 . Corn, 1

(b) During February, 1855, Governor Isaac I, Stevens

. scheduled a t r e a t y coulxil involving I n d i a t - i h s west of the Cascade

Mountzins whose l a d s had not t h e ~ e t o f o r e been ceded, He ymiioned

representatives of a l l such t r i b e s k~o1.m t o him except U ~ p e r Chinook

and M i k a t a t Tribes, That smxons included the mina ie l t , the Upper

Chehalis and Co.,rlitz Tribes, The Council was held on the Chehalis Wver

a few miles above i t s entrance in to Gray's Harbor, (Dr. hTm~;- 0. Lurie ,

Tr. 272; Pet, Ex. 19(b), p, 103).

(c ) The minutes of the above-mentioned council s t a t e :

The Kwin.2~-ult Chief now came fomard accompaied by the principal m n of his t r i b e a d eqressed h i s wi l lbgness t o sign the Treaty 211d C-overncr Stevens accordingly signed it first a d w 2 s followed by Tahola. (Pet. Ex, 17, F, 58)

The council beg= deliberations i n February, 1835, "on t h e

s i t e of Kr, Pilkenton's claim a fex miles above the entrance of the C h i h d i s

River i n t o Gray Harbor, The council j o u r n d repori;~:

It was nox however found tha t the C h i n m i l t s d id no t occupj the whole c o m t r j between the Chinalis a d t!!e k k a h s , ba t t ha t mother and d i s t inc t t r i b e , t he Kwilley~utes were intemediate , (Pet. &. 17)

(d) Hadbook of America I n d i x s (1912, Bulletin 30, Park 11)

Qukaielt, a S d i s h t r i b e on the w l ~ e l t r., Wash., md along the coast bebzieen the W l e u t e and the Cuaitso on t h e N , (the l a t t e r of whLch probably fomed a pz r t or' t he t r i b e ) , =.a t i e Cheh i i s on the s. Lewis ad Clark deswibed then i. two divisiofis, the Cdasthoslo ZII~ the C u i n i i l t , wi th 200 uld 1000 popul~t ion, respectivs*. In 1969 they numbered 156, under the WzUup school s~~er in tenaencef ,

( e ) The language of the W ? a i e i t Indians w a s of the Sal ish

SaEsh-spe&ir,,- Ir&zn group t o f o m a se?arzte 2nd d i s t inc t Z ia l ec t of

7 Ind. C l , COD, 1

tha t l ingu i s t i c stock, The Q ~ e e t s spoke the sane lmguage as t h e

Quinzielt proper. (90dge, Pet. Ex. 81; Boas, Def. Ex. 90; Riley, Def .

Ex, 126; Mooney, Pet. Ex, 85; Straton, Pet. Ex, 91; Ray, T r . 45; Olson

Tr. 477).

( f ) %inaiel t Indians have h e n the subject of numerous br ief

sketches and rnentions by ethnologists. The f i r s t systemtic descrip-

t i o n of Quinaielt Indians was wri t ten by Dr . Ronald L, Olson, uld pub-

l ished in the University of Washington PuSlications in Xnthropology,

( g ) Henrj K. Wag~er reported i n The Cartogra~hy of t h e liorth-

west Coastof America to the Year 18C0, Vol. 11, p. 488 (1937) a s folloi-is:

Queen E!ithe, o r E!sfbhe, probably a t -he mouth of the a a u l t River, Washingtor,, one of the nzms said t o hive beer, given by &ares f o r soxe p12ce on t h e Thanes River in Englad but more probably it xas xhat U u l t sounded l i k e t o him, Meares r e fe r s to it Jw 1, 17e8. It. i s likexv t h a t it was nmed by Capt. Barney in 1787, It was once spelled Queenault. (Pet. Ex. 3)

(h) George Davidson , A s s i s t a t Superintendent, U , S . Co2st

Survey (c i r ca 1e58) wrote this about Quinaielt Icdizns:

We1-ni-ult River. The ~ o u t h of t h i s smll stream is b e t x e ~ n three a d four d e s N W. by X. from Point Grenville , =d i s Zhos t closed by the s3Ingle a d gravel throm up by the sWf; x:hich leave, however, a contracted ope--g fo r t h e passage of cznoes cAm weather. The c l o s h g of t h e a?- trance has so darned the x5ver as t o fo-m a s m a l l lzke ins ide , upon the b ~ A s or" which i s s i t w t e d 2 v i l lage of the Queniults, a race of Irdims hos t i le to z3.l other t r ibes . Conbined with others to the northiad they hs?e eve? Seen no3orious f o r t h e i r h o s t i l i t y zn.d vir.dict%ver~ess t o t:?e w'hites, Several Spulish, Ehglish, am5 %ssi= vessels zid t h e i r crexs were, i n f o m e r

7 -

times, t a k n ad destroyed. xencz k;e meet k i t h the n m e s Destruction Island, I s l a de Dolores, Punta de ? k t i r e s , &c,

P, in t h i s i ~ e 5 i z t e vicir;it:~. he r ivs r i s said t o hezd i n a lake a t th? foot of the muntzins,

7 >d. C 1 , Corn. 1

The name of th5s r i v e r is u s u d l y knom by the o ld s e t t l e r s as &el-noith, but the Indians a re s a id t o pro- nounce it a s i f spelled he ' -n i -u l t , accenting the f i r s t sy l lab le strongly, a d t he l a s t so s o f t l j t h a t per- sons consider they c a l l themselves Qe-nai. A t r i b e s t i l l fu r the r nor th is ca l led t h e Cue-nait1-sath,

2, The Cxeets Indivls were 2 s n d l divis ion of t h e Quinaielt Tr ibe

an-1 resided pr inc ipa l ly on the Gueets River, (see l ( b ) , l ( e ) and l ( f )

3. We f i n d ttiis pe t i t ioner is the t r i b a l orgarization of Quinaielt

Indians whose predecessors in in t e re s t , Quinaielt and CZueets Indians,

ceded t h e i r lands, together k i t h other groups of Indians, under t h e t e r n s

of the Treaty v i t h t he Cuinalelt, e tc , 1855, t o d e f e n h t . (12 S t a t . 971;

I1 Kappler 719). This treat:r i s s o x e t i ~ e s c d l e d "The Treaty of O l ~ ~ r , i a . "

(a) The Quinaielt a d Queets were of the Salish l ingua l stock,

speaking a cozmon d i d e c t of SGish , separate and d i s t i n c t from t h e i r

(b) In 1877, Dr. C-eorge Gibbs wrote a cozprehensive report f o r

t h e Siilithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n on Xashington Indians i n which he described.

*-he Quinaielt Indians a s folloxs:

The Kwinaiutl, of which t r i b e the Kwe'hts-hu f o m art, w e r e prese-qt a t t h e council. T h i s t r i b e s p a k l i t t l e Fore than a d i d e c t of tke Lower Tsihal is tongue. They zre rnostlg on the t x o s t r e a i i xi?ich bear t h e i r respective nz?ies, The Kwinaiutl i s celebrzted f o r i t s salmon, which a r e considered t o excel in q u d i t y even those of the Colwbia, (Pet. EX, 20, p, 172; ~ f t . EX. (Underscoring supplied) -

7 Ind. C1. Corn, 1

Queets o r Quaitso, S igni f icmce utdaown, Connec- tions--The m e e t s belonged t o the coas tz l division of the S2Lishul l i ngu i s t i c fz~L2.y and were most i n t b z t e l y re- 12ted t o t h e i r neignbors of the south.,, t he Chinault, (pet, Ex. 91, p. 434)

(d) Janes Mooney s P o ~ l d a t i o n Stzt is t ics . , , published in 1928,

explzins the great decimation of the Irdi=s of t h i s area in pre-treaty

t i n e s as follows:

That re,r;ular t rade of ocem vessels a t the mouth of Colmbia 1788 mrked t h e ictroduction of s e n d diseases f r o m s a i l o r s 2z.d t raders sihich soon poisoned the blood of pr2cticz.U- ,?11 of the In5ms x e s t of the Cascades . . . , L i q ~ o r , introduced in la rge q m ~ t i t i e s by R u s s i a t raders , despi te the e f for t s of the Kudson Bzy Cor;;pmj7 of f icers t o p r e v e ~ t it, is also s a d t o be a ~ o t e n t destroyer along the coast and the C 0 1 ~ b i m (Fardmx). In 1?23 . . . zn epidenic of fever, . , ?read . . . and z?parer;tly zlso ;long the coast and cen t rd . region . . . . It destroyed four f i f t h s of t h e nzt ives , p r a c t i c a v e;iie,~.ir.atiD.g the ChLiook~.. t f i 5 e s . . . h,+ +LA C-7: -I--- A . - - - . . - - - ---- ---- -.-. . . . bL -Uca 01 J ~ a s l u g c o n a s p e n -a n w e esxped , I n 186 the Coluribi~n t r i b e s . . , mffered v lo ther v i s i t a t i o n cf smllpox. In 1E47 a nsasles e?ide?Lc sprea2 , , . . I n 1852-3 sxd-lpox, introdwe=! from S a Francisco vnong the !kI..a-2, ~ 5 t h i t s u s u d destruct ive e f f ec t awn7 n e a r k ~ 211 the t r i b e s of Waskkngton . . . - iped oct wkole v i l l ages in s o w t r i b e s , , , .

(pet . Ex. 85, pp., 14-15)

4. Pet i t ioners ' aboriginal t e r r i t o c . ~ wzs situzt,ed g e n e r a w along

the 0 5 x a i e l t zr.d m e e t s Fiver on the Paclf ic Coast in t h e present

7 ind, C1, Coa. 1

The Morth 1-zericm E-Lhnolom published contribution

by D r . George G i b b s containing this general comsnt on Quainaielt hdims:

The cozst north of the Ts iha l i s t r i b e is successively occupied by the Kwimiutl, the Kxillehiut, and the Flakah, t he f i r s t speaking a d ia l ec t varJing considerably from the Tsihzlis, the second. i s a d i s t i n c t language, t he root of which i s a lso probably in the Sel ish, and the t h i r d the language or the KutLa Sound. The 1.lakah t e r r i to ry exknds from the southern Cape F?attery, . . .

The Kxinaiutl find t h e i r supplies in the streams, and t o a cer tain exLen t i n hunting, while the Tsihal is properw belong to the bays, from which they obtain winter salmon a d shell-fis8, a d t rzde with the i n t e r i o r for K a ~ a s roots and berries. T r d l s are said t o e x i s t from the ChdiLatt River t o the Eha on the s t d t s , and from the Kwillehiut t o t h e P i sh t s t a d the Okebo . . . . (Dft, Ez. 4, p, 167)

5, Yne "Treat1 of O b ~ i a , " a s it is sometines ca l led , was consum-

mated a f t e r the Februaq-:.larch, 1855 t r e z t ~ council took plzce, Governor

Stevens had instructed Colonel ?I. T. Simn?or.s t o ewlo re t h e t e r r i t o r y

between tkt occupigd b;r t h e &&ah Tribe and Gray's Harbor. (Pet. Ex, 14)

While c v r y i n g out this e q b r a t i o n , Colcnel S i m n s met with the Quileute

and W n a i e l t t r ibes on t h e 5 h o ~ e grounds uld concluded. a t r e a t y which

Governor Stevens subsequentu signed a t Olyrr;pia, Washington T e r i - i t o ~ ~ ,

The different t r i b e s and bands of the Quinaielt and " W l e u t e n

Indians ceded aU. t he i r r ig iTt in lands occupied b7 then, bounded 2nd

described in sa id t rea ty a s follows:

. , , . Comw-chg a t a point on the Pac i f ic p - -

is the south~estco-rner of the l a d s la te ly ceded by r t r i b e of Indizns &a tne United States , a ~ d n?ning q-

with a d along the southern boundary of the s a d . fi < to the midclle of the coast range of mountains; thenci: a,;: i ~ i - , . i Y with said r q e o f n o u n t ~ n s t o t h e i r intersection k i t h the dividing ridze betxesn the Chehalis and Quiniatl "nive?-; thence westerly with said ridge t o the Pacific coast: ' . - , ' , :

northerb- .dong ss id cosst t o t h e place of begin?;r with Quinaielt , e tc . , 1855, 12 Sts t . 791, I1 Kapplt 2

fl 7 Inci. ~ l . Con. . 1

6. The t r ~ a t y f&hr provided "in consideration of the aboire ces-

sion the United. S t a t e s agree to pay to the said tribes and b a d s the sum

of twenty-five thouszrd dol lars . . ." (Article 4). Ar t ic le 5 fur ther

provided Itthe United S ta te s fur ther agree t o pay the sum of three thousand

f ive h u t - - d dol la rsn f o r reservation lands f o r the t r i b e s md b a d s ,

7, In 1861, a reservation on the Pacif ic Coast south of the Quinaielt

River was estzbl ished the Superintecdent of Indim Affairs f o r Washington

Terr i tory f o r the CuLzzielt a d wleute Tribes. Subsequently, in 1873,

t h a t reservation k-as eda rged to i t s present s ize by Executive Order, a d

u2s opened t o other t r r b e s of "fish-ezting Indims" on the Pacific Coast.

(Pet. Ex. W )

8, The p o l i t i c s 9 orgznization of the Qiinaielt Tribe was zn in te-

g r d p a r t of i ts s o c i s order. T X s soci,al organization xas doinhated

by the contest of c l z s s conscious~ess found throughout the Puget Sound

areas in which each LxEvidual Irzs born in to his place, a s a slave,

comoner, o r of the roza l ty o r "chief" class , The ranking melnber of this

soc ia l s t n c t ~ z e was 2 "leader" o r ressected "chlef" of the v5llage. He

w a s spokema f o r the v3.lage i n t r i b a l matters, (Dr. Ray, 1 Tr, 63-64)

9. The b i m i e l t Indians in pre- treat.^ times l ived in d t i p l e

fz-v lcdges s i tua ted along the Qir-aielt River, n e a i ts mouth and,

up t o L.&e C&irraielt. S in i lz r ly , the Queets Indians l ived dong the

b e e t s River n13r i t s south. Tenrpora~j or seasond cz-s were zlso - maintab-ed by these Irdias d o n g the res2ective r ivers bearing t h e i r

naxes, The location of such c z q s i t e s a d perziient loca t iors are s2o-m

on Dr. % y l s zsp. ( E t f . Ex. 73)

7 Ind. C 1 , Corn. 1

10, Pet i t ioners hereia clzim exclusive use and occupancy in p r e

t r e a t y t i n e s of a t r a c t of l a d alleged t o encompass a p p r o m t e l y

814,080 acres, the boundaries of which pe t i t ioners describe a s follows:

Co-unencing on the Pacific Coast z t t he mouth of Steamboat Crezk; thence easter ly along the c r e s t of the watershed of the Hoh River t o Mount Olympus; thence eas ter ly along the cres t of the watershed between Hoh River and Clexwater River; thence eas ter ly song t h e c res t of the watershed b&ween the South Fork of Hoh River and Cueets River t o ' t h e c res t of Mount O l y m p u s ; thence easter ly t o Bear Pass; thence southeasterly along t he c r e s t of the Ol~ppic Mountains t o Mount Anderson; thence southwesterly along the c r e s t of t h e watershed be- tween Ouinaielt River a d Skokomish River; thence along the c r e s t of the watershed of W m i e l t River and the Eumptulips River; theme southwesterly zlong the c r e s t of the watershed between C'nehalis o r Copalis River and Eunrptulips River t o a point on the North Bay appro-tely 3 miles west of the mouth of the Hunptulips River; thence westerly and southerly along the coast of the 11Iorth Bay t o Point Brown; thence northerly dong the Pac i f i c Coast t o t h e place of beginning.

ll, The Chehalis Indians (Docket No, 237) asse r t claim t o the

land areas south of the Quimielt claim, There is an overlap of

appro-tely six miles width of the respective claim of pe t i t ione r s

a d t he C h e W s claim, The Chehalis, in t h e i r Axended P e t i t i o n filed

k i t h t h i s Conmission on February 24, 1954 claim " the i r north aboriginal

Beginning on the coast of what i s now the S t z t e 0:;' Washington a t a point north of Grzyts Harbor, which point i s ,now called Copalis ?ack; thence in 2 northeaster* direc-

'

t ion t o the headwaters of the Humptulips r ive r ; thence ira -- generally easter ly direction from t he head of the LSumptulips r ive r t o the head of the i{ync\ochee r iver ; e t c , . , . .

- Dr . Rondd Olson, mthrop log i s t , who t e s t i f i e d f o r pe t i t ione r s

i n this case, s tated ,ir. his Quinaielt Ir-dims, published in 1936 on

page 13:

7 Ind. C1. Con, 1

In theory the t r i b z l t e r r i t o r j exbraced t5e whole region drained by the QuinaAt r i v e r , and i n addition a d i s t r i c t along the beac5 behieen a p o k t near the mouth of the Raft r i v e r md a s,ot near the present s i t e of Pacif ic Eezch, o r t h e nouth of Joe Creek, I n p r ~ c t i c e not a foot of the t r i b A boundq j w 2 s sharply determined, The southern bom6ary is sa id t o hwe folloxed Joe Creek t o i t s source and thence along the height of k n d of the Gulnault watershed t o the sumit of the O l p p i c ~ounta ins , The helghts above the sources of the r i v e r were more or l e s s co-mon hunting t e r r i t o r y fo r Wnziul t , Skokomish, Klallai a d Oleets, The northern limit of W n a u l t count r j xas rougw dong the northern r;Jn of the watershed t o t h e source of the Raft r ive r and down tha t stream t o i ts nouth, But the feeling of ownership o r exclusive r ight to t h i s t e r r i - to ry was unhezrd of, =d i f expressed, no doubt would hzve been considered a g r e x joke. Any 0P.e had the right t o t rzve l along the beach, t o dig c l m s where he pleased and t o h m t wjere g x e was most p l e ~ t i f u l , jus t as mj-0r.e had the privileges of voyag- i n g a f t e r whale or seal , Yet the r ights of zexbers of the Quinsult t r i b e were slight- d i f fe rent from those of ~ L ~ P I I S * A whzle wkich dr i f ted ashore between Joe Creek a d &ft r i v e r belonged f i r s t of a l l to ~ ~ i i i b e r s of the t r ibe . j-n alien hunt- i n g Fn the QLn2u l t x t s r s h e d r;Lg'r,t be shot st, but l n r g z l - ~ be- cause it offered a b e t t e r op?ortuzity i h z n i f close by h i s hone vilILage, (Pet. Zx, 124, ?. 13)

12, The overla? 03 the southe-m boundzry alleged bj pet i t ioners

northe-m bomdarj of the Chehalis claim in Docket 237 turns on the re-

lations'nip a d t r i b a identity of the Copalis and also of the E q t u l i p

Ind2zn.s residing on the streans bearing t h e i r respective naxes in t h e

overlap area. Ye find tht neither the Copalis nor the Xuqtulips were

a p2rt of pe t i t ioners ' & ~ a i e l t TrLbe.

The l a d description contained in the Treaty 55th W i n ~ i e l t ,

e tc . 1855, describes peti t ionersf southern boundz~j in sonzxkt 27' a i g -

uous t e n s , viz.: "Thence soiitherly with sa id range of 3Iount&s t o

t h e i r i n t e r sec t ion k i t h t5.e divi2ing range betxeen the ChelbLis and

7 Ind, C1. Con. 1

The ciividing ridge of the Chehfis 2p.d Qdnault ,Uvers i s

not eas i ly discernible, a s there a re several streams, including t h e .

Moclips, Copalis, Humptulips urd Yenatchee (Pet. Ex. ;TT) which are

not part of the drainage of e i the r the Quinault River o r ChehdAs

River proper. They f lo~-I in to t h e Paci f ic Ocean o r Grayt s Harbor.

( ~ r . Ray, Tr. 37, 68, 69; Olson, Tr. 636) An e-ation of t h e t o p -

graphical map of t h i s area (Humptulips Quadrangle, Grid "G, ' Df%. EX.

101-A) shows tha t the drainage of t h i s disnuted overlap area is of f a r

greater proportions southrard, in the general direct ion.of t h e Chehalis

River, than such disputed area i s drzined northward into, o r i n t h e direc-

t ion of , the W n a i e l t River drainage area. Sence, the c r e s t of t h e water-

shed between tine .$uindelt and Chehalis Rivers, referred t o a s the south

bouidarj of the QLnaiel t by the t r e a t y cession descfiption, must be

reasonably concluded as severd. miles north of the position advocated

by pet i t ioners . We observe t h a t pe t i t ioners ' south boundary claim is

not supported boundary description contained in the t r e z t y cession

made by the €uinaielt Indiuls.

However, pet i t ioners in t h e i r Requested Finding 10, s t a t e :

'Actually, the co~fi-ict a r i ses beczuse of the Chehalis claim t h z t t h e

Copalis Indi,ms z e a bvld o r subdivision of the Chehdis Tribe,'

followed by ci tat ions of ethnologicd studies t e n a g t o regard t h e

Copalis Indians as p& of the Cpinaielt, by inference, i f not express* so. -

The defendznt's expert hi tness , D r . C , L. A B ~ ~ Y , noted in his

testimony of the Copalis area tha t it was used C s o by other people U p

a d ciom-~ the coast f o r clzzxing. The W h a i e l t were aqong t h e nezres t

coast neighbors of t h e C o p l i s m d spoke t h e same Sa l i sh lulguage.

C u r t i s i n h i s work The ?.forth >-~eric?m

Indian described t h e territol-J of t h e W n a i e l t as exter.ding from t h e

Qceets River t o t h e Eoquizn River which would include t h e Copalis area ,

(Pet. Ex. 83, p. 9 )

Dr. Rondd L. Olson, in his extensive work among t h e k i n a i e l t

in t h e 19213's l i s t e d the Copalis a s a s e p a a t e t r i b e joining t k e

Quinaiel t on t he south. Olson noted t h e Copalis as a rnost hosp i tab le

t r i b e who r.ever " l e t t 5 e i r f i r e s die out." (Pe t . Ek. 124, pp. 15, 24,

115) . Xoxever, Dr. Olson in his t e s t i ~ o n y in the h e a i n g of t h i s case

s t a t e d t b 2 t he had a l t e r ed h i s posi t ion conclj~ded t h z t t h e Copalis

were a part of t he Quinaielt. (Dr. Olson, Tr. 53S-538) Frederick Webb

Iiodge in Eiadbook of >ie,Pica Inclizns (1913,) l ists t h e C o p d i s as a

separa te t r i b e .

James G. SWA, one of th; nost i ~ l ' o m e d w r i t e r s of t r e a t y times

t r e a t i n g x i t h 1rdi.m~ west of t h e Cascades ar?d who was presen t a t t h e

t r e a t y council corducted by Garerrlor Stevens with t h e a i n a i e l t , relztes

iden t i t:i of Copzli s I~fizrs :

In Yzy, lf?5j, General Gibbs, who was c o ~ r e c t e d k5th Governor Stevens ' Cofiission f o r t r e a t i n2 wl th t he I~dia-s of X~s:?ington Territory, m o t e me f o r the F-ose of 2scsr- t a in ing t h e c a e s of tie Coast TriSes, ad, a f t e r q ~ o t i ? g Lexis =nd S l z rkz t s zccount, ad&, "If you c a puzzle out thesz nzaes x i t h t h e a s s i s t m c e o' t;-,e I r - . ~ ~ ~ s , I s?.aU. bs very gl2d. "

7 In5. C 1 , Con. 1

The l i s t , as made out by Lexis a d Clarke, a r e the Chenooks, Chi l t s , Ki l lzdhokle , Clzcoito.xisn, Potoashees, Pailsk, pai?ults, Chil la tes , Cslasthocle, Quinnechaut.

The names given me by the h d i a n s , an6 by w'nich the t r i b e s f r m the Columbia River to the Fuca S t r z i t s a r e known a r e :

Chenooks, on the Columbia,

Kar-wee1-wee, o r Rrtslmilsh, the n2me of the Shoalwater Bay Tribes, which ars nox near&- ext inct , and are us- ua l ly considered as Chenooks,

Che-ha1lis, on Gra:yls Eiarbor and. C k h d i s River,

C o - ~ a l l i s , on the Copalis River, eighteen iailes north of Gray1 s Barbor. (Underscoring supplied)

(he1-ni-ult a t P o ~ h t Grenville . . . l!ext nort!l of the Queniult t r i b e are the Qcailtso, then the Hooch o r Kooh, Cue-lai-'ult and Cue-nait'sath , . , Dft, Ex, 10, pp, u o - 2 l l )

The lmguzge of the t r ibes n s r t h of the Colurnbia i s a gutt-u-a1 somd which t o a stranger seeas a coxpound of the gruntings of a pig md the clucking of a hen, All of the t r i b e s of the T e r r i t o q ~ (soae txenty-five) speak a l ~ n g u a g e which, though sounfing the sane t o unpracticed ears, i s very d i f f e ren t when urderstood; and even t r i b e s so n e z r l y cormected as the Chmcoks, Chehalis, m.d W i u l t s , b e b g o n b a fey miles d i s t a n t fron each other, yet mer;i5ers of the one cz? not u n d e r s t a d the lznguage of the other, S t i l l , there ;re hdi- v i d u d s of ex:? t~ho, from a rovLr,g, trad5ng disposit ion, have become f z n i l i z with ezch other 's tongue, and can u s u a l y m&e themelves understood. The Chehalis l agcage is t h a t ~ o s t usudly spoken a t present, f o r t c e zycient Chenook Is such a gut tura l dil"ficult tense, tha t m a n y of t he young Cknook I ~ d i a n s c m & s;le.& i t , but have be=? taught by t h e i r p r ren t s

- the Chehalis 1 vlgaage 2nd t h e Ja-gm,., (p. 306)

The inescqab le conclusion drawn fron the above quoted Jznes G,

Swzn and George Gibbs, &?long the most respected authori t ies on the Indim -

of the Nort'n~iest Pacific coast, is tlbt the Copdis Indians were not a

t r i b e l e t o r subdivision of the %mi&t Tribe. C i b j s and SWXI condwted ..

7 Ind. C 1 . Cox. 1

t h e i r investigations during ar,d ir;&-edi;.-lekr a f t e r t rezt j . t i n e s =d

were i n di-rect contact k i th Copzlis Indizns.

13. The Quhaielt Tribe of I n d i a s , together k5th t h e l r sub-

t r i b e of .2ueets Indians, used and occupied ;a area of land i n aboriginal

times described as follows:

Co.mencing 2 t the zouth of the Cueets River thence northeastward. Aong a s t r a igh t l i n e t o the present town- s i t e of E l k P z k on s2.i.d r ive r ; thence southrester ly t o the hexhaters of the -%ft River; thence e ~ i s t e r l j t o t h e past northeasterly p i n t on X r i a i e l t Lzke; thence south t o the c re s t of the ridge l i n e , bekeen the Cuinaielt River arid vest fork of the Eunpt -d ip River; thence south- westerly dong the c res t of s s id ridge exkende2, pzssing north of the hecdxzters of the Copnlis River, t o the head- wzters of Joe Creek; thence soutnwesterly alcng the course of Joe Creek to i ts muth; thence northmxi d o n g the Pzc i f lc Coast1ir.e t o the place o l beginiikg.

0

EVIDXTI.1RV FXTS SUPFCi?TU:G ULTSLi.T3 FII3iIIC- OF FACT 133, 13

Subsistence 2 1 Use -5.rens of the b i r l a i e l t & ~ d a e e t s I n d i a s :

In abor ig ind t h e s t h e W z n i e l t and t h e i r tribzl. subdivision,

t h e Gueets Ir?di=s, subsisted very largely on f i s h uld other seafood, A l l

f i v e species of sc?hon ~ ; 3 2 ~ ~ i ~ in t'ne W r a l e l t ?Aver, Blceback enter t h e

fiver a s ezrly as k c e ~ b e r a d increase i n numbers u n t i l April when

g rea t numbers e ~ t e r t'nis river. 3y June the pe& is over and o ~ l y

s t r agg le r s persist u ~ t i l AuFst. The black s21-ron spa'm in 4-ugust.

Dog s a h o n r,m i n greztest nwbers i~ Septernber md continue t o run

u n t i l mi6-Fovezber, A few h ~ ~ b a c k nz? l z t e August md Septernber

but they of s l ight irriportzice, Steslhead t rou t , often classed as

s&on by fis 'ne~mm, rm i n the Q i n z l . - l t 2iver from h'ovexber t o Ywe

(Pet. Ex, 124, p. 2 6 ; 3ft. Zx. h3, p. 10)

7 Ind, C1. Co~a. 1

Olson s t z t e s the W n a l e l t caught s&~on, t r o u t , smelt, c m - a e

f i s h , h a i b u t , cod, rock cod, flounder, herr ing a d some other f i s h from

the r ive r s by means of weirs, nets, and harpoons. The greater part of

the f i s h supply were caught by the weirs placed by the Quinaielt u?d

Queets on t h e i r respective rivers.

Whales, sea l ions , s e d s and sea o t t e r were obtained from t h e

Pac i f i c Ocean. Shellfish or crustaceans were obtained dozg the coast ,

t he most importmt of which were razor c l a ~ s . (pet. Ex, 124, pp, 26, 36,

38, 39, 4+-b9)

Gathering of cmas roots, fern roots , snakehead roots, skunk

cabbage, black huckleberries, szlmonberries, e lderberr ies , s d a l ber r i e s ,

crabappales, cranberries, strawberries and goose be r r i e s along t h e

p r a i r i e s h the r ive r valleys also const i tuted a p a r t of the d i e t of

Quinaielt and Queets hd ians i n aboriginal times. They also hunted

deer, eLk, bear, m m o t , l a d o t t e r , coon, wildcat, rabbi t , mink and ~ o l f .

The b i rds hunted were sawbills , cawasback, and mallards of the duck

family; and loon, sea p i lo t , sea g u l l , p h e a s a t , grouse, eagle, pigeon,

snipe, crane and ptarmigul. (Olson, T r . 514; Pet. Ex. 12Q, PP. 49-50)

Various p l a ~ t s were used f o r medicind purposes. S'medded cedar

bark w a s used by wozen for wearing appzrel a d w a s a l so used ir! t h e con-

pp. 82-84)

7 Ind. C 1 . COX* 1

Trzvel :

Nearly dl t rave l T-JZS b-J cz.oe, most of it up and down the

M n a i e l t River. It wzs 2 t:;.o o r three d2y t r i p from K w i ' n a i l (village

a t mouth of Quinaielt River) to the l a k e (Guinaielt) x i t h a mn a t the

box and one a t the stem- each k i t h a pole. Portages were constructed

a t log jam and i n the s\zmer the log jam were burned t o c l ea r the chmnel,

Ocean t r ave l was l i n i t e d t o the quiet sumer season o r t o short t r i p s

on calm winter days. (Pet. Ex. 124, p. 87)

North Bour,d~ry of the c ~ e e t s (sub-tribe of the Culnzielt)

The h e c t s Izdians c l a i m d the whole w2.tersl.ed of t k i s r i v e r

.- b e a i n g t h e i r r,zTe, ~ ~ $ ; e v e r , t 5 e i r ?r incipzl use of the Q ~ e e t s m t e r -

shed was l i ~ i t e d t o t5e lover portions of the r ive r \.itere t l le i r v i l l ages

They had a n m h r of vil lages. One aas located on the south bank near the r i v e r nouth, another on the north - b& of the C l e a ~ ~ i a t e r Rimr, In langw-ge =d cul ture t h i s t r 5 e : ~ s L ~ o s t ident ica i with the W n a i e l t ( ~ l s o n , Pet, Ex. 124, p. 15)

The Hoh Indians were s i tu r t ed north of the Gue~ts .

South Boundary of the C - ~ n z i e l t Tribe

b y c e ' s Flap I of 'dashington, shows the division b o u n d ~ ~ j of

L? &scussL.ng t e r r i to ry of t3e Cuinaieit, Olson wrote the

s a i e n t cor;-.znt: ".A w i d e w'nic'n d r i f t ed ~ k o r e betxe~ri Joe Cresk

t r ibe . (? aren-

t k s s i s supplied) (Pet. Ex, 12k, p. 16)

7 Ind. C 1 . Soz. 1

&st Bomdar;. of the Quinaiel t Quests

The concentration or" vi l lages a ~ d salmon weirs >rere located

along the low flat expanse of the salmon bearing rivers. (Ray's nap

of Village S i t e s and Fish Traps, Pet. Ex, 7 3 ) - 0~17 seasonal use was

made of the u p s t r e m areas, The headzaters of the W n a i e l t and Queets

Rivers we,- respec t ive l .~ s i tuz ted high up in the 0 m i c f40untaias.

(Pet. Ex, 71)

The whole of the Olympic mountain range was a f r e e range t o

everyone. (Gunther ' s K l d l z q Ethnogr2ghy, p, 235 ; Dr. Ronald Olson,

Pet , Ex. 124, p. 13; a l so see Finding No. 13)

14. The 1 z ~ d s described in F i n d i ~ g KO, 13 were pa r t of t h e lands

ceded t o the United States by tile t e n s cf the Treat;r v i t h Quinault,

etc. , 1855 bj the f i f f e r e n t t r ibes .and bmds of t'e Guir-.aidt 2nd

rn W l e u t e Indizns, L ~ P t r e a t y -.as sip-ed by a l l p&5es between July 1,

1855 and J,XIUZFJ 25, 1856, This t r e a t y W ~ S not r z t i f i ez , hoc;ever, u n t i l

more t b i three :ems l a t e r on C-pril 11, 1859, a ~ c ! the .date of such

r a t i f i c a t i o n by the United S t r t e s SenAe ccnstitu-tes the da te of tallkg.

(12 S t a t , 971; I1 Kappler 719)

15. A n y r i g h t which c e t i t i o m r s o r t h e i r ancestors and predeces-

so r s i n i n t e r e s t m2.y hzve r e t e c e d or 2cWred to a?;. l a?ds within t k

boundaries as s e t for th i n Finding KO. 13 nay be x2de t h e subject or

inqu.2ry a t t he further hezring o: t h i s c l 2 h respectkg the c r e d i t s u -

defendant copsidzrztion pcid t o pet i t ioner or i ts ancestor& and

predecessors i n i n t e r e s t , =d 2s to the v d u e of szid l a d s z s of the

e f fec t ive date of thz trsnty, Ape1 11, 1859,