The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery

The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery

Second Edition

Editors

David E. Beck, md, facs, fascrsPatricia L. Roberts, md, facs, fascrsTheodore J. Saclarides, md, facs, fascrsAnthony J. Senagore, md, facs, fascrsMichael J. Stamos, md, facs, fascrsSteven D. Wexner, md, facs, fascrs, frcs, frcs(ed)

EditorsDavid E. Beck, MD, FACS, FASCRSDepartment of Colon and Rectal SurgeryLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterNew Orleans, Louisiana, USAdbeckmd@aol.com

Patricia L. Roberts, MD, FACS, FASCRSDepartment of Colorectal SurgeryLahey Clinic, Tufts University School of MedicineBurlington, Massachusetts, USAPatricia.l.roberts@lahey.org

Theodore J. Saclarides, MD, FACS, FASCRSSection of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Rush Medical Center,Chicago, Illinois, USATheodore_Saclarides@rush.edu

Anthony J. Senagore, MD, FACS, FASCRSSpectrum HealthDepartment of SurgeryGrand Rapids, Michigan, USAasenagore@sbcglobal.net

Michael J. Stamos, MD, FACS, FASCRSDepartment of SurgeryUCI Medical CenterOrange, California, USAmstamos@uci.edu

Steven D. Wexner, MD, FACS, FASCRS, FRCS, FRCS(Ed)Cleveland Clinic FloridaDepartment of Colorectal Surgery,Weston, Florida, USAwexners@ccf.org

ISBN 978-1-4419-1581-8 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-1584-9DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-1584-9Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011926885

All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

© ASCRS (American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons) 2011, corrected publication 2018

v

Foreword, 1st Edition

This text was developed under the aegis of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS). It represents an attempt to cover the field of colon and rectal surgery with input from expert surgeons who have, in one way or another, shown special interest or expertise in specific areas of the specialty.

The book will hopefully serve as a source of useful information and perhaps even guidance to surgeons whose practice is confined to the specialty of colon and rectal surgery, and also to general surgeons, surgery residents, and medical students with an interest in surgery.

The finished product represents significant efforts from authors who have taken time from their busy schedules to set into writing their often unique perspectives. I know for certain that no author of any chapter in this book has a light schedule, but that fact validates each author’s selection for authorship.

Special acknowledgment is due the editors, Bruce Wolff, David Beck, John Pemberton, and Steven Wexner. This project simply would not have come together without their efforts on many levels.

Finally, Jim Fleshman must be singled out for special recognition. The idea of an ASCRS-sponsored text began with Jim – an idea that he advocated, developed, nurtured, and forced until it became realized in the substance you now hold.

Robert Fry, MD Emilie and Roland deHellebranth

Professor of Surgery Chief, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery

The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania

vii

Foreword, 2nd Edition

The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS) Textbook was originally conceived as a means of providing state of the art information to residents in training and fully trained surgeons seeking maintenance of certification and to support the mission of the ASCRS to continue to be the world’s most established authority on colon and rectal disease. The second edition perpetuates these goals. This textbook has been significantly reorganized in response to the numerous important changes in our specialty. All chapters were rewritten and updated and new chapters have been added. While several authors from the first edition were retained, for the majority of chapters, new authors were selected. Most of these internationally acclaimed contributors are active members of the ASCRS who rou-tinely contribute to our literature. These respected individuals have carefully crafted chap-ters which provide a comprehensive summary of the subject with an appropriate mixture of detailed personal experience and comprehensive literature review. This approach provides the reader with a very open-minded, evidence-based approach to all aspects of colorectal disease.

At the inception of the first edition, the editorial board was designed to be a rotating group of experts selected by the ASCRS Executive Council. As the two senior editors of this edition, it has been our distinct pleasure and honor to work with this edition’s editorial board. They have sacrificed time and energy to achieve what we believe continues to be the standard in colon and rectal surgery. For the sake of ease of use and consistency, the Table of Contents correlates with the Core Curriculum established by the Association of Program Directors in Colon and Rectal Surgery and the key topics used by the American Board of Colon and Rectal Surgery. Furthermore, the Practice Parameters developed by the ASCRS Standards Committee have been incorporated into the text appendix. As occurred with the first edition, the proceeds from this textbook and any related publications will be utilized by the ASCRS Executive Council to sponsor the research and education efforts of the society.

The second edition continues to provide what the fellows and members of the ASCRS and trainees at all levels agree is the definitive source of knowledge in colon and rectal surgery. We are honored to have been a part of this ongoing monumental achievement and thank the leaders of the ASCRS for their continued support of the textbook. We thank our predecessors Bruce Wolf and Jim Fleshman, whose significant commitments as the co-senior editors of the first edition ensured the success of the textbook. We gratefully acknowledge our coeditors for their major contributions and rest comfortably as we leave the editorial board, knowing that future editions will continue to benefit from their dedication and expertise. We thank each chapter author and coauthor for their devotion to this task and to the mission of the ASCRS as without their individual and collective efforts the second edition would not be at such a tremendously high standard. We are grateful to the authors and coauthors of the first edition upon whose labors the foundation of this edition was easily laid. We also thank Sharon Beck for her sup-port during this effort and our Developmental Editor Elektra McDermott for her extraordinary efforts which ensured the timely and professional completion of this second edition. Finally, we want to specially acknowledge the loss of our friend and colleague, W. Douglas Wong,

viii Foreword, 2nd Edition

past president of the ASCRS. During the production of this edition, Doug passed away after a courageous battle with a terrible disease. He made numerous major contributions to our spe-cialty and to this textbook. Although Doug will be missed, his innovations and teachings will endure and continue to benefit surgeons and patients throughout the world.

David E. Beck, MD, FASCRS Steven D. Wexner, MD, FASCRS

April 2011

ix

Preface

Drs. David Beck and Steven Wexner (Senior Editors) as well as the other members of the editorial board, Drs. Patricia Roberts, Theodore Saclarides, Michael Stamos, and Anthony Senagore, are to be congratulated on their successful completion of the second edition of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS) Textbook. The table of contents has been changed to reflect recent changes in the Core Curriculum for training Residents in colon and rectal surgery and format changes have been made to improve the presentation of the material. At least one third of the material has been completely renewed to reflect advances in the science of our specialty.

The ASCRS Textbook has rapidly become a major resource for training, read by almost all trainees interested in our specialty. The purpose of the text was originally to provide a standardized reference for evidence-based recommendations, referenced to ASCRS practice parameter guidelines were available. The first edition has been downloaded onto the Web-based Colon and Rectal Education System as the reference for all the educational efforts of the ASCRS Continuing Medical Education Committee. Our society, as owners and editors of the ASCRS Textbook, can be proud to be one of the few national organizations with its own comprehensive textbook from which certification and recertification materials can be drawn. Using an entire society as the pool of authors, allows the ASCRS Textbook, as much as pos-sible, to avoid personal bias in the materials presented.

The ASCRS Manual for Residents in training at all levels has also been released this past year. The current Editorial Board has condensed the material from each chapter of the first Edition of the ASCRS Textbook to provide students and residents rapid access to a succinct, distilled version of the ASCRS Textbook. The production of these two educational resources adds evidence that the ASCRS is “the” authority on colorectal disease and has within its membership individuals who can claim the status of “expert.” Their contribution has made the ASCRS Textbook a success and should be considered a major selfless contribution to our society and specialty.

As time passes, our specialty and the body of knowledge surrounding it certainly change. The existence of this ASCRS Textbook and the mechanism which perpetuates it guaran-tees that we always have the most up-to-date information available to our members and trainees. The proceeds from the sale of the ASCRS Textbook also flow into the Education Foundation of the ASCRS to bring independence from outside sponsorship to our national meeting. The Executive Council of the ASCRS is fully supportive of this effort by the Editorial Board of the ASCRS Textbook and gratefully recognizes their contribution and that of the group of experts who provide new and updated chapters for each successive edition.

x Preface

Please remember the sacrifice of time and effort that made this publication possible. Strive to add to the knowledge which one day changes our practice and our specialty. Use this ASCRS Textbook to show the world that the ASCRS is THE authority on colorectal disease as we improve patient care.

James W. Fleshman, MD Senior Editor of the First Edition of the ASCRS

Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery Immediate Past President of the American Society of Colon

and Rectal Surgeons Professor of Surgery Washington University in St, Louis

xi

Special Acknowledgement

Senior Editors from First Edition

Bruce G. WolffJames W. FleshmanDavid E. BeckJohn H. PembertonSteven D. Wexner

Associate Editors from the First Edition

James M. ChurchJulio Garcia-AguilarPatricia L. RobertsTheodore J. SaclaridesMichael J. Stamos

xiii

Contents

Foreword, 1 st edition by Robert Fry .............................................................................. v

Foreword, 2 nd edition by David E. Beck and Steven D. Wexner ................................. vii

Preface .............................................................................................................................. ix

Contributors ..................................................................................................................... xvii

1 Anatomy and Embryology ...................................................................................... 1José Marcio Neves Jorge and Angelita Habr-Gama

2 Colonic Physiology ................................................................................................... 23Ursula M. Szmulowicz and Tracy L. Hull

3 Anorectal Physiology ............................................................................................... 41Richard E. Karulf

4 Physiologic Testing ................................................................................................... 49Anders F. Mellgren

5 Endoscopy ................................................................................................................. 63Charles B. Whitlow

6 Radiology .................................................................................................................. 77Jaime L. Bohl and Alan E. Timmcke

7 Endoluminal Ultrasound ......................................................................................... 107Donald G. Kim and W. Douglas Wong†

8 Preoperative Management ...................................................................................... 125Janice F. Rafferty

9 Postoperative Management ..................................................................................... 137Sharon L. Stein and Conor P. Delaney

10 Postoperative Complications ................................................................................... 157David W. Dietz

11 Hemorrhoids ............................................................................................................. 175Marc Singer

xiv Contents

12 Anal Fissure .............................................................................................................. 203Rocco Ricciardi, Sharon L. Dykes, and Robert D. Madoff

13 Anorectal Abscess and Fistula ................................................................................ 219Carol-Ann Vasilevsky

14 Benign Anorectal and Rectovaginal Fistulas ......................................................... 245David A. Etzioni and Ann C. Lowry

15 Pilonidal Disease and Hidradenitis Suppurativa .................................................. 261Harry T. Papaconstantinou and J. Scott Thomas

16 Dermatology and Pruritus Ani ............................................................................... 277Charles O. Finne and John R. Fenyk

17 Sexually Transmitted Diseases ................................................................................ 295Charles B. Whitlow, Lester Gottesman, and Mitchell A. Bernstein

18 Fecal Incontinence.................................................................................................... 309Dana R. Sands and Mari A. Madsen

19 Pelvic Floor Disorders ............................................................................................. 323Patrick Y. H. Lee and Guillaum Meurette

20 Anal Cancer .............................................................................................................. 337Mark Lane Welton and Nalini Raju

21 Presacral Tumors ..................................................................................................... 359Eric J. Dozois and Maria Dolores Herreros Marcos

22 Diverticular Disease ................................................................................................. 375Alan G. Thorson and Jennifer S. Beaty

23 Colonic Volvulus ....................................................................................................... 395Jan Rakinic

24 Lower Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage ..................................................................... 407Craig A. Reickert and Melissa Times

25 Endometriosis ........................................................................................................... 421Michael J. Snyder

26 Trauma of the Colon and Rectum .......................................................................... 435David B. Hoyt and Michael E. Lekawa

27 IBD: Diagnosis and Evaluation ............................................................................... 449Walter A. Koltun

28 IBD: Medical Management ..................................................................................... 463Bruce E. Sands

29 Ulcerative Colitis: Surgical Management .............................................................. 479Zuri Murrell and Phillip Fleshner

xvContents

30 Crohn’s Disease: Surgical Management ................................................................ 499Scott A. Strong

31 Intestinal Stomas ...................................................................................................... 517Laurence R. Sands and Floriano Marchetti

32 Constipation and Functional Bowel Disorders ...................................................... 535Madhulika G. Varma and Brooke H. Gurland

33 Rectal Prolapse ......................................................................................................... 549Steven Mills

34 Other Benign Colorectal Disorders ........................................................................ 565Justin A. Maykel and Scott R. Steele

35 Advanced Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery ......................................................... 597Tonia Young-Fadok

36 Polyps ........................................................................................................................ 625Paul E. Wise

37 Hereditary Colorectal Cancer ................................................................................. 643James Church

38 Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Molecular Basis ...................... 669Harvey G. Moore, Nancy N. Baxter, and Jose G. Guillem

39 Colorectal Cancer: Screening ................................................................................. 691Jason F. Hall and Thomas E. Read

40 Colon Cancer Evaluation and Staging ................................................................... 703Eric G. Weiss

41 Surgical Management of Colon Cancer ................................................................. 711Matthew Mutch and Christina Cellini

42 The Preoperative Staging of Rectal Cancer .......................................................... 721Susan L. Gearhart and Jonathan E. Efron

43 Local Excision of Rectal Cancer ............................................................................. 731Peter A. Cataldo

44 Surgical Treatment of Rectal Cancer ..................................................................... 743Ronald Bleday and Nelya Brindzei

45 Rectal Cancer: Locally Advanced and Recurrent ................................................ 761Robert R. Cima

46 Colorectal Cancer: Adjuvant Therapy .................................................................. 773Kelli Bullard Dunn and Judith L. Trudel

47 Colorectal Cancer: Metastatic (Palliation) ............................................................ 783Elisabeth C. McLemore and Sonia Ramamoorthy

xvi Contents

48 Colorectal Cancer: Surveillance ............................................................................. 803Nadav Dujovny and Jon S. Hourigan

49 Miscellaneous Neoplasms ........................................................................................ 813Robin P. Boushey and Husein Moloo

50 Pediatric Colorectal Disorders ................................................................................ 825Marc A. Levitt and Alberto Peña

51 Health Care Economics ........................................................................................... 843David A. Margolin and Lester Rosen

52 Ethical and Legal Considerations........................................................................... 853Ira J. Kodner, Mark Siegler, Daniel M. Freeman, and William T. Choctaw

53 Legal Considerations ............................................................................................... 883Michael J. Meehan

54 Surgical Education ................................................................................................... 893David J. Schoetz

55 Continuing Medical Education ............................................................................... 901Martin Luchtefeld

56 Quality ....................................................................................................................... 907Formosa Chen, Hiroko Kunitake, Elise Lawson, Joan Ryoo, and Clifford Y. Ko

Index .................................................................................................................................. 927

Correction to: The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery: Second Edition .................................................................................................................. E1

The original version of this book was revised. The correction is available at https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1584-9_57

xvii

Contributors

Nancy N. Baxter, MD, PhD Associate Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Jennifer S. Beatty, MD Assistant Professor of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA

Mitchell A. Bernstein, MD, FACS, FASCRS Assistant Professor of Clinical Surgery; Senior Attending Department of Surgery, Program Director, Colon and Rectal Surgery Fellowship, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; St. Luke’s Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York NY, USA

Ronald Bleday, MD Chair, Section of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA

Jaime L. Bohl, MD Staff Surgeon, Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Ochsner Clinic, New Orleans, LA, USA

Robin P. Boushey, BSc, MD, PhD, CIP, FRCSC Assistant Professor of Surgery, Director, General Surgery Research, Site Lead, Colorectal Cancer Program Champlain LHIN, Investigator, Ottawa Regional Cancer Center, Affiliate Investigator, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital – General Campus, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Nelya Brindzei, MD Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Peter A. Cataldo, MD Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Fletcher Allen Healthcare, Burlington, VT, USA

Christina Cellini, MD Assistant Professor of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, University of Rochester, Strong Memorial Hospital, Rochester, NY, USA

Formosa Chen, MD Department of Surgery, Ronald Regan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

xviii Contributors

William T. Choctaw, MD, JD Past Chief of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Citrus Valley Medical Center, Covina, CA, USA

James Church, MBChB, MMedSci, FRACS Victor W. Fazio Chair in Colorectal Surgery, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Diseases Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA

Robert R. Cima, MD Consultant, Associate Professor of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

Conor P. Delaney, MD, MCh, PhD, FRCSI, FACS, FASCRS Professor and Chief of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

David W. Dietz, MD Staff Surgeon, Department of Digestive Disease, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA

Eric J. Dozois, MD Associate Professor of Surgery, Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

Nadav Dujovny, MD Assistant Professor of Surgery, Ferguson Clinic, Spectrum Health Medical Group, Michigan State University, 4100 Lake Drive #205, Grand Rapids, MI 49546, USA

Kelli Bullard Dunn, MD Associate Professor of Surgery, Roswell Park Cancer Institute and the University of Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA

Sharon L. Dykes, MD Adjunct Instructor of Surgery, Division of Colorectal Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Jonathan E. Efron, MD Associate Professor and Chair of the Ravitch Division, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA

David A. Etzioni, MD, MSHS Associate Professor, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Senior Associate Consultant, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Department of Surgery, Phoenix, AZ, USA

John R. Fenyk Jr, MD Professor of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Charles O. Finne III, MD Adjunct Professor of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Phillip Fleshner, MD, FACS, FASCRS Director, Colorectal Surgery Residency; Clinical Professor of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA

xixContributors

Daniel M. Freeman, AB, JD Academic Director, Public Law, Washington Semester Program, American University, Washington, DC, USA

Susan L. Gearhart, MD Assistant Professor of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, USA

Lester Gottesman, MD, FACS, FASCRS Associate Professor of Clinical Surgery, Columbia School of Physicians and Surgeons, St. Luke’s Roosevelt, Department of Colorectal Surgery, New York, NY, USA

Jose G. Guillem, MD, PhD Attending Surgeon, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

Brooke H. Gurland, MD Staff Colon and Rectal Surgeon, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA

Angelita Habr-Gama, MD, PhD, FACS (Hon), ASA (Hon), ESA (Hon) Professor of Surgery; Director, University of São Paulo, Sao Paolo, Brazil; Angelita & Joaquim Gama Institute, Sao Paolo, Brazil

Jason F Hall, MD Assistant Professor of Surgery; Staff Surgeon, Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Lahey Clinic, Burlington, MA, USA

Maria Dolores Herreros Marcos, MD, PhD Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

Jon S. Hourigan, MD Assistant Professor of Surgery, Section of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, C220 Lexington, KY 40536, USA

David B. Hoyt, MD, FACS Executive Director, American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL, USA

Tracy L. Hull, MD Professor of Surgery, Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA

Richard E. Karulf, MD Clinical Professor, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Edina, MN, USA

José Marcio Neves Jorge, MD, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Gastroenterology, Colorectal Division, University of Sao Paolo, Sao Paolo, Brazil

Donald G. Kim, MD Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery; Staff Colon and Rectal Surgeon, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Lansing, MI, USA; Ferguson Clinic, Grand Rapids, MI, USA

xx Contributors

Clifford Y. Ko, MD, MS, MSHS, FACS, FASCRS Professor of Surgery, Robert and Kelly Day Chair in Surgical Outcomes, Director, Center for Surgical Outcomes and Quality, Department of Surgery, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Ira J. Kodner, MD Solon and Bettie Gershmen Professor of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

Walter A. Koltun, MD, FACS, FASCRS Peter and Marshla Carlino Chair in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Professor of Surgery, Chief, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA

Hiroko Kunitake, MD Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

Elise Lawson, MD Department of Surgery, Ronald Regan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Patrick Y. H. Lee, MD Associate Clinical Professor; Consultant, Surgical Speciality/ The Colon and Rectal Clinic, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, USA

Michael E. Lekawa, MD, FACS Professor and Chief, Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Director, Trauma Services, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA

Marc A. Levitt, MD Associate Professor, Colorectal Center for Children, Associate Professor, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Cincinanati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Ann C. Lowry, MD Adjunct Professor, Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA

Martin Luchtefeld, MD Chief of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Spectrum Health, Michigan Medical PC – Ferguson Clinic, Grand Rapids, MI, USA

Elisabeth C. McLemore, MD Assistant Professor of Surgery, Colon & Rectal Surgery, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

Robert D. Madoff, MD, FACS Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Mari A. Madsen, MD Clinical Chief, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, West Hollywood, CA, USA

xxiContributors

Floriano Marchetti, MD Assistant Professor of Clinical Surgery, Program Director, Colon and Rectal Surgery Residency Program, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

David A. Margolin, MD Director, Colon and Rectal Surgery Research, Staff, Colon and Rectal Surgeon, Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA

Justin A. Maykel, MD Assistant Professor of Surgery, Chief, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA

Michael J. Meehan, BA, JD Senior Director, Regional Hospitals Group, Cleveland Clinic Law Department, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA

Anders F. Mellgren, MD, PhD Adjunct Professor of Surgery; Director, Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Pelvic Floor Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Guillaum Meurette, MD Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrine, Institut des Maladies de l’appareil Digestif, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire, Nantes, France

Steven Mills, MD, FASCRS Assistant Clinical Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA, USA

Husein Moloo, MD, MSc, FRCSC Assistant Professor of Surgery; Clinical Investigator, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Harvey G. Moore, MD, FACS, FASCRS Assistant Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA

Zuri Murrell, MD, FACS Attending Surgeon, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Matthew Mutch, MD Associate Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Barnes Jewish Hospital/Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

Harry T. Papaconstantinou, MD Assistant Professor, Chief Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Clinic, Temple, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, Texas A & M University Health System, Temple, TX, USA

xxii Contributors

Alberto Peña, MD Director, Colorectal Center for Children, Professor, Division of Pediatric Surgery Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Janice F. Rafferty, MD Professor of Surgery, Chief, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Nalini Raju, MD General Surgery, Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Stanford University School of Medical, Stanford, CA, USA

Jan Rakinic, MD Associate Professor of Surgery, Chief, Section of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA

Sonia Ramamoorthy, MD Assistant Professor of Surgery, Colon and Rectal Surgery, Rebecca and John Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA

Thomas E. Read, MD, FACS, FASCRS Professor of Surgery; Staff Surgeon, Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Program Director, Colon and Rectal Surgery Residency, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA

Craig A. Reickert, MD Assistant Professor of Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA

Dana R. Sands, MD, FACS, FASCRS Director, Colorectal Physiology Center, Staff Surgeon, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL, USA

Rocco Ricciardi, MD, MPH Staff Surgeon, Assistant Professor of Surgery, Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Lahey Clinic, Burlington, MA, USA

Lester Rosen, MD Attending Surgeon, Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL, USA

Joan Ryoo, MD Department of General Internal Medicine/Health Services Research, Ronald Regan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Bruce E. Sands, MD, MS Associate Professor of Medicine; Acting Chief, Gastrointestinal Unit, Medical Co-director, MGH Crohn’s and Colitis Center, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

xxiiiContributors

Laurence R. Sands, MD, MBA Associate Professor of Clinical Surgery, Chief, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA

David J. Schoetz Jr, MD Chairman Emeritus, Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery; Professor of Surgery, Lahey Clinic, Burlington, MA, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

Mark Siegler, MD Professor, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Lindy Bergman Distinguished Service Professor, Director, MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, Department of Medicine Ethics Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

Marc Singer, MD Department of Surgery, Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA

Michael J. Snyder, MD Program Director, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA

Scott R. Steele, MD Chief, Colon and Rectal Surgery Department of Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA, USA

Sharon L. Stein, PhD Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

Scott A. Strong, MD Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA

Ursula M. Szmulowicz, MD Associate Staff, Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA

J. Scott Thomas, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Surgery, Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Scott & White Memorial Hospital and Clinic, Temple, TX, USA; Texas A & M University Health System, Temple, TX, USA

Alan G. Thorson, MD Clinical Associate Professor of Surgery; Program Director, Colon and Rectal Surgery, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA; University of Nebraska College of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA

Alan E. Timmcke, MD Gastroenterologist, 1514 Jefferson Hwy, Jefferson, LA70121 USA

xxiv Contributors

Melissa Times, MD Assistant Professor of Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA

Judith L. Trudel, MD, MSc, MHPE, FRCSC, FACS Clinical Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA

Madhulika G. Varma, MD Associate Professor, Chief, Section of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

Carol-Ann Vasilevsky, MD, FRCSC, FACS Assistant Professor of Surgery and Oncology, Division of Colorectal Surgery, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec

Eric G. Weiss, MD Vice Chairman, Colorectal Surgery, DIO/Chairman of Graduate Medical Education and Program Director, Colorectal Surgery, Director of Surgical Endoscopy, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL, USA

Mark Lane Welton, MD, MHCM Division of General Surgery, Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA

Charles B. Whitlow, MD Staff Surgeon and Residency Program Director, Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA

Paul E. Wise, MD Assistant Professor of Surgery, Director, Vanderbilt Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Registry, Department of General Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA

W. Douglas Wong†, MD, FACS, FRSC(C) Professor of Surgery; Chief, Colorectal Service, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

Tonia Young-Fadok, MD, MS, FACS, FASCRS Professor of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Chair, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Phoenix, AZ, USA