the 1998-2008 job outlook in brief - bureau of labor …2 occupational outlook quarterly spring...

2 Occupational Outlook Quarterly ● Spring 2000

he new millennium will bringchange in employment oppor-tunities to the U.S. labor mar-

ket. People must plan their careerscarefully and be aware of which occu-pations will be in demand in the fu-ture. Employment projections from the Bureau of Labor Sta-tistics (BLS) provide important information for suchlong-term career planning.

The $7.6-trillion economy of 1998 is projected to reach$9.5 trillion by 2008. Employment in 2008 is expected toreach 160.8 million, an increase of 20.3 million—14 per-cent—above the 1998 level. The table beginning on page 8shows the occupations that will benefit from this growth andthose in which employment is projected to decline. For eachof over 250 occupations, the table gives the current employ-ment level, the projected percent and numerical change in em-ployment, and a summary of job prospects for the 1998-2008projections period.

The next few pages discuss factors that affect an occupation’semployment outlook, note some of the assumptions used inmaking the projections, and point out general trends.

Why employment changesThe number of workers employed in an occupation dependslargely on the demand for the goods or services those workersprovide. Over the last decade, for example, increased use ofcomputers has contributed to large numerical increases for com-puter systems analysts, engineers, programmers, and repairers.

However, even if the demand rises for goods and servicesprovided by a group of workers, employment may not in-crease at all or may increase more slowly than demand be-cause of changes in the ways goods are produced and servicesare provided. In fact, some changes in technology and busi-ness practices cause employment to decline. While the vol-ume of paperwork is expected to increase dramatically, forexample, the employment of word processors, typists, anddata entry keyers will probably fall. This reflects the growinguse of word-processing equipment that increases efficiencyby allowing other workers to do their own typing.

BLS economists project changes inlabor force participation rates and lev-els by age, sex, race, and ethnicity; to-tal economic performance based onassumptions about future growth po-tential; and industry-level employment

based on economic performance, advances in technology, anddetailed industry knowledge. The 1998-2008 occupational pro-jections presented in this issue of the Quarterly are based onthese projections extended to an estimate of the demand forworkers employed in occupations in each industry.

Any projection of employment growth is clouded by un-certainty. Unforeseen changes in technology, shifts in the bal-ance of trade, or major international political upheavals couldradically alter future employment for individual occupations.

Employment through 2008Between 1998 and 2008, employment will rise to 160.8 mil-lion from 140.5 million. This section gives a brief overview ofprojected employment change. It focuses on 10 clusters of oc-cupations as they are classified in the Occupational OutlookHandbook:◆ Executive, administrative, and managerial◆ Professional and technical◆ Marketing and sales◆ Administrative support, including clerical◆ Service◆ Mechanics, installers, and repairers◆ Construction trades◆ Production◆ Transportation and material moving◆ Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.

A particular occupation may not follow the trend projected forits group; therefore, you should refer to the table on pages 8 to36 for the outlook for specific occupations. An index of indi-vidual occupations begins on page 37.

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations. Work-ers in executive, administrative, and managerial occupations es-tablish policies, make plans, determine staffing requirements,and direct the activities of businesses, government agencies,and other organizations. This group includes occupations such

The 1998-2008 job by Jonathan W. Kelinson and Patricia Tate

Jonathan W. Kelinson and Patricia Tate are economists in the Office ofEmployment Projections, BLS, (202) 691-5688 and 691-5723, respectively.

The horizon leans forward,Offering you spaceTo place new steps of change—Maya Angelou, from her 1993 inaugural

poem “On the Pulse of Morning”

T

Occupational Outlook Quarterly ● Spring 2000 3

as construction manager, education administrator, and funeraldirector and mortician. It also includes management supportoccupations that provide technical assistance to managers.Some examples include accountant and auditor, budget ana-lyst, and insurance underwriter.

Overall, employment of executive, administrative, andmanagerial occupations is expected to grow about as fast asthe average for all occupations. However, because these work-ers are employed throughout the economy, differences in therate of expansion for individual industries will produce vary-ing rates of employment change for the managers and supportworkers in those industries. For example, employment of en-gineering, natural science, and computer and information sys-tems managers will grow much faster than average, whereasthe number of industrial production managers is expected todecline.

Because of strong competition for jobs in this group, appli-cants with previous work experience, specialized training, orgraduate study may have an advantage. Computer skills willbecome essential as managers rely on computerized in-formation systems to assist with the routine function oftheir organizations.

Professional and technical occupations. Professional andtechnical workers provide a variety of services and conductresearch. This group includes engineers; architects, surveyors,and drafters; and social, recreational, and religious workers. Italso includes professionals working in computer, mathemati-cal, and operations research occupations; health diagnosing,assessment, and treating occupations; and communications,visual arts and design, and performing arts occupations.

Technical personnel usually program and operate techni-cal equipment and assist engineers, scientists, physicians, andother professionals. Workers in these occupations includeparalegals, health technologists and technicians, and engi-neering and science technicians.

Professional and technical occupations are expected togrow faster and gain more new jobs than any other occupa-tional group. However, projected growth rates for individualoccupations are as diverse as the jobs themselves, reflectingchanges in demographics, business practices, and technology,among other factors. For example, population trends and in-creasing student enrollments will fuel an average increase inthe overall employment of teachers, accounting for nearlyone-fifth of all job growth among professional and technicaloccupations; increased demand for health and social servicesfrom a growing and aging population will spur rapid growthfor physical therapists, occupational therapists, and humanservice workers and assistants. Paralegal will be one of thefastest growing occupations in the economy as lawyers in-creasingly rely on these workers to improve efficiency and cutthe cost of legal services. Employment of computer systemsanalysts, engineers, and scientists is expected to double be-tween 1998 and 2008 as organizations become increasinglydependent on advancing technologies and the workers whodesign and implement them.

Along with continued efforts to reduce costs, technologywill adversely affect employment of other professional andtechnical workers. For example, employment of drafters is

outlook in brief


expected to grow more slowly than average as use of computer-aided design (CAD) systems reduces the number of drafters re-quired to create blueprints. Similarly, pharmacists should expe-rience slower than average employment growth because ofonline sales and use of robotics.

Marketing and sales occupations. Workers in this group sellgoods and services, purchase commodities and property for re-sale, and stimulate consumer interest. This group includes cash-iers; demonstrators, product promoters, and models; and realestate agents and brokers.

Overall employment in this group is expected to grow as fastas average because of the increased demand for financial,travel, and other services. However, the rate of growth shouldbe slower from 1998 to 2008 than during the previous decadebecause these workers are concentrated in wholesale and retailtrade, industries that are expected to grow more slowly than inthe past.

Nonetheless, some occupations will experience rapidgrowth. Securities, commodities, and financial services salesrepresentative should grow much faster than average as invest-ment increases and diversifies and financial institutions offermore complex services. Employment of services sales repre-

sentatives also should increase much faster than average as thehealth care and computer industries expand rapidly, requiringmore workers to market and service their products. Faster thanaverage employment growth is expected for counter and rentalclerks because of increased demand for business and recre-ational services.

There is greater competition for jobs in higher paying mar-keting and sales occupations, such as securities, commodities,and financial services sales representative, than in lower payingones, such as retail salesperson. Opportunities will be best forwell trained, personable, and ambitious people who enjoy selling.

Administrative support occupations, including clerical. Workersin this group prepare and record memos, letters, and reports;collect accounts; gather and distribute information; operate of-fice machines; and handle other administrative tasks. The groupincludes occupations such as information clerk, postal clerkand mail carrier, and secretary.

This occupational group will continue to employ the largestnumber of workers, although employment will grow moreslowly than average. Despite the tremendous increase expectedin the volume of clerical tasks, increased automation and othertechnological changes will cause a decline in some occupations,including word processor, typist, and data entry keyer; book-keeping, accounting, and auditing clerk; and communicationsequipment operator. In contrast, employment of teacher assist-ants should grow faster than average as schools increasingly


make use of these workers to cope with growing enrollments,including those of students in special education and students forwhom English is a second language.

Rapid expansion of the services industries in which theywork will drive faster than average growth in employment ofreceptionists. Similarly, the increasing population, economy,and volume of insurance sales will spur employment growthamong adjusters, investigators, and collectors. Because manyadministrative support occupations are large and have relativelyhigh turnover, opportunities should be plentiful for full- andpart-time jobs, even in slowly growing occupations.

Service occupations. This group includes workers in five sub-groups: Health; food preparation and beverage; personal;cleaning, buildings, and grounds; and protective services. In-cluded among these workers are health service workers, such asdental and medical assistants, nursing and psychiatric aides,and physical and occupational therapy assistants and aides;chefs, cooks, and all other food preparation and beverage serviceworkers; personal service workers, such as cosmetologists,flight attendants, and child-care and private household workers;janitors, landscaping occupations, and pest controllers; andprotective service workers, including correctional officers,firefighters, and police officers.

Population and economic growth and changes in health caredelivery will fuel average employment growth among serviceoccupations as a whole over the next decade. Health servicesoccupations—including medical assistant, dental assistant, andphysical therapist assistant and aide, which are among the fast-est growing occupations in the economy—are expected to growfaster than average overall. Such rapid growth reflects an in-creasing and aging population, technological advances in medi-cine, and the increasing use of support personnel who are cost-effective providers of health care.

Full- and part-time jobs are expected to be plentiful for foodpreparation and beverage service workers because of thegroup’s large size and high turnover. Overall, employmentgrowth will be average for these occupations.

Growth in personal service occupations will vary widely.Employment of home health and personal care aides shouldgrow much faster than average because of the increase in theelderly population and advances in medical technology thatmake in-home treatment more effective. Employment of privatehousehold workers, on the other hand, will decline rapidly, aschild-care and household cleaning service firms increasinglyassume those duties.

Average employment growth is expected for cleaning, build-ing, and grounds service occupations. Faster than average em-ployment growth for landscaping and groundskeeping laborersand pest controllers will result from the public’s increased use

of services these workers provide. Opportunities in cleaningoccupations should stem from high turnover.

Employment of correctional officers is expected to risemuch faster than average as correctional facilities expand. Thepublic’s growing concern for security will also lead to fasterthan average growth for guards, police officers, and private de-tectives. However, firefighters should experience slow growthas various public service providers continue to compete forfunding.

Mechanics, installers, and repairers. Workers in this group ad-just, maintain, and repair automobiles, industrial equipment,computers, and many other types of machinery. Occupationsinclude telecommunications equipment mechanic, installer,and repairer; aircraft mechanic and service technician; and mu-sical instrument repairer and tuner.

Overall, average growth is expected because of the contin-ued importance of mechanical and electronic equipmentthroughout the economy, but projections vary by occupation.Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairer is ex-pected to be the fastest growing occupation in this group, re-flecting the increased use of these machines. In contrast, em-ployment of electronic home entertainment equipmentrepairers, farm equipment mechanics, and millwrights is ex-pected to decline because of laborsaving devices and improve-ments in reliability.

Construction trades occupations. Workers in this group con-struct, alter, and maintain buildings and other structures. Occu-pations include carpenter, electrician, and construction equip-ment operator.

Virtually all new jobs in this group will be in construction.An increase in the number of homes and industrial plants, thedesire to alter or modernize existing structures, and the need tomaintain and repair the Nation’s infrastructure—highways,dams, and bridges—will result in a significant number of newjobs. However, overall employment is expected to grow moreslowly than average as construction activity declines and theindustry benefits from productivity gains and more efficienttechnologies. Employment of sheet metal workers and duct in-stallers will grow fastest, boilermakers the slowest. Because theconstruction industry is sensitive to fluctuations in the Nation’seconomy, employment in construction occupations varies fromone year to another. Many construction workers become unem-ployed during downturns in construction activity.

Production occupations. These workers set up, adjust, operate,and tend machinery and use handtools and hand-held powertools to make goods and assemble products. Occupations in-clude prepress worker, machinist, assembler, jeweler, stationaryengineer, butcher, apparel worker, and fisher.

Increases in imports, changing business practices, and auto-


mation—including robotics and advanced computer tech-niques—will result in little or no change in overall employ-ment, but growth will vary by occupation. For example, shoeand leather workers and repairers will decline in employmentbecause of imports, rising business costs, and use of new auto-mation. However, electronic semiconductor processors shouldexperience much faster than average employment growth, fu-eled by discovery of new uses for microchips and increasedU.S. production.

Many production occupations are sensitive to the businesscycle and competition from imports—textile machinery opera-tors, for example. When factory orders decline, workers mayface shortened workweeks, layoffs, and plant closings.

Transportation and material moving occupations. Operating theequipment used for moving people and materials is the prin-ciple activity of workers in this group. Occupations includebusdriver, water transportation worker, and truckdriver. Overallemployment is expected to grow about as fast as average, butprospects vary by occupation. The fastest growing occupationsin this group are busdriver and taxi driver and chauffeur.

Employment of truckdrivers is also expected to increase asthe economy requires more shipment of goods. An em-ployment decline is expected for rail transportation oc-cupations, reflecting improved efficiency and techno-logical advances.

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.These workers perform routine tasks and assistskilled workers. Occupations include parking lotattendant, service station attendant, and helperin construction trades.

Overall employment in this group is ex-pected to grow about as fast as the averagefor all occupations, although some occu-pations, such as machine feeder andoffbearer and service station attendant,will show a decline. Many opportuni-ties will arise from the need to replaceworkers who leave these high-turnoveroccupations. However, the number ofopenings will depend on the strength ofthe economy, particularly for constructionlaborer and other occupations in industrieshighly sensitive to changes in the businesscycle.

Information in the “Brief”“The job outlook in brief” provides thumbnailsketches of employment data for each occupa-

tion in the 2000-01 Occupational Outlook Handbook, on whichit is based. Nearly all employment estimates are from the BLSindustry-occupation matrix. Throughout this article, employ-ment growth rates are compared to the average for all occupa-tions. The box, “Key phrases in the ‘Brief,’” explains the termsand phrases used to describe projected employment change andcompetition jobseekers are likely to encounter.

For occupations with lengthy training and strict entry re-quirements, such as lawyer and physician, assessing the degreeof competition can be accomplished with some accuracy. Butmost occupations have several routes of entry and flexible re-quirements, so the potential supply of workers is difficult tomeasure. For many occupations, therefore, no description ofjob opportunities or competition is given. Those descriptionsthat are given are based on information obtained from technicaljournals and other relevant literature, interviews with occupa-tional experts, historical data, and the judgment of the analystwho studied the occupation.

Employment growth is only one source of job openings; an-other source is openings that result from the need to replace ex-isting workers who transfer to other occupations or leave the

labor force. In fact, BLS projects that more than halfof all job openings over the 1998-2008 period willarise from replacement needs. As a result, even occu-pations with slower than average growth may offermany jobs for new workers. This is especially trueof large occupations.

Beyond the “Brief”“The job outlook in brief” is only a starting point

for exploring economic projections or careers.BLS produces the projections as part of itsemployment projections program, whichdevelops new sets of projections every 2years. Besides occupational employment,BLS also projects industry output andemployment, detailed labor force activ-ity, and diverse measures of overall eco-nomic activity. This information isavailable in a variety of publicationsdesigned to meet different needs.

The winter 1999-2000 issue of theQuarterly provides a graphic presen-tation of highlights of the projec-tions. The November 1999 issue ofthe Monthly Labor Review containsgreater detail. Employment Outlook:1998-2008 (Bulletin 2522) presents


an overview of BLS projections of the labor force, theeconomy, industry employment, and occupational employ-ment; detailed statistical tables for the major components of theprojections; and key assumptions underlying projections of em-ployment in detailed occupations and industries. The 2000-01Occupational Projections and Training Data (Bulletin 2521) isa statistical supplement to the 2000-01Occupational OutlookHandbook (Bulletin 2520) that contains current and projectedemployment estimates for over 500 occupations. It also pre-sents information on occupational characteristics—such asseparation rates, unemployment rates, job openings, earnings,and the most significant source of training—when such infor-mation is available.

The data and information in those publications also are ac-cessible via the Office of Employment Projections website:http://stats.bls.gov/emphome.htm.

“The job outlook in brief” provides information in a formatthat allows easy comparison of job prospects in different occu-pations or groups of occupations. But employment prospectsare not the only consideration when choosing a career; match-ing your goals and abilities to the type of work and the educa-tion required is another component. Where you want to live andhow much money you want to earn also are important. Informa-tion like this appears in the Occupational Outlook Handbookand in a reprint of a fall 1998 Quarterly article, “MatchingYourself With the World of Work, 1998.” Both publications areless technical than the other BLS publications mentionedabove.

The Handbook has been published for more than 50 years. Itcontains more detailed information about the outlook for eachof the occupations mentioned in the “Brief” as well as informa-tion about the nature of the work, training and personal qualifi-cations required, earnings, and other subjects. “Matching Your-self to the World of Work, 1998” is a tabular presentationsimilar in format to the “Brief.” Rather than focusing on out-look, however, it highlights significant job characteristics, in-cluding educational level required, working conditions, and in-teraction with data, people, and things.

Additional information on job growth is also available fromState job service offices. The outlook for many occupationsvaries considerably among local job markets. For example, sec-tions of the country with slow population growth may have lessneed for elementary school teachers than do regions with highgrowth. State job service offices, listed in the State governmentsection of local telephone directories, provide information onlocal labor market conditions. Also, see the section on “Sourcesof Career Information” in the Handbook.

Ordering informationBLS publications are usually available in libraries, career cen-ters, and the offices of school and employment counselors.They are sold by the Government Printing Office. Use the ordercard inside this issue of the OOQ or request publications on aseparate sheet of paper. Send orders to:

Bureau of Labor Statistics Publication Sales CenterP.O. Box 2145Chicago, IL 60690Phone (312) 353-1880

Payment by check, money order, VISA, MasterCard, Discover/NOVUS, or GPO deposit account must accompany your order.Make check or money order payable to the Superintendent ofDocuments.

Key phrases in the “Brief”

Changing employment between 1998 and 2008

If the statement Employmentabout growth reads. . . is projected to. . .Much faster than average Increase 36 percent or moreFaster than average Increase 21 to 35 percentAverage Increase 10 to 20 percentMore slowly than average or

little or no change Increase 0 to 9 percentDecline Decrease 1 percent or more

Opportunities and competition for jobs

If the statement about Job openings compared toopportunities reads. . . jobseekers may be. . .Very good or excellent More numerousGood or favorable In rough balanceMay face keen competition Fewer

Reprints of this article will be sold by the Superintendent ofDocuments and are available from the Bureau of Labor Sta-tistics Publication Sales Center, P.O. Box 2145, Chicago, IL60690.


The 1998-2008 job outlook in brief

The names of the major occupa-tional clusters are set in large typeon top of large colored bars. Thenames of subgroups are set insmaller type on top of narrower col-ored bars. Names of occupationsare in standard, boldface type.

All estimates of employment in 1998and projected change in employmentare based on the BLS Industry-Occupa-tional Matrix, unless otherwise noted.This symbol marks the occupationsthat are projected to grow the fastest orprovide the most new jobs.

Employment, Employment change, 1998-20081998 Percent Number1 Employment prospects

Executive, administrative, and managerial


Accountants and auditors 1,080,000 11 122,000 Employment growth is expected to be average. Compe-tition will remain keen for the most prestigious jobs inmajor accounting and business firms.

Administrative services andfacility managers 364,000 18 66,000 Average employment growth is expected, with espe-

cially strong demand in management services and man-agement consulting. Competition should remain keenbecause many competent, experienced workers seekmanagerial jobs.

Advertising, marketing, andpublic relations managers 485,000 23 112,000 Employment is expected to increase faster than average

because of domestic and global competition. Collegegraduates with experience, creativity, and strong com-munication and new media skills should have the bestopportunities.

Budget analysts 59,000 14 8,100 Average employment growth is expected. Competitionfor jobs should remain keen; people with a master’s de-gree and familiarity with financial software packagesshould have the best job prospects.

Construction and building inspectors 68,000 16 11,000 Employment growth is expected to be average. Oppor-tunities will arise from the need to replace existingworkers who leave the occupation. Job prospects shouldbe best for people with construction experience andarchitectural training.

The column labeled “Employment pros-pects” compares the employment changefor the occupation with that for total em-ployment. When possible, it also indicatesthe amount of competition jobseekers canexpect. The terms used for these compari-sons are defined on page 7.


Construction managers 270,000 14 38,000 Average employment growth is expected. Workers withexperience and a bachelor’s degree in construction sci-ence, building science, or construction managementshould have the best job prospects.

Cost estimators 152,000 13 20,000 Employment growth is expected to be average. Jobprospects in construction should be best for those withpractical experience and a degree in engineering, con-struction management or construction science, or archi-tectural drafting.

Education administrators 447,000 13 58,000 Average employment growth is expected. Keen compe-tition for postsecondary education administrators is ex-pected, with a more favorable outlook for primary andsecondary education administrators.

Employment interviewers, privateor public employment service 66,000 13 8,500 Employment growth is expected to be average, spurred

by rapid growth of personnel supply firms, which em-ploy most of these workers.

Engineering, natural science, andcomputer and informationsystems managers 326,000 43 142,000 Employment is projected to increase much faster than

average because of growth in both the occupations su-pervised by these workers and the industries that em-ploy them. Growth is expected to be especially rapid forcomputer and information systems managers.

Farmers and farm managers 1,483,000 -12 -174,000 Employment is expected to decline, reflecting a long-term trend toward consolidation into fewer, larger farms.Aquaculture should provide some new jobs.

Financial managers 693,000 14 97,000 Employment growth is projected to be average. Bankmergers and use of technology will adversely affectbank branch managers, but the securities industry willhire more of these workers as the number and complex-ity of investments grow.

Funeral directors and morticians 28,000 16 4,400 Employment growth is expected to be average. A grow-ing population, along with an increasing proportion ofpeople over age 55, should spur demand for funeralservices during the coming decade.

General managers andtop executives 3,362,000 16 551,000 Average employment growth is expected. Competition

for top managerial jobs should remain intense becauseof the ample number of qualified applicants and rela-tively low turnover.




Government chief executivesand legislators 80,000 3 2,200 Little or no change is expected. Few new governments

are likely to form, and the number of these workers inexisting governments rarely changes.

Health services managers 222,000 33 74,000 Employment is expected to grow faster than average,reflecting industry growth. Fastest growth will be inhome health agencies, residential care facilities, andpractitioners’ offices and clinics.

Hotel managers and assistants 76,000 6 4,500 Employment is expected to grow more slowly than av-erage because of industry consolidation. Job opportuni-ties should be especially good for persons with collegedegrees in hotel or restaurant management.

Human resources, training, andlabor relations specialistsand managers 597,000 18 110,000 Average employment growth is expected. The job mar-

ket is likely to remain competitive.

Industrial production managers 208,000 -1 -1,800 Employment is expected to decline. Applicants withbachelor’s degrees in industrial engineering, manage-ment, or business administration should enjoy the bestprospects.

Inspectors and compliance officers,except construction 176,000 11 19,000 Average growth is expected, reflecting continuing pub-

lic demand for a safe environment and quality productsoverriding a desire for smaller government and fewerregulations.

Insurance underwriters 97,000 3 2,600 Slower than average employment growth is expected be-cause of technology-related productivity gains. The bestjob prospects will be in the health insurance industry.

Loan officers and counselors 227,000 21 48,000 Employment growth is projected to be faster than aver-age because of rising loan demand from a growingpopulation, an expanding economy, and low interestrates.

Management analysts 344,000 28 98,000 Employment is expected to grow faster than average,with intense competition for jobs. Workers with agraduate degree and industry expertise should have thebest prospects.

Property, real estate, andcommunity association managers 315,000 14 43,000 Average employment growth is expected. Opportunities

should be best for persons with college degrees in busi-ness administration, real estate, and related areas andfor persons with professional designations.




Purchasing managers, buyers,and purchasing agents 547,000 7 38,000 Employment is expected to grow more slowly than av-

erage, in part because of industry consolidation.Jobseekers will have an advantage in wholesale or retailtrade or in government if they have a bachelor’s degreeand in manufacturing if they have a degree plus experi-ence and technical knowledge.

Restaurant and food servicemanagers 518,000 18 92,000 Average employment growth is expected. Workers with

an associate or bachelor’s degree in restaurant and insti-tutional food service management will have the best op-portunities.

Professional and technical

Air transportation-related

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 94,000 6 5,500 Slower than average employment growth is projected.Pilots should face keen competition because of theglamour, prestige, and high pay associated with the oc-cupation. Flight engineers are no longer needed becauseof computerized flight management systems on new air-craft.

Air traffic controllers 30,000 2 700 Little or no change is expected because of technology-related productivity gains. Keen competition for jobs isexpected to continue.

Engineers and engineering technicians

Engineers2 1,462,000 20 290,000 Average employment growth is projected. A favorableoutlook is expected for those who keep their high-tech-nology skills current. Strong demand will be driven byopportunities in research and development.

Aerospace engineers 53,000 9 4,600 Employment is expected to increase more slowly thanaverage. Entrants will likely face competition for jobsbecause applicants should outnumber openings.

Chemical engineers 48,000 10 4,600 Average employment growth is expected. Opportunitiesshould be best for those working with specializedchemicals. Competition should be keen as new gradu-ates vie for a limited number of openings.





Civil engineers 195,000 21 41,000 Employment is expected to increase faster than average.A strong economy plus renewed concerns about infra-structure safety, capacity, and efficiency should spur de-mand for construction projects.

Electrical and electronicsengineers 357,000 26 93,000 Employment is expected to increase faster than average.

In business and engineering services firms, employmentis expected to grow faster than average as these firmsincreasingly contract engineering services. Opportuni-ties should be favorable for new college graduates.

Industrial engineers,except safety engineers 126,000 13 16,000 Average employment growth is expected. Demand for

industrial engineers should be stimulated as firms stressproductivity, efficiency, and quality.

Materials engineers 20,000 9 1,800 Employment is expected to increase more slowly thanaverage. Job opportunities should be best for thoseworking in the services industries.

Mechanical engineers 220,000 16 36,000 Average employment growth is projected. In businessand engineering services firms, employment is expectedto grow faster than average as these firms increasinglycontract engineering services.

Mining engineers, includingmine safety engineers 4,400 -13 -600 Employment is expected to decline. The continued pric-

ing weakness of metals, minerals, and other minedcommodities will make new domestic exploration un-economical.

Nuclear engineers 12,000 6 700 Employment is expected to increase more slowly thanaverage. However, the number of job openings shouldbe adequate for the limited number of college-graduatejobseekers.

Petroleum engineers 12,000 -4 -400 Employment is expected to decline. Although job open-ings are expected to be limited in the United States,prospects should be better for those willing to travelabroad.

Engineering technicians 771,000 16 126,000 Employment growth is expected to be average. Com-petition will force companies to improve and updatefacilities and products more rapidly than in the past.

Architects, surveyors, and drafters

Architects, except landscapeand naval 99,000 19 19,000 Average employment growth is expected. Job prospects

should be favorable for new graduates who have rel-evant computer skills.




Drafters 283,000 6 18,000 Employment is expected to grow more slowly than av-erage as increasing CAD use results in productivitygains. Many job openings should occur as existingdrafters leave the occupation.

Landscape architects 22,000 15 3,200 Employment growth is projected to be average. Oppor-tunities should be relatively plentiful because of newFederal spending and because of the occupation’s im-proving status among other design professionals.

Surveyors, cartographers, photogrammetrists,and surveying technicians 110,000 14 16,000 Average growth is projected overall. Surveying techni-

cians are expected to have faster than average employ-ment growth; surveyors, cartographers, and photogram-metrists should show little or no change.

Computer, mathematical, and operations research

Actuaries 16,000 7 1,100 Employment is expected to grow more slowly than av-erage because of projected slower growth in some areasof the insurance industry.

Computer programmers 648,000 30 191,000 Employment is expected to grow faster than average,driven by rapid growth in the computer and data pro-cessing services industry. Prospects should be best forcollege graduates with strong technical experience andknowledge of several programming languages.

Computer systems analysts,engineers, and scientists 1,530,000 99 1,522,000 Much faster than average employment growth is ex-

pected. Growth will be driven by continuing expansion ofnew applications and increasing demand for computerservices, data processing services, and computer support.

Mathematicians 14,000 -5 -800 Employment is expected to decline as fewer peoplehold the title of mathematician.

Operations research analysts 76,000 9 6,700 Slower than average employment growth is expected.Individuals with a master’s degree or Ph.D. in manage-ment science or operations research should have thebest job prospects.

Statisticians 17,000 2 400 Little or no change is expected. Job opportunitiesshould remain favorable for people with statistical train-ing, especially those who have an advanced degree.

Scientists and science technicians

Life scientists

Agricultural and food scientists 21,000 11 2,300 Average employment growth is projected. Employmentincreases in private firms, especially in those that con-duct genetic research and that market globally, are ex-pected to offset declines in the Federal Government.




Biological and medical scientists 112,000 32 36,000 Faster than average employment growth is expectedwith increasing use of pharmaceuticals and importanceof genetic research. Keen competition is expected forbasic research positions in academia and industry.

Conservation scientistsand foresters 39,000 18 7,000 Employment growth is expected to be average. Job

prospects should be best in research and testing firmsand in State and local government.

Physical scientists

Atmospheric scientists 8,400 15 1,200 Average employment growth is expected. Privateweather consulting firms and research and testing serv-ices are expected to provide the most new jobs.

Chemists 96,000 14 13,000 Employment growth is projected to be average, espe-cially in research and testing services and the drug in-dustry. Keen competition is expected for the relativelyfew job openings.

Geologists, geophysicists,and oceanographers 44,000 16 6,800 Average employment growth is expected. Demand will

be greatest in environmental and engineering fields.

Physicists and astronomers 18,000 2 400 Little or no change is expected. Continuing reductionsin defense-related research and overall cutbacks in Fed-eral employment are expected to dampen demand forthe basic research performed by these scientists.

Science technicians 227,000 7 16,000 Slower than average growth is expected. An increasingnumber of jobs are in biotechnology. An associate de-gree is becoming the minimum standard for occupa-tional entry.

Legal

Lawyers and judicial workers 752,000 16 119,000 Average employment growth is expected for lawyers.Employment of judges is expected to grow more slowlythan average. Competition for jobs should be keen.

Paralegals and legal assistants 136,000 62 84,000 Paralegals are projected to rank among the fastest grow-ing occupations in the economy. Stiff competition forjobs should continue as the number of qualified appli-cants outpaces job growth.

Social scientists

Economists and marketingresearch analysts 70,000 18 13,000 Employment growth is expected to be average. Oppor-

tunities for economists should be good because of thegrowing need for economic analyses. Demand for mar-keting research analysts should be strong.




Psychologists 166,000 11 19,000 Average employment growth is expected. Employmentwill grow fastest in outpatient mental health and sub-stance abuse treatment clinics.

Urban and regional planners 35,000 17 6,100 Employment growth is expected to be average. Thenumber of openings for consulting positions is expectedto grow more rapidly in private industry than in govern-ment.

Social scientists, other 50,000 13 6,400 Average employment growth is expected overall. Op-portunities are expected to be best in social serviceagencies, research and testing services, and manage-ment consulting firms.

Social and recreation workers

Human service workersand assistants 268,000 53 141,000 Employment is projected to grow much faster than aver-

age because of high demand for social and human serv-ices. Opportunities are expected to be excellent, espe-cially for applicants with appropriate postsecondaryeducation.

Recreation workers 241,000 19 46,000 Average employment growth will be driven by increas-ing consumer spending on leisure activities. Competi-tion is expected for career positions, but prospects arebetter for temporary or seasonal jobs.

Social workers 604,000 36 218,000 Employment is expected to increase much faster thanaverage. Need will be driven by an aging populationand wider array of services.

Clergy

Protestant ministers 400,0003 (4) (4) Competition is expected to continue, reflecting slowgrowth of church membership and the large number ofqualified candidates. Graduates of theological schoolsshould have the best prospects.

Rabbis 5,0003 (4) (4) Job opportunities are expected to be favorable in all fourmajor branches of Judaism, reflecting current unmetneeds for rabbis and the need to replace those approach-ing retirement.

Roman Catholic priests 47,0003 (4) (4) Opportunities are expected to be favorable. The currentshortage is expected to continue because of the lownumber of men becoming priests and the proportion ofactive priests reaching retirement.

Teachers and instructors, counselors, and library occupations

Adult and vocational educationteachers 588,000 14 81,000 Average growth is expected as the demand for adult

education programs continues to rise.




Archivists, curators, museum technicians,and conservators 23,000 13 2,900 Average growth is expected. Qualified applicants out-

number job openings, creating keen competition forthose jobs.

College and university faculty 865,000 23 195,000 Faster than average growth is expected because of risingenrollments. Applicants should outnumber job open-ings, creating keen competition for those jobs.

Counselors 182,000 25 46,000 Faster than average growth is expected. Employmentprospects should be good as school districts reduce stu-dent-to-counselor ratios.

Instructors and coaches,sports and physical training 359,000 28 102,000 Faster than average growth for instructors and coaches

is expected. Opportunities in the education industry willbe good. Job prospects should be best for those with abachelor’s degree and experience.

Librarians 152,000 5 7,300 Slower than average growth is expected. Employmentprospects are projected to be good for Master of LibraryScience graduates because their technical trainingqualifies them for both information services and librar-ian jobs.

Library technicians 72,000 18 13,000 Average employment growth is expected as technologi-cal advancements allow these workers to assume someduties formerly performed by librarians.

School teachers—Kindergarten,elementary, and secondary 3,364,000 16 552,000 Average employment growth is projected overall, but

employment of secondary school teachers is expectedto increase faster than average. Opportunities vary bygeographic area and subject specialty but should beplentiful for qualified entrants.

Special education teachers 406,000 34 137,000 Faster than average growth is expected as legislation in-creases the number of students eligible for special edu-cation programs and of services to persons with dis-abilities. Job opportunities should be good.

Health diagnosticians

Chiropractors 46,000 23 11,000 Employment is expected to increase faster than averageas consumer demand for alternative care grows. Jobprospects should be good, especially for those estab-lishing a practice in an area with a low concentration ofchiropractors.

Dentists 160,000 3 5,000 Slower than average employment growth is expected.Most jobs will result from the need to replace the largenumber of dentists projected to retire.




Optometrists 38,000 11 4,000 Average employment growth is expected in response tothe vision care needs of a growing and aging popula-tion. Opportunities should be best in retail optical storesand outpatient clinics.

Physicians 577,000 21 122,000 Faster than average employment growth is expected asthe health services industry expands. Replacementneeds are low because physicians usually remain in theprofession until they retire.

Podiatrists 14,000 11 1,500 Employment growth is expected to be average. Compe-tition for openings should be keen because the occupa-tion is small and because most podiatrists remain in theoccupation until they retire.

Veterinarians 57,000 25 14,000 Employment is expected to grow faster than average.Job prospects should be good because of increasedspending on pets.

Health assessment and treating

Dietitians and nutritionists 54,000 19 10,000 Average employment growth is expected because of in-creased emphasis on disease prevention. Employment isexpected to grow faster than average in nursing homesbut to decline in hospitals.

Occupational therapists 73,000 34 25,000 Faster than average employment growth is expected be-cause of increased demand from an aging population.Job prospects are expected to be best during the latterpart of the projections period.

Pharmacists 185,000 7 14,000 Employment is expected to grow more slowly than av-erage, limited by increasing use of robotics, technicians,and mail-order or online purchasing.

Physical therapists 120,000 34 41,000 Employment is expected to grow faster than average.Legislation affecting compensation will make jobcompetition keen during the first half of the projec-tions period.

Physician assistants 66,000 48 32,000 Much faster than average employment growth is ex-pected due to anticipated expansion of the health servicesindustry and increasing use of mid-level practitioners.Job opportunities are expected to be excellent, particu-larly in understaffed areas such as rural and inner cityhospitals and clinics.

Recreational therapists 39,000 13 5,200 Average employment growth is expected as providersseek cost-effective treatments. Opportunities shouldarise as the occupation moves into community-basedwork environments such as assisted-living and rehabili-tation centers.




Registered nurses 2,079,000 22 451,000 Faster than average growth is expected because of in-dustry growth and the need to replace existing workerswho leave the occupation. Job opportunities will beplentiful in home health, long-term, and ambulatorycare.

Respiratory therapists 86,000 43 37,000 Employment is expected to grow much faster than aver-age, driven by an increase in the incidence of cardiopul-monary and respiratory ailments because of growingmiddle-aged and elderly populations.

Speech-language pathologistsand audiologists 105,000 38 40,000 Much faster than average job growth is expected be-

cause of technological advances, an aging population,and an increase in services contracted by hospitals,managed care, and other health care providers. Jobprospects should be good in education settings.

Health technologists and technicians

Cardiovascular technologistsand technicians 33,000 16 5,300 Overall employment growth is projected to be average.

Employment of cardiology technologists is expected togrow much faster than average. Employment of EKGtechnicians is expected to decline as people in other oc-cupations train for basic EKG procedures.

Clinical laboratory technologistsand technicians 313,000 17 53,000 Employment growth is expected to be average. The

need to replace retiring workers will create most open-ings, so competition will be keen.

Dental hygienists 143,000 41 58,000 Much faster than average employment growth is ex-pected, in part because hygienists increasingly will per-form services previously performed by dentists.

Electroneurodiagnostic technologists 5,400 6 300 Employment is expected to grow more slowly than av-erage, despite an increase in demand, because of pro-ductivity increases. Keen competition is expected.

Emergency medical techniciansand paramedics 150,000 32 47,000 Employment is expected to grow faster than average.

Much of the growth will occur with a change from vol-unteer to paid positions.

Health information technicians 92,000 44 41,000 Employment is expected to grow much faster than aver-age because of rapid growth in tests, treatments, andprocedures available. Although most technicians will beemployed in hospitals, job growth is projected to befaster in physicians’ offices and clinics, nursing homes,and home health agencies.




Licensed practical nurses 692,000 20 136,000 Average employment growth is expected. Most newjobs will be in skilled nursing facilities.

Nuclear medicine technologists 14,000 12 1,600 Employment growth is expected to be average. Jobprospects—though limited—should be best for personstrained in multiple disciplines.

Opticians, dispensing 71,000 14 9,800 Employment growth is expected to be average. How-ever, there may be short-term employment decreasesbecause this occupation is vulnerable to changes in thebusiness cycle.

Pharmacy technicians and assistants170,000 16 27,000 Average employment growth is expected. Opportunitiesshould be best for those with formal training, experi-ence, and certification.

Radiologic technologists 162,000 20 32,000 Employment growth is expected to be average. Jobprospects should be best for persons trained in multipledisciplines. Most new jobs will be in physicians’ offices.

Surgical technologists 54,000 42 23,000 Employment is expected to increase much faster thanaverage as the population ages and new technologies al-low for more and varied surgeries. Job concentrationwill continue to be in hospitals, but growth is expectedin physicians’ offices and clinics, including ambulatorysurgical centers.

Communications-related

Announcers 60,000 -4 -2,600 Employment is projected to decline because of automa-tion and industry consolidation. Applicants are ex-pected to greatly outnumber job openings in large mar-kets, creating keen competition for those jobs.

Broadcast and sound technicians 37,000 6 2,200 Slower than average employment growth is projectedbecause of automation and industry consolidation. Em-ployment prospects should be good for technicians ca-pable of installing new digital equipment.

News analysts, reporters,and correspondents 67,000 3 1,900 Little or no change is expected. Keen competition is ex-

pected for jobs in large markets because applicants willgreatly outnumber openings.

Public relations specialists 122,000 24 30,000 Employment is expected to increase faster than average.Opportunities should be best for individuals who com-bine a bachelor’s degree in journalism, public relations,advertising, or other communications-related subjectswith relevant work experience.




Writers and editors,including technical writers 341,000 24 83,000 Employment is expected to increase faster than average.

The growing number of magazines, electronic publica-tions, and user guides and manuals is expected to con-tinue, creating new opportunities for trained writers andeditors.

Visual arts and design

Designers 423,000 26 110,000 Employment is expected to increase faster than average.Industrial, interior, fashion, and other designers shouldexpect competition for the most coveted jobs.

Photographers andcamera operators 161,000 9 15,000 Overall employment is expected to grow more slowly

than average. However, employment of camera opera-tors is expected to grow faster than average with oppor-tunities created by cable and satellite television systems.

Visual artists 308,000 26 79,000 Employment is expected to grow faster than average.Growth of the Internet is expected to provide additionalopportunities for graphic designers and illustrators, andgrowth in demand for new or new media artworks isprojected to generate demand for other visual artists.

Performing arts

Actors, directors, and producers 160,000 24 38,000 Employment is expected to grow faster than average,but stiff competition will continue. As in the past, onlythe most talented will find regular employment.

Dancers and choreographers 29,000 14 3,900 Average employment growth is projected, with intensecompetition for jobs. Only the most talented will findregular employment.

Musicians, singers, andrelated workers 273,000 15 41,000 Employment growth of musicians is expected to be av-

erage, but competition for jobs remains keen. Thosewho know how to play several instruments and types ofmusic should enjoy the best job prospects.




Marketing and sales

Cashiers 3,198,000 17 556,000 Average employment growth is expected. Because theoccupation is large and turnover is high, the continuingneed to replace existing workers will create a largenumber of openings.

Counter and rental clerks 469,000 23 108,000 Faster than average employment growth is expected be-cause many jobs are located in fast-growing service in-dustries. Part-time employment opportunities should beplentiful.

Demonstrators, product promoters,and models 92,000 32 30,000 Faster than average growth is expected for demonstra-

tors and product promoters. Opportunities should beplentiful because of minimal formal training require-ments and the prevalence of part-time work. However,models should expect keen competition because of thefew available openings and the glamour associated withthis occupation.

Insurance sales agents 387,000 2 8,500 Little or no change is expected because of growth in di-rect sales by insurance carriers. But numerous retire-ments over the next decade will result in excellent op-portunities, especially for those with knowledge aboutmultiple lines of insurance and financial products.

Manufacturers’ and wholesalesales representatives 1,525,000 3 44,000 Slower than average employment growth is expected

because of technology-related productivity gains. Op-portunities should be best for sales engineers.

Real estate agents and brokers 347,000 10 34,000 Average growth is expected. Opportunities should be bestfor those with sales experience and a business degree.

Retail salespersons 4,582,000 12 565,000 Average employment growth is expected. Opportunities,many of which are part time, are expected to arise frompopulation growth and high turnover in the occupation.

Retail sales worker supervisorsand managers 1,675,000 8 134,000 Employment growth is expected to be slower than aver-

age. Growth in large stores will be offset by consolida-tion of small ones. Opportunities for those without acollege degree will be highly competitive.


Marketing and sales


Securities, commodities, and financial servicessales representatives 303,000 41 124,000 Employment is expected to grow much faster than aver-

age because of heightened public interest in investing inthe stock market, particularly “baby boomers” savingfor retirement.

Services sales representatives 841,000 51 429,000 Overall employment is expected to increase much fasterthan average, but job prospects should vary by industry.Mobile technology such as cell phones and laptop com-puters will aid worker productivity; many openings willbe available because of high turnover in the occupation.

Travel agents 138,000 18 25,000 Average employment growth is expected. Postsecondaryvocational school or college or university training is in-creasingly important.

Administrative support, including clerical

Adjusters, investigators,and collectors 1,466,000 24 345,000 Employment is expected to grow faster than average,

reflecting both the personal contact required for investi-gative occupations and an increase in insurance claims.Bill and account collectors are projected to have fasterthan average growth because of rising consumer debt.

Bank tellers 560,000 -5 -31,000 Employment is expected to decline as the growing useof ATMs, direct deposit, and online banking decreasethe need for bank tellers. However, job opportunitieswill be plentiful because of traditionally high turnover.

Communications equipmentoperators 297,000 -15 -46,000 Employment is expected to decline because of auto-

mated communications technologies and consolidationsin the telecommunications industry.

Computer operators 251,000 -26 -64,000 Employment is expected to decline as computer opera-tions become more automated. Opportunities should bebest for operators familiar with a variety of operatingsystems who have kept up with changes in technology.



Marketing and sales


Court reporters, medical transcriptionists,and stenographers 110,000 10 11,000 Overall employment growth is projected to be average,

as rapid growth among medical transcriptionists is off-set by the decline among stenographers. Because oftheir relatively high salaries, court reporters should havekeen competition; certified court reporters and medicaltranscriptionists should enjoy the best job prospects.

Information clerks 1,910,000 20 386,000 Employment growth is expected to be average. Numer-ous job openings should arise for most types of infor-mation clerks.

Hotel, motel, and resortdesk clerks 159,000 13 21,000 Average employment growth is expected. Job opportu-

nities should be aided by high turnover, with opportuni-ties for part-time work continuing to be plentiful.

Interviewing and new accountsclerks 239,000 19 46,000 Average employment growth is expected. Employment

of hospital and physician admissions clerks and marketresearch interviewers will grow faster than average.Employment growth of new accounts clerks in bankbranches will be average despite little or no change inthe banking industry.

Receptionists 1,293,000 24 305,000 Employment is expected to grow faster than average be-cause of rapid growth in services industries, where mostreceptionists are employed. Numerous openings shouldexist because of high turnover.

Reservation and transportationticket agents and travel clerks 219,000 6 13,000 Employment is expected to grow more slowly than av-

erage because of technology’s impact on productivity.

Loan clerks and credit authorizers,checkers, and clerks 254,000 7 17,000 Slower than average employment growth is expected.

Automation is simplifying the loan and credit approvalprocess, and consolidation has raised productivity inloan and credit servicing.

Mail clerks and messengers 247,000 9 23,000 Employment is expected to grow more slowly than av-erage because of increased automation.

Material recording, scheduling, dispatching,and distributing occupations 3,957,000 5 203,000 Employment is expected to grow more slowly than av-

erage, reflecting increased automation.

Dispatchers 248,000 12 30,000 Average employment growth is expected. Dispatcherjobs are entry level and usually require no education be-yond a high school diploma, but trainees usually receiveinformal training and develop skills on the job.




Shipping, receiving, and trafficclerks 774,000 5 36,000 Employment is expected to grow more slowly than av-

erage. Job opportunities will continue with increasingeconomic and trade activity and because certain taskscannot be automated.

Stock clerks 2,331,000 6 131,000 Employment is projected to grow more slowly than av-erage, but job prospects should be favorable. Stockclerks who handle jewelry, liquor, or drugs may need tobe bonded.

Office and administrative supportsupervisors and managers 1,611,000 19 313,000 Average employment growth is expected. Applicants

for these jobs are likely to encounter keen competition.

Office clerks, general 3,021,000 15 463,000 Employment growth is expected to be average. Plentifuljob opportunities should stem from employmentgrowth, the large size of the occupation, and high turn-over.

Postal clerks and mail carriers 631,000 4 25,000 Employment is expected to grow more slowly than av-erage because of increasing use of automated systemsfor mail handling and sorting.

Records processing occupations 3,731,000 1 44,000 Little or no change is expected, in part because of auto-mation. Job opportunities should stem from high turn-over in this very large occupation.

Billing clerks andbilling machine operators 449,000 11 47,000 Employment growth is projected to be average for bill-

ing clerks because of continued demand for billingservices, but employment is expected to decline for bill-ing machine operators as computers replace billing ma-chines. Many job openings should arise from high turn-over.

Bookkeeping, accounting,and auditing clerks 2,078,000 -4 -81,000 Employment is expected to decline because of contin-

ued office automation and consolidation of variousrecordkeeping functions.

Brokerage clerks andstatement clerks 92,000 20 18,000 Employment of brokerage clerks is expected to grow

faster than average; employment of statement clerks isexpected to decline. Brokerage clerks will be needed toprocess securities trades, but statement clerks’ job ofmailing bank statements is becoming automated.

File clerks 272,000 10 26,000 Employment growth is expected to be average. Highturnover should produce ample job openings.




Human resources clerks,except payroll and timekeeping 142,000 2 2,900 Little or no change is expected, largely because of in-

creasing computer use. Replacement needs will accountfor most job openings.

Library assistants andbookmobile drivers 127,000 16 21,000 Average employment growth is expected. Openings

should be plentiful because turnover is relatively high.

Order clerks 362,000 5 17,000 Employment is expected to grow more slowly than av-erage because of increased productivity due to automa-tion. Many job openings, especially for positions re-quiring public contact, are expected because of highturnover.

Payroll and timekeeping clerks 172,000 -6 -11,000 Employment is expected to decline because of contin-ued automation of payroll and timekeeping functionsand the consolidation of clerical jobs.

Secretaries 3,195,000 2 63,000 Average growth is expected for the small proportion ofmedical and legal secretaries. However, employment ofmost other secretaries is expected to remain flat as a re-sult of office automation.

Teacher assistants 1,192,000 31 375,000 Faster than average employment growth is expected.School districts may use teacher assistants to reducestudent-to-teacher ratios and to work with special edu-cation and immigrant enrollments. Job openings shouldbe plentiful because turnover is relatively high.

Word processors, typists, anddata entry keyers 894,000 -6 -54,000 Employment is projected to decline because of the pro-

liferation of PC’s and other equipment. However, theoccupation’s large size and high turnover should pro-duce many job openings each year.

Service

Cleaning, buildings, and grounds service

Janitors and cleaners andinstitutional cleaning supervisors 3,271,000 11 374,000 Average employment growth is expected. Job openings

should be plentiful because of the need to replace exist-ing workers who leave this very large occupation.



Service


Landscaping, groundskeeping, nursery, greenhouse,and lawn service occupations 1,285,000 20 262,000 Employment growth for landscaping and grounds-

keeping occupations is projected to be average. Growthwill be driven by continued demand for installing andmaintaining grounds.

Pest controllers 52,000 25 13,000 Employment is projected to increase faster than aver-age. The public is expected to increase its use of profes-sional pest control services, in part because of increasedenvironmental and health concerns. Opportunitiesshould be good.

Food preparation and beverage service

Chefs, cooks, and otherkitchen workers 3,306,000 13 442,000 Average employment growth is expected. Job openings

are expected to be plentiful because of high turnover.

Food and beverage serviceoccupations 5,429,000 12 655,000 Employment growth is projected to be average. Job

openings are expected to be plentiful because of highturnover.

Health service

Dental assistants 229,000 42 97,000 Employment is expected to grow much faster than aver-age. As their workloads increase, dentists are expectedto hire more assistants to perform routine tasks.

Medical assistants 252,000 58 146,000 Employment is expected to grow much faster than aver-age, driven in part by an increasing number of grouppractices, clinics, and other health care facilities. Jobprospects should be best for those with formal trainingor experience.

Nursing and psychiatric aides 1,461,000 23 332,000 Faster than average employment growth is expected.Job prospects for nursing aides should be good becauseof fast growth and high turnover. Employment of psy-chiatric aides is expected to grow more slowly becauseof declines in hospital inpatient psychiatric treatment.

Occupational therapy assistantsand aides 19,000 40 7,400 Much faster than average growth is expected because of

increasing demand from an aging population. Fewopenings are expected, but opportunities should be fa-vorable during the latter part of the projections period.

Physical therapist assistantsand aides 82,000 44 36,000 Much faster than average growth is expected because of

an increasingly active, aging population. Job opportuni-ties should be favorable during the latter part of the pro-jections period.


Service


Personal service

Barbers, cosmetologists,and related workers 723,000 10 73,000 Average employment growth is expected, spurred by in-

creasing population, incomes, and popularity of cosme-tology services. However, employment of barbers willdecline as students get the broader cosmetology license.Job opportunities should be plentiful.

Flight attendants 99,000 30 30,000 Employment is expected to grow faster than average asthe number of airline passengers continues to increase.Applicants experienced in dealing with the publicshould have good employment prospects.

Home health and personal careaides 746,000 58 433,000 Much faster than average employment growth is ex-

pected, fueled by an aging population, advanced medi-cal technology, and an increased use of home healthcare services.

Preschool teachers andchild-care workers 1,250,000 26 328,000 Faster than average employment growth is projected.

The proportion of children in preschool and child careis expected to increase despite little change in the num-ber of children under age 5.

Private household workers 928,000 -19 -178,000 Employment is expected to decline as contract servicefirms increase their share of the market. Job opportuni-ties should be excellent because of high turnover.

Veterinary assistants andnonfarm animal caretakers 181,000 23 42,000 Employment is projected to grow faster than average. A

growing pet industry and an increase in the number ofveterinary school graduates should create good employ-ment prospects.

Protective service

Correctional officers 383,000 39 148,000 Much faster than average employment growth is pro-jected to generate ample job opportunities.

Fire fighting occupations 314,000 6 20,000 Slower than average employment growth is expectedbecause of competition for funding with other publicservice providers.

Guards 1,027,000 29 294,000 Faster than average employment growth is expected.The occupation’s large size and high turnover rate rankit among those providing the greatest number of jobopenings.

Police and detectives 764,000 27 205,000 Employment is expected to increase faster than averagebecause of society’s heightened concern about crimeand security.


Service


Private detectives and investigators 61,000 24 15,000 Employment is expected to grow faster than average.Competition is expected for job openings.

Mechanics, installers, and repairers

Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers

Computer, automated teller,and office machine repairers 138,000 34 46,000 Employment is expected to grow faster than average.

Growth of data processing equipment repairers will bemuch faster than average because of increasing relianceon computers.

Electronic home entertainmentequipment repairers 36,000 -12 -4,300 Employment is expected to decline because it is often

cheaper for consumers to replace equipment than to payfor repairs.

Electronics repairers, commercialand industrial equipment 72,000 13 9,100 Average employment growth is expected as the use of

commercial and industrial electronic equipment be-comes more widespread.

Telecommunications equipment mechanics,installers, and repairers 125,000 10 13,000 Overall employment growth is expected to be average.

Radio mechanics and telephone station installers willsee declines in employment; central office and PBX in-stallers and repairers, however, will experience fasterthan average growth.

Other mechanics, installers, and repairers

Aircraft mechanics andservice technicians 133,000 10 14,000 Average employment growth is expected. Job prospects

should be best with smaller commuter and regional air-lines, at FAA repair stations, and in general aviation.

Automotive body repairers 227,000 16 36,000 Employment growth is expected to be average. Oppor-tunities should be best for persons with formal trainingin automotive body repair and mechanics.



Service


Automotive mechanics andservice technicians 790,000 17 132,000 Average employment growth is expected. Persons with

formal training will have an advantage in positions re-quiring knowledge of advanced electronic and diagnos-tic equipment.

Coin, vending, and amusement machineservicers and repairers 27,000 16 4,200 Average employment growth is expected. Opportunities

should be best for those who have formal training inelectronics and electrical repair.

Diesel mechanics andservice technicians 255,000 10 25,000 Employment growth is expected to be average. Oppor-

tunities should be best for those with formal diesel me-chanic training and experience in using electronic anddiagnostic equipment.

Farm equipment mechanics 49,000 -5 -2,600 Employment is projected to decline. However, general-ist training for this occupation enables mechanics tochange occupations.

Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigerationmechanics and installers 286,000 17 48,000 Average employment growth is projected because of the

drive to retrofit older buildings with energy-saving sys-tems and because of construction in the South andSouthwest.

Home appliance and power toolrepairers 51,000 6 2,800 Employment is expected to increase more slowly than

average. Employment will be tempered by the dispos-able nature of some inexpensive pieces of equipment.

Industrial machinery repairers 535,000 4 24,000 Employment is projected to grow more slowly than av-erage. Applicants with broad skills in machine repairshould have favorable job prospects.

Line installers and repairers 279,000 20 56,000 Average employment growth is expected overall. Al-though employment of electrical powerline installersand repairers will remain unchanged, employment oftelephone and cable television line installers and repair-ers will grow faster than average.

Maintenance mechanics,general utility 1,232,000 8 95,000 Employment is expected to grow more slowly than av-

erage. As machinery becomes more advanced, the needfor general mechanics will diminish.

Millwrights 82,000 -2 -1,500 Employment is projected to decline slightly. Skilled ap-plicants will still be needed to maintain and repair exist-ing machinery, dismantle old machinery, and installnew equipment.




Mobile heavy equipment mechanics106,000 9 9,900 Employment is expected to grow more slowly than av-erage because of a lack of qualified entrants into the oc-cupation. As equipment becomes more complex, oppor-tunities will increase for specially trained mechanics.

Motorcycle, boat, and small-enginemechanics 52,000 5 2,500 Employment will grow more slowly than average.

Growth will be tempered by the consumer preferencefor disposing of and replacing inexpensive items ratherthan having them repaired.

Musical instrument repairersand tuners 13,000 6 800 Employment growth will be slower than average. How-

ever, opportunities should be excellent for those whocomplete training in one of the few programs in instru-ment repair and tuning.

Construction trades

Boilermakers 18,000 2 300 Little or no change is expected, in part because of thetrend toward restoring and repairing boilers. Keen com-petition is expected for apprenticeships and job openings.

Bricklayers and stonemasons 157,000 12 19,000 Average employment growth is expected. Constructionof new buildings, increased use of brick, and a need fortrained workers should provide good job opportunities.

Carpenters 1,086,000 7 76,000 Employment is projected to grow more slowly than aver-age because of slow growth in construction. Employmentopportunities should be plentiful because of the need toreplace existing workers who leave the occupation.

Carpet, floor, andtile installers and finishers 138,000 6 8,300 Employment is expected to grow more slowly than av-

erage because of slow growth in construction.

Cement masons, concrete finishers,and terrazzo workers 139,000 6 8,500 Employment is projected to grow more slowly than av-

erage despite the increased demand for concrete andterrazzo. Productivity gains are expected to diminishsomewhat the increased demand for new workers.





Construction equipment operators 321,000 8 25,000 Employment is expected to increase more slowly thanaverage because of slower growth in construction. Pro-ductivity increases are expected to moderate demand.

Drywall installers and finishers 163,000 7 12,000 Slower than average employment growth is expectedbecause of slow growth in construction. Job openingsshould be plentiful, however, because of the need to re-place existing workers who leave the occupation andbecause of high turnover.

Electricians 656,000 10 68,000 Average employment growth is expected because of in-creased demand for installing and maintaining electricaldevices and wiring in buildings. Job opportunities forskilled electricians should be very good.

Elevator installers and repairers 30,000 12 3,600 Employment growth is expected to be average. Highearnings and substantial training requirements are ex-pected to limit turnover and the need to replace existingworkers.

Glaziers 44,000 4 1,700 Slower than average employment growth is expectedbecause of slow growth in construction.

Hazardous materials removalworkers 38,000 19 7,300 Average employment growth is expected, driven by en-

vironmental and safety concerns from governments andcommunities. Prospects should be best for persons li-censed in multiple disciplines.

Insulation workers 67,000 7 5,000 Slower than average employment growth is expectedbecause of slow growth in construction. Job opportuni-ties are expected to be plentiful because of high turn-over and the need to replace existing workers who leavethe occupation.

Painters and paperhangers 476,000 9 41,000 Slower than average employment growth is expected.However, high turnover should result in favorable jobprospects.

Plasterers and stucco masons 40,000 17 6,900 Average employment growth is expected because ofgrowing appreciation for the durability and attractive-ness of troweled finishes and the need to repair plastersurfaces in older buildings.

Plumbers, pipefitters,and steamfitters 426,000 5 22,000 Slower than average employment growth is expected

because laborsaving technologies offset much of the in-creasing demand for plumbing services.

Roofers 158,000 12 19,000 Average employment growth is expected. However, jobopenings should be plentiful because of high turnover.


Construction trades


Sheet metal workers andduct installers 122,000 26 32,000 Faster than average employment growth is expected, re-

flecting an increasing demand for sheetmetal. Opportu-nities should be good for individuals with apprentice-ship training.

Structural and reinforcing metalworkers 87,000 8 7,300 Slower than average employment growth is expected.

Employment is expected to increase in rehabilitationand maintenance of older buildings, highways, andbridges but to slow in new industrial and commercialconstruction.

Production

Assemblers

Precision assemblers 422,000 5 20,000 Employment is expected to grow more slowly than av-erage, reflecting increasing automation and the global-ization of production.

Blue-collar worker supervisors

2,198,000 9 196,000 Employment is expected to grow more slowly than av-erage overall, varying by industry. Employment willchange little in manufacturing as companies becomemore productive. Growth will be faster than average inthe expanding service sector.

Fishers and fishing vessel operators

51,000 -22 -11,000 Employment is expected to decline. Fishers who engagein electronic commerce have the best chances of surviv-ing financially.

Food processing

Butchers and meat, poultry, andfish cutters 359,000 5 19,000 Employment is expected to grow more slowly than av-

erage. Job growth will be concentrated among lowerskilled meat, poultry, and fish cutters.



Construction trades


Forestry, conservation, and logging

120,000 -3 -3,800 Employment is expected to decline overall. Employ-ment in timber cutting and logging occupations is ex-pected to decline because of increased automation.Little or no change is expected for forest and conserva-tion workers because of budgetary constraints.

Inspectors, testers, and graders

689,000 -3 -22,000 Employment is expected to decline because of growthin automated inspection and the redistribution of qualitycontrol responsibilities from inspectors to productionworkers.

Metalworking and plastics-working

Jewelers and precious stoneand metal workers 30,000 -6 -1,800 Employment is expected to decline. However, employ-

ment opportunities should be excellent, reflecting cur-rent shortages in the occupation and the need to replaceexisting workers who leave the occupation.

Machinists and numerical controlmachine tool programmers 434,000 6 27,000 Employment is expected to grow more slowly than av-

erage. Skilled machine operators are in demand, how-ever, creating excellent job opportunities for skilled, ex-perienced workers.

Metalworking and plastics-workingmachine operators 1,509,000 3 53,000 Slower than average growth is projected, varying by oc-

cupation and industry. Those able to operate a numberof different machines will enjoy better job prospects.Employment growth of plastics molding machine op-erators should be faster than average. Manual cuttingand forming machine tool operators will experienceemployment declines.

Tool and die makers 138,000 -2 -2,100 Employment is projected to decline because of automa-tion and growing imports of tools and dies. But preci-sion custom tooling will continue to be produced in theUnited States, creating a need for skilled, experiencedworkers. Job opportunities should be excellent becauseof numerous retirements in the next decade.

Welders, cutters, andwelding machine operators 477,000 8 37,000 Employment is expected to grow more slowly than av-

erage. Greater use of high-technology welding equip-ment will increase the demand for welding machine op-erators. Welders working in construction and inmaintenance and repair should remain in demand.


Production


Plant and systems operators

Electric power generating plant operators andpower distributors and dispatchers 45,000 -2 -700 Employment is expected to decline slightly as the in-

dustry restructures because of deregulation and increas-ing competition.

Stationary engineers 31,000 -6 -1,800 Employment is expected to decline. Efficiency resultingfrom automated systems and computerized controls innew equipment is expected to reduce job opportunities.

Water and wastewater treatmentplant operators 98,000 14 14,000 Average employment growth is expected. An increasing

population and a growing economy are expected to in-crease demand for essential water and wastewater treat-ment services.

Printing

Bindery workers 96,000 10 9,300 Employment growth is expected to be average. Mostjob openings will result from the need to replace exist-ing workers who leave the occupation.

Prepress workers 152,000 -6 -9,400 Employment is expected to decline, with the use of com-puters for desktop publishing eliminating many jobs.

Printing press operators 253,000 0 1,200 Little or no change is expected. Operators of newerpresses need basic computer skills.

Textile, apparel, and furnishings

Apparel workers 729,000 -17 -124,000 Employment is expected to decline rapidly because ofimports, offshore assembly, and technology related pro-ductivity gains. Most job losses will occur among sew-ing machine operators.

Shoe and leather workersand repairers 23,000 -18 -4,000 Employment is projected to continue declining. Im-

ports, rising business costs, and the use of new automa-tion will negatively impact employment.

Textile machinery operators 277,000 -19 -53,000 Employment is expected to decline because of weak-ened demand for textile products from domestic apparelproducers.

Upholsterers 66,000 1 600 Little or no change is expected. However, opportunitiesfor experienced upholsterers should be good becausefew young people enter the occupation and few shopsoffer training.


Production


Woodworking

372,000 -2 -6,900 Employment is expected to decline, although limitedgrowth is expected among higher-skilled precisionwoodworkers. Many openings will arise from the need toreplace existing woodworkers who leave the occupation.

Miscellaneous production

Dental laboratory technicians 44,000 1 400 Little or no change is expected, in part because of fewerdental cavities and a decreased demand for full dentures.

Electronic semiconductor processors 63,000 45 29,000 Employment is expected to grow much faster than aver-age as researchers and engineers find new applicationsfor microchips and as U.S. firms strive for preeminencein semiconductor production.

Ophthalmic laboratory technicians 23,000 5 1,100 Slower than average employment growth is expectedoverall because of automation. In manufacturing, em-ployment is expected to increase slowly as firms investin automated machinery. In retail trade, employment isexpected to decline.

Painting and coating machineoperators 171,000 9 15,000 Employment is expected to increase more slowly than

average overall because of automation. Opportunitiesshould be best for highly skilled transportation paintersand automotive refinishers or those with a technical de-gree or certification.

Photographic process workers 63,000 -6 -4,000 Employment is projected to decline. The increased useof digital photography is expected to reduce demand formore traditional photographic processing workers.

Transportation and material moving

Busdrivers 638,000 17 108,000 Employment growth is expected to be average. Mostopportunities will be in large metropolitan areas.

Material moving equipmentoperators 808,000 9 74,000 Slower than average employment growth is projected.

However, average growth is projected for excavationand loading machine operators.





Rail transportation occupations 85,000 -11 -9,600 Employment is expected to decline. The attractive pay,tenure, and job security associated with these occupa-tions result in few job openings.

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 132,000 20 26,000 Average employment growth is expected. Opportunitiesshould be best for persons who have good drivingrecords, the ability to work flexible schedules, andstrong entrepreneurial ambitions.

Truckdrivers 3,274,000 15 507,000 Employment growth is expected to be average. Oppor-tunities should be favorable overall, but competition isexpected for the highest paying jobs.

Water transportation occupations 56,000 5 2,600 Employment is projected to grow more slowly than av-erage. International standards for mariners should stemjob loss to other countries.

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers

5,142,000 12 626,000 Average employment growth is expected overall. Em-ployment growth varies by occupation, depending ongrowth in both the industries employing these workersand the employment of skilled workers they assist.

Job opportunities in the Armed Forces

1,238,0005 (6) (6) Opportunities should be good for qualified individuals inall branches of the Armed Forces. High school graduatesand those with a college background will be sought asenlisted personnel. Officers will need at least a bachelor’sdegree and, in some cases, an advanced degree.

1The numeric change is calculated from unrounded figures for current and projected employment.2Total exceeds the sum of the individual estimates because not all branches of engineering are covered separately.3Includes only those who served congregations.4Estimates not available.5Source: U.S. Department of Defense6Projections not available from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.






Index to the “Brief”

Index to the 1998-2008 job outlook in briefAccountants 8Accounting clerks 24Actors 20Actuaries 13Adjusters (insurance) 22Administrative services

managers 8Administrative support supervi-

sors and managers 24Adult education teachers 15Advertising managers 8Aerospace engineers 11Agents, insurance sales 21Agents, real estate 21Agricultural scientists 13Air traffic controllers 11Aircraft mechanics and service

technicians 28Amusement machine servicers

and repairers 29Animal caretakers, nonfarm 27Announcers 19Apparel workers 34Architects, except landscape

and naval 12Archivists 16Armed Forces 36Artists, visual 20Assemblers, precision 32Astronomers 14Atmospheric scientists 14Audiologists 18Auditing clerks 24Auditors 8Automated teller machine

repairers 28Automotive body repairers 28Automotive mechanics and

service technicians 29

Bank tellers 22Barbers and related workers 27Billing clerks and billing

machine operators 24Bindery workers 34Biological scientists 14Blue-collar worker

supervisors 32

Boat engine mechanics 30Boilermakers 30Bookkeeping clerks 24Bookmobile drivers 25Bricklayers 30Broadcast technicians 19Brokerage clerks 24Brokers, real estate 21Budget analysts 8Building inspectors 8Busdrivers 35Butchers 32Buyers 11

Camera operators 20Cardiovascular technologists

and technicians 18Carpenters 30Carpet installers and finishers 30Cartographers 13Cashiers 21Cement masons 30Chauffeurs 36Chefs and other kitchen

workers 26Chemical engineers 11Chemists 14Child-care workers 27Chiropractors 16Choreographers 20Civil engineers 12Cleaners (building service) 25Cleaners, equipment 36Clinical laboratory technologists

and technicians 18Coaches, sports and physical

training 16Coin machine servicers and

repairers 29Collectors (insurance) 22College faculty 16Commercial and industrial

electronic equipmentrepairers 28

Commodities and financialservices sales representatives 22

Communications equipmentoperators 22

Community associationmanagers 10

Compliance officers, exceptconstruction 10

Computer and informationsystems managers 9

Computer repairers 28Computer operators 22Computer programmers 13Computer systems analysts,

engineers, and scientists 13Concrete finishers 30Conservation scientists 14Conservators 16Construction equipment

operators 31Construction inspectors 8Construction managers 9Cooks and other kitchen

workers 26Correctional officers 27Correspondents, news 19Cosmetologists and related

workers 27Cost estimators 9Counselors 16Counter and rental clerks 21Court reporters 23Credit authorizers, checkers,

and clerks 23Curators 16Cutters and welders 33

Dancers 20Data entry keyers 25Demonstators (product) 21Dental assistants 26Dental hygienists 18Dental laboratory technicians 35Dentists 16Designers 20Detectives, private 28Detectives (public) 27Die makers 33Diesel mechanics and service

technicians 29Dietitians 17Directors, performing arts 20

Dispatchers 23Dispensing opticians 19Distributing occupations 23Drafters 13Drywall installers and

finishers 31Duct installers 32

Economists 14Editors 20Education administrators 9Electric power generating plant

operators and power distribu-tors and dispatchers 34

Electrical and electronicsengineers 12

Electricians 31Electroneurodiagnostic

technologists 18Electronic equipment repairers,

industrial 28Electronic home entertainment

equipment repairers 28Electronic semiconductor

processors 35Elementary school teachers 16Elevator installers and

repairers 31Emergency medical

technicians 18Employment interviewers 9Engineering managers 9Engineering technicians 12Engineers 11Engineers, computer 13Engineers, stationary 34Equipment cleaners 36

Facility managers 8Faculty, college and university 16Farm equipment mechanics 29Farmers and farm managers 9File clerks 24Financial managers 9Financial services sales

representatives 22Fire fighting occupations 27Fish cutters 32



Fishers and fishing vesseloperators 32

Flight attendants 27Flight engineers 11Floor installers and finishers 30Food scientists 13Food service managers 11Foresters 14Forestry, conservation, and

logging 33Funeral directors 9

General managers and topexecutives 9

General office clerks 24General utility maintenance

mechanics 29Geologists and geophysicists 14Glaziers 31Government chief executives 10Graders (production) 33Groundskeeping and greenhouse

occupations 26Guards 27

Handlers 36Hazardous materials removal

workers 31Health information technicians 18Health services managers 10Heating, air-conditioning, and

refrigeration mechanics andinstallers 29

Heavy equipment mechanics,mobile 30

Helpers 36Home appliance repairers 29Home entertainment equipment

repairers, electronic 28Home health aides 27Hotel desk clerks 23Hotel managers and assistants 10Human resources clerks, except

payroll and timekeeping 25

Human resources specialistsand managers 10

Human service workers andassistants 15

Industrial electronic equipmentrepairers 28

Industrial engineers, exceptsafety engineers 12

Industrial machinery repairers 29Industrial production

managers 10Information clerks 23Information systems managers 9Inspectors, construction 8Inspectors, except construction 10Inspectors (production) 33Institutional cleaning

supervisors 25Instructors, sports and physical

training 16Insulation workers 31Insurance sales agents 21Insurance underwriters 10Interviewing and new accounts

clerks 23Investigators (insurance) 22Investigators, private 28

Janitors 25Jewelers 33Judicial workers 14

Kindergarten teachers 16Kitchen workers 26

Laborers 36Labor relations specialists and

managers 10Landscape architects 13Landscaping and lawn service

occupations 26Lawyers 14Leather workers and repairers 34Legal assistants 14

Legislators 10Librarians 16Library assistants 25Library technicians 16Licensed practical nurses 19Line installers and repairers 29Loan clerks 23Loan officers and counselors 10Logging 33

Machinists 33Mail carriers 24Mail clerks 23Maintenance mechanics,

general utility 29Management analysts 10Managers, farm 9Managers, retail sales workers 21Manufacturers’ representatives 21Marketing managers 8Marketing research analysts 14Material moving equipment

operators 35Material recording

occupations 23Materials engineers 12Mathematicians 13Meat cutters 32Mechanical engineers 12Medical assistants 26Medical scientists 14Medical transcriptionists 23Messengers 23Metalworking machine

operators 33Millwrights 29Mining engineers 12Ministers, Protestant 15Mobile heavy equipment

mechanics 30Models 21Morticians 9Motel desk clerks 23Motorcycle mechanics 30Museum technicians 16

Musical instrument repairersand tuners 30

Musicians and related workers 20

News analysts 19Nuclear engineers 12Nuclear medicine

technologists 19Numerical control machine tool

programmers 33Nursery and landscaping

occupations 26Nurses, licensed practical 19Nurses, registered 18Nursing aides 26Nutritionists 17

Occupational therapists 17Occupational therapy assistants

and aides 26Oceanographers 14Office clerks, general 24Office machine repairers 28Office supervisors

and managers 24Operations research analysts 13Ophthalmic laboratory techni-

cians 35Opticians, dispensing 19Optometrists 17Order clerks 25

Painters 31Painting and coating machine

operators 35Paperhangers 31Paralegals 14Paramedics 18Payroll clerks 25Personal care aides 27Pest controllers 26Petroleum engineers 12Pharmacists 17Pharmacy technicians and

assistants 19



Photogrammetrists 13Photographers 20Photographic process workers 35Physical therapists 17Physical therapist assistants and

aides 26Physician assistants 17Physicians 17Physicists 14Pilots, aircraft 11Pipefitters 31Plasterers 31Plastics-working machine

operators 33Plumbers 31Podiatrists 17Police 27Postal clerks 24Poultry cutters 32Power tool repairers 29Precious stone and metal

workers 33Precision assemblers 32Prepress workers 34Preschool teachers 27Priests, Roman Catholic 15Printing press operators 34Private detectives and

investigators 28Private household workers 27Producers, performing arts 20Programmers, computer 13Programmers, tool 33Promoters (product) 21Property managers 10Protestant ministers 15Psychiatric aides 26Psychologists 15Public relations managers 8Public relations specialists 19Purchasing managers

and agents 11

Rabbis 15Radiologic technologists 19

Rail transportationoccupations 36

Real estate agents and brokers 21Real estate managers 10Receiving clerks 24Receptionists 23Records processing

occupations 24Recreation workers 15Recreational therapists 17Refrigeration mechanics and

installers 29Regional planners 15Registered nurses 18Reinforcing metal workers 32Rental clerks 21Reporters 19Reservation agents 23Resort desk clerks 23Respiratory therapists 18Restaurant and food service

managers 11Retail sales worker supervisors

and managers 21Retail salespersons 21Roman Catholic priests 15Roofers 31

School teachers: Kindergarten,elementary, and secondary 16

Science managers, natural 9Science technicians 14Scientists, computer 13Scientists, life 13Scientists, physical 14Scientists, social 14Secondary school teachers 16Secretaries 25Securities and financial services

sales representatives 22Services sales representatives 22Sheet metal workers 32Shipping clerks 24Shoe workers and repairers 34Singers and related workers 20

Small-engine mechanics 30Social workers 15Sound technicians 19Special education teachers 16Speech-language pathologists 18Statement clerks 24Stationary engineers 34Statisticians 13Steamfitters 31Stenographers 23Stock clerks 24Stonemasons 30Structural and reinforcing metal

workers 32Stucco masons 31Supervisors, blue-collar

worker 32Supervisors, cleaning 25Supervisors, office 24Supervisors, retail sales

worker 21Surgical technologists 19Surveyors and surveying

technicians 13Systems analysts, computer 13

Taxi drivers 36Teacher assistants 25Teachers 16Telecommunications equipment

mechanics, installers, andrepairers 28

Tellers, bank 22Terrazzo workers 30Testers (production) 33Textile machinery operators 34Tile installers and finishers 30Timekeeping clerks 25Tool and die makers 33Tool programmers, numerical

control machine 33Tool repairers, power 29Traffic clerks 24Training specialists and

managers 10

Transportation ticket agents 23Travel agents 22Travel clerks 23Truckdrivers 36Tuners, musical instrument 30Typists 25

Underwriters, insurance 10University faculty 16Upholsterers 34Urban planners 15

Vending machine servicersand repairers 29

Veterinarians 17Veterinary assistants 27Visual artists 20Vocational education teachers 15

Water and wastewater treatmentplant operators 34

Water transportationoccupations 36

Welders, cutters, and weldingmachine operators 33

Wholesale salesrepresentatives 21

Woodworking 35Word processors 25Writers, including technical

writers 20