TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT OF ALASKAN ARCTIC OIL SPILL RESPONSE

TEMPORARY STORAGE OPTIONS

September 2014

Prepared by:

PCCI, INC. 300 North Lee Street Suite 201

Alexandria, VA 22314

Prepared for:

BUREAU OF SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENFORCEMENT Oil Spill Response Division

381 Elden Street Herndon, VA 20170

This final report has been reviewed by the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement

(BSEE) and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the BSEE, nor does the mention of trade names or

commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

This study was funded by the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE), U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C. under Contract Number E13PC00015. The findings and conclusions in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the funding agency.

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ i

List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ ii

1. BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................. 1

2. TOP LEVEL REQUIREMENTS FOR TEMPORARY STORAGE OF RECOVERED OIL IN THE ALASKAN ARCTIC ......................................................................................................... 1

2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1

2.2.1 Operations ........................................................................................................... 1

2.2.2 Response Window .................................................................................................... 2

2.2.3 Quantities and Location............................................................................................ 3

2.3. TSD Capacity Requirements ....................................................................................... 3

2.3.1 Fluid Storage Capacity (WBS 2.0) ........................................................................ 3

2.3.2 Solids Storage Capacity (WBS 3.0) ....................................................................... 3

2.4. Technical Performance Requirements ............................................................................. 4

2.4.1 Operational Requirements .................................................................................... 4

2.4.2 Temporary Storage Performance Requirements ................................................... 6

3. STATE-OF-THE-ART TECHNOLOGY REVIEW.................................................................... 7

3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 7

3.2 Review Results ........................................................................................................... 8

4. OIL SPILL SCENARIOS .................................................................................................. 8

4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 8

4.2 Scenarios .................................................................................................................... 8

4.2.1 Scenario Assumptions .......................................................................................... 9

4.2.2 Analysis ...............................................................................................................10

5.0 RESULTS.....................................................................................................................12

6.0 FUTURE AREAS FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT .....................................................13

7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................13

REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................14

APPENDIX A - Work Breakdown Structure For Alaskan Arctic Temporary Storage Of Recovered Oil And Debris ........................................................................................................... A-1

APPENDIX B - Review the current state-of-the-art technology available for temporary storage of recovered oil and oiled debris in the Alaskan Arctic ....................................................... B-1

APPENDIX C - WCD Scenario Tool File .............................................................................. C-1

APPENDIX D - WCD Scenario Tool Printed Pages for Scenario 1 .......................................... D-1

APPENDIX E - ADIOS Scenarios Printed Pages ................................................................... E-1

APPENDIX F - WCD Scenario Tool Printed Pages for Scenario 2 ........................................... F-1

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List of Abbreviations

ACS Alaska Clean Seas ADEC Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation ADIOS Automated Data Inquiry for Oil Spills AHT Anchor Handling Tug AHTS Anchor Handling Tug Supply Vessel ANS Alaskan North Slope API American Petroleum Institute BAA Broad Agency Announcement BBLS Barrels (oil) BOPD Barrels of Oil Per Day BSEE Bureau of Environmental Enforcement C Centigrade cc Centimeters Cubed CFR Code of Federal Regulations CPAI Conoco Phillips Alaska Inc. cSt Centistoke cu Cubic DEG Degrees DP Dynamic Positioning DWT Deadweight Tons E DRC Estimated Daily Recovery Capacity EPA Environmental Protection Agency F Fahrenheit g Grams gal Gallons GOM Gulf of Mexico GPM Gallons Per Minute hp Horsepower IMO International Maritime Organization In Inch Kg kilogram LOA Length Overall m Meter MSV Multi-purpose Support Vessel MPH Miles Per Hour M/V Motor Vessel N/A Not Available NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System OCIMF Oil Companies International Marine Forum OCS Outer Continental Shelf OSRB Oil Spill Response Barge

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OSRV Oil Spill Response Vessel OSV Offshore Support Vessel PPE Personal Protective Equipment PPT Parts Per Thousand PSI Pounds Per Square Inch SONS Spill Of National Significance STS Ship-to-Ship TBD To Be Determined TLR Top Level Requirements TSD Temporary Storage Device Unk Unknown USCG US Coast Guard VOSS Vessel of Opportunity Skimming System WBS Work Breakdown Structure WCD Worst Case Discharge

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Executive Summary

A technological assessment of temporary recovered oil storage options for use in the event of an offshore oil spill on the Alaskan Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) was conducted through a series of tasks to:

Identify the Top Level Requirements (TLR) establishing the operational and performance requirements for temporary recovered oil storage systems

Review the current state-of-the-art technology available for temporary storage of recovered oil and oiled debris

Prepare oil spill scenarios as a means to check the amounts of temporary storage for recovered oil and identify any shortcomings.

The technological assessment resulted in a set of three matrixes summarizing: (1) offshore vessels; (2) onshore storage devices,; (3),and pumping and transfer systems available for temporary storage of recovered oil and oiled debris. Additionally, each matrix provided information on the location and the owner/operator of each storage device, and whether the device met the TLR requirements. These matrixes were then used to evaluate temporary recovered oil storage capabilities for two Worst Case Discharge (WCD) scenarios. Two Alaskan North Slope crude oils with different physical and chemical properties were selected and the fate and effects of the spilled oils in the surrounding Alaskan Arctic waters were examined using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA’s) “ADIOS” model. A user friendly spreadsheet was created to calculate: the volume of oil spilled by day; the running cumulative volume of spilled, oil; the volume of oil removed by weathering; the volume of water uptake into an emulsion; the additional volume of free water collected by skimming; the percentage of free water removed by decanting; and, the percentage of the total volume recovered mechanically. The same spreadsheet also allows the user to input the available oil storage. A copy of the spreadsheet, including the WCD Scenario Tool, is included on the CD with this report. The large daily spill volumes associated with a WCD event in the Alaskan Arctic can only be met by prepositioning large volume capacity temporary storage assets near the potential spill source, and then cascading additional resources in a timely manner to ensure that capacity exceeds the volume of recovered oil. Large, offshore-ice class barge or tank vessels are the best means for providing the required temporary storage, as current onshore storage systems cannot contribute meaningful volumes. These required vessels in general are only moved to Alaskan Arctic waters to support ongoing oil drilling and production operations; otherwise, these assets are located in other parts of the world. As this report shows, the prepositioning of one or more temporary storage vessels or barges near the drill site, and arrangements to bring in additional temporary storage vessels is a critical pre-planning activity when considering worst case discharge scenarios. BSEE oil spill planning regulations contained in 30 CFR 254 do not directly address multipliers for emulsification of spilled oil, additional water volumes collected by skimming systems, or the percentage of free water removed by decanting skimmers and temporary storage. Additionally, BSEE’s regulations do not include a planning standard for quantities of oily debris that can

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impact temporary storage requirements. The WCD Scenario Tool developed for this study could be further enhanced to add an oily debris estimation function to assist BSEE and operators in planning the logistical requirements for WCD scenarios.

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1. BACKGROUND

The U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) Oil Spill Response Research Program has specific interests in oil spill planning, preparedness, containment, monitoring, recovery, treatment, and response in the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). In December 2012, BEE issued a Broad Agency Announcement (BAA) for Proposed Research Studies on Oil Spill Response Operations in the US OCS, including the topic: Technological Assessment of Alaskan Arctic Oil Spill Response Temporary Oil Storage Options. The work reported herein is the result of a contract awarded to PCCI for a successful proposal submitted under the BAA.

2. TOP LEVEL REQUIREMENTS FOR TEMPORARY STORAGE OF RECOVERED OIL IN THE ALASKAN ARCTIC

2.1 Introduction Top Level Requirements (TLR) were established to describe the operational and performance requirements for temporary oil storage devices (TSDs) and other systems needed to store recovered oil in the event of an offshore spill in the Alaskan Arctic. The TLR are then used in Section 3 as a baseline against which the current state of the art of technology available for temporary storage options can be evaluated, and the TLR provide a basis for the Section 6 recommendations for further research and development efforts in the area of temporary oil storage systems for use in the Alaskan Arctic. 2.2 Operational Framework This section describes the regulations and guidance governing Alaskan Arctic spill response operations as they pertain to temporary oil storage. 2.2.1 Operations The temporary oil storage systems addressed by this set of top-level requirements includes the equipment, facilities and operations required for the transfer of recovered oil spill fluids and recovered oil impacted debris, to move them from the point of collection to their final storage or disposal location. Oil spill response efforts in the Alaskan Arctic will quickly evolve into a material handling problem, with the mixtures of spilled oil, entrained water, and oiled debris changing as the spill is contained, recovered, and stored. A Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) was developed to help identify the work processes that need to occur, and temporary oil and debris storage devices that need to be in place, to support the recovery operations. This WBS is shown in Appendix A. BSEE regulations in 30 CFR 254 describe the planning requirements for oil storage, transfer and disposal of recovered oil and debris. Paragraph (d) of that section requires a discussion of worst case discharge scenario response in adverse weather conditions that includes requirements to:

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Demonstrate the capability to cope with the initial volume upon arrival at the scene and then support operations for a blowout lasting 30 days

Describe the personnel, materials, and support vessels necessary, and include the location and owner of the resources as well as the quantities and types

Describe the types, locations, owners, quantities and capacities of the oil storage, transfer and disposal equipment, and

Estimate the times needed to procure, load out, and deploy the equipment and operational personnel

The Worst Case Discharge planning volume is calculated using 30 CFR 254.47. This section does not address a multiplier for the water volume contained in emulsified oil, together with the free water collected as part of the skimming and pumping operations. Additionally, a planning volume for quantities of oily debris is not addressed in the BSEE regulations. It is likely that both a water fraction and oily debris will result from free oil skimming operations in Alaskan Arctic waters that will impact TSD volumes and complicate cleanup operations. In 33 CFR Part 155, Appendix B, Table 4, the USCG regulations do require an emulsification factor of 2.0 for Group III oils (Group III oils are defined in Subpart D of 33 CFR 155.1020 as those having a specific gravity between .85 and .95), which includes most crude oils. Rather than using a fixed factor, the approach used in this study includes an emulsification factor based on the results of NOAA ADIOS oil weathering models for calculating the amount of total oil and oil/water storage required in the scenarios (see Section 4). The EPA Framework for a Model Waste Management Plan for Oil Spills of National Significance, Reference 1, provides an indication of the waste material types and quantities that could be anticipated in a large oil spill. Based on Reference 1, we recommend a multiplier of 0.03 for tons of solid waste per recovered oil volume. As an example, if the assumed recovered oil volume is 100,000-bbls, the total volume of solid waste requiring temporary storage prior to disposal would be 3,000-tons. High and low temperatures for the Alaskan Arctic environment are available from the Alaska Climate Research Center, Reference 2, for Barrow, Alaska. Alaska Clean Seas (ACS) Technical Manual, Reference 3, Tactic L-7 provides realistic response operating weather conditions. The variation in the timing and characteristics of ice conditions at offshore drilling locations and at response depots may impact TSD selection, mobilization and deployment. 2.2.2 Response Window

The BSEE planning requirement to demonstrate the capability to support operations for a blowout lasting 30 days will have different impacts on the need to sustain temporary storage devices depending on the environmental conditions at the time of the blowout. The planned offshore drilling season for most operators is July through October for the Alaskan Arctic. Though ice incursions may occur at any time during the drilling season, increasingly higher ice concentrations will hamper open water recovery as winter approaches. Further, weather will worsen, and hours of daylight will decrease, until by late October recovery operations will

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mostly need to be suspended for the season. It may be possible to resume limited near shore recovery operations once it is safe to operate on stable ice with the onset of winter.

2.2.3 Quantities and Location

Available TSD equipment and vessel storage volumes should exceed the quantities required using the factors presented in Section 2.2.1 to calculate planning standard volumes, as well as daily operational volumetric requirements, adjusted for realistic contingencies such as equipment breakdown, when considering total skimmer recovery rates. Pre-positioned locations should demonstrate a mix of available storage assets with more than sufficient storage available to ensure minimal disruption to skimming operations, when considering the distance that skimmers must transit to offload, and equipment limitations on the transfer of recovered fluids and solids. Ship to ship (STS) transfers of recovered fluids or solids may pose risks that should be addressed as part of the planning process. A documented risk assessment should be undertaken for any planned STS at any potential spill location where STS transfers are included in contingency and spill response plans. Refer to OCIMF Ship to Ship Transfer Guide for Petroleum, Chemicals and Liquefied Gases, Reference 4, for factors to be considered in the risk assessment. 2.3. TSD Capacity Requirements

2.3.1 Fluid Storage Capacity (WBS 2.0)

In order to maintain oil recovery operations there should be sufficient TSD storage capacity. This capacity can be met through a combination of floating (WBS 2.1) and shore based (WBS 2.2) temporary storage tanks. The total onsite available storage capacity on any given day should exceed the total volume of the effective daily recovery capacity (EDRC) and recovered water. As response operations continue, additional storage capacity will likely need to be mobilized to ensure recovery operations are not delayed. Intermediate TDS’s may be needed to store liquids prior to final disposal. The need for recovered water storage capacity can be reduced if the vessels have water decanting or separation systems as described in 4.2.1.4, and if such decanting operations are approved by regulators.

2.3.2 Solids Storage Capacity (WBS 3.0)

The typical solid waste types that might be expected from a large oil spill are shown in Table 1, which was extracted from Reference 1. Storage capacity requirements should be sufficient to store all recovered solids, whether recovered by the skimmers or from any other source. WASTE TYPE WASTE DESCRIPTION

Oily Solids Oil-contaminated material that may include debris, soil, sand, boom, and vegetation; weathered oil (e.g., tar balls); oily personal protective equipment (PPE); disposal equipment; sorbents

Non-oily Solids Non-oiled material that has been recovered from support operations of the cleanup activities, including office trash, non-oiled beach debris, general garbage, non-oiled vegetation

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Medical Waste Sharps, syringes, PPE, & other medical-related material generated from operations at wildlife rehabilitation centers or command centers

Recyclable/Recoverable Materials

Plastic bottles, hard boom, aluminum cans, scrap metal, glass, cardboard, soft absorbent boom

Incident/field-related Laboratory Waste

Incident-related wastes generated by decontamination of the sample collection equipment and analysis of samples at on-site incident-related laboratories, including designated research vessels

Hazardous Waste Non-exempt oil and gas production wastes that are listed hazardous wastes or exhibit hazardous waste characteristics

Animal Carcasses Animal carcasses identified during shoreline cleanup or generated from operations at the wildlife rehabilitation centers

Laboratory Analysis Waste

Analytical sample wastes generated from the analyses of samples at fixed analytical laboratories

Raw Sewage Waste generated by the large number of cleanup crews needed in response to an Oil SONS. Typically, this waste is collected in Port-o-Johns placed to support cleanup crews.

Table 1. Waste/Materials from a large oil spill The location, type and capacity of TSD’s required for the storage of solids should be determined to ensure the total available capacity is sufficient to handle planning and daily operational volumes for each recovery location. Intermediate TDS’s may be needed to store solids prior to final disposal.

2.4. Technical Performance Requirements 2.4.1 Operational Requirements

Operational requirements for temporary storage systems depend on their intended function as summarized below:

2.4.1.1 Offshore Vessels (WBS 2.1 and 3.1)

Ice Class ships and barges providing recovered oil fluid or debris storage should provide the following capabilities. Positioning (WBS 2.1.4 and 3.1.4). Should be able to maintain position and provide a sheltered area in their lee for offloading of smaller vessels. This can be accomplished using anchoring systems, dynamic positioning, or tug assist. To support the risk assessment at a potential STS transfer location (see Section 2.2.3) consideration should be given to conducting mooring analysis modeling of the range of ship sizes likely to be conducting STS operations at the location. Refer to Reference 4 for guidance. Fluid Transfer (WBS 2.1.7, 2.1.8, 2.2.5 and 2.2.6). Offshore vessels used for recovered fluids storage should provide adequate lengths of suction and discharge hoses provided with couplers

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and valves sufficient for the intended pressure and temperature range, and reducers as needed to match small and large vessel hose systems. Hose assemblies should meet the requirements of 33 CFR 154.500. Most Alaskan Clean Seas (ACS) hoses are 4 to 6 inch cam-lock. Pumps sized to handle the recovered oil viscosity, debris, and discharge head, are required for lightering smaller vessels. Solids Transfer (WBS 3.1.7.2). Should have a means of conveying the solids from collecting vessels to the TSD vessel. Overboard Load Handling (WBS 2.1.10.7 and 3.1.8.7). Should have cranes, davits, or other means of overboarding the suction/discharge hoses and any equipment used to transfer debris. Towed Bladders (WBS 2.1.12). When used, towed bladder functionality should be adequate for Arctic operations in all months that the bladder could be used for fluid storage.

2.4.1.2 Onshore TSDs (WBS 2.2)

On land portable tank system providing recovered oil fluid storage should provide the following capabilities. Fluid Transfer (WBS 2.2.5 and 2.2.6). Should be able to transfer recovered fluids via hose to or from tank barge, smaller mini-barges or floating bladders. Should provide a suite of equipment (suitable pumps, adequate suction and discharge hoses, couplings and valves, equipment spares, catchment basins and sorbents) for fluid transfer considering the ambient temperature, volume of tank to be offloaded, fluid viscosity, entrained solids, transfer distance and head. Transfer equipment should be sized to minimize fluid transfer times thereby providing minimum disruption to skimming operations.

2.4.1.3 TSD Debris Storage Systems (WBS 3.0)

Containers for temporary storage of non-liquid oily and unoiled wastes should provide the following capabilities. Segregation (WBS 3.1.7.4 and 3.2.4). Both offshore and onshore bulk storage are required, with the ability to segregate wastes. Oiled debris should be segregated from unoiled debris generated as part of the response effort. Offshore (WBS 3.1). Barges or supply vessels with built-in, or on-deck, leak-proof, boxes, containers, drums or dumpsters, and plastic bags that are sealable, can be used offshore. Onshore (WBS 3.2). In addition to the containers identified in 4.1.3.2, onshore temporary storage areas may be constructed of soil, snow, ice, or timbers in conjunction with synthetic pit liners providing adequate secondary containment and runoff control. See Section 4.2.3.1 regarding permitting. Steps to be taken to ensure pre-approved method of oily waste storage for emergency response are outlined in Reference 3, ACS Tactic D-2, Tactic D-4 (for oiled gravel), or Tactic D-5 (for oiled snow/ice). Wildlife (WBS 3.2.5.3). In accordance with Reference 3, ACT Tactic W-4, refrigerated trailers should be provided for storage of oiled wildlife carcasses until Agency personnel can inspect and catalogue them, and plans are made with Agencies for final disposition

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2.4.2 Temporary Storage Performance Requirements 2.4.2.1 Offshore Vessels (WBS 2.1 and 3.1)

Polar Navigation (WBS 2.1.5 and 3.1.5). Where appropriate, vessels to be used for temporary oil storage of recovered oil in the Alaskan Arctic should follow the IMO Guidelines for Ships Operating in Polar Waters, Reference 5. Additional guidance on cold weather precautions and STS operations in ice conditions are contained in Reference 4. Fendering (WBS 2.1.4 and 3.1.4). All vessels should carry and be able to deploy adequate fendering to allow them to moor alongside other vessels during lightering or material transfer operations, or be supported by Lightering Support Vessels employed to transport equipment and personnel to the STS location and assist in preparing the vessels for the operation. Guidance on the selection and positioning of fendering is available in Reference 4. Mooring (WBS 2.1.4 and 3.1.4). All vessels involved in STS operations should have suitable mooring equipment and a sufficient quantity of good quality mooring lines. Refer to Reference 4, and the results of mooring analysis modeling (see Section 2.4.1.1) for guidance. Fluid Transfer Systems (WBS 2.1.7 and 2.1.8). All vessels should have the capability to receive stored fluids from a smaller vessel or skimming systems of various sizes, and to transfer stored fluids to a large vessel or to an onshore processing facility. These fluid transfer systems will require oil transfer hoses, pumping systems, possibly booster pumps, and cranes or another means of lowering and raising the transfer hoses. Depending on the vessel, a means to transfer personnel between ships in order to make attachments, or lightering support vessels, may be required to support the operation. Hose supports may be required to ensure the hose bending radius is maintained within the manufacturer’s guidelines. A STS compatibility assessment should be undertaken to confirm the suitability of vessels for the planned operations. Guidance on what should be included in a STS compatibility assessment, and on the selection of equipment and procedures for cargo transfer is contained in Reference 5. Water Separation Systems (WBS 2.1.6). Gravity separation, heat treatment, and emulsion breaking chemicals can be used to separate free water and break emulsified oils to release water. Use of these systems increases the effective net oil storage volume of temporary storage vessels. Be aware that the use of emulsion breakers may increase oil content in the released water. Non-oily Liquid and Solid Wastes (WBS 2.1.5 and 3.1.5). When in US waters commercial vessels, when required, should comply with the EPA’s National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Vessel General Permit and Small Vessel General Permit requirements, Reference 6, applicable to discharges incidental to the normal operation of vessels. Towed Bladders (WBS 2.1.12). There is a range of materials with differing properties being used by towed storage bladder manufacturers. It is incumbent on users to know the engineering properties of materials and liners used in towed bladders to ensure they do not become brittle or degrade, and to ensure they have adequate puncture resistance appropriate to resist the planned range of temperatures and encounters with ice, debris, or grounding on the seafloor. Towed storage bladders should be provided with ancillary and auxiliary equipment to ensure their usefulness including gas relief valves, towing markers visible when in operation, offload pumping systems with large flanges tailored to the storage bladder being used, and low draft work platforms with lift mechanisms to facilitate offloading.

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2.4.2.2 Onshore TSDs (WBS 2.2 and 3.2)

Location (WBS 2.2.1). Where possible, temporary storage structures should be located at least 100-ft away from water bodies, and their physical construction should not result in environmental damage (to meet Permit Requirements stated in Reference 3, Tactic D-2). Materials (WBS 2.2.3.2). Impermeable materials and liners should not become brittle or degrade in the range of temperatures they might be subject to (See Reference 2). As required in the Alaska Federal/State Preparedness Plan for Response to Oil & Hazardous Substance Discharges/Releases, Reference 7, Annex E, solid wastes should be double bagged and placed in portable dumpsters or shipping vans and transported to previously identified temporary storage areas. Basic separation of like wastes should take place at this level. Clear, color-coded plastic bags may be used to segregate solid wastes for different disposal options. Solid waste that is too large for plastic bags will be segregated into properly marked dumpsters or shipping vans. Large spills may require a dedicated solid waste storage barge. All dumpsters, shipping vans, or other means for storage of oily solid wastes must be lined with plastic sheeting prior to use. To control free liquid accumulation within the containers, an inner lining of oil and water absorbing fabric should be used. Additional granular sorbent material should be added as required to eliminate free liquids. For responses where oily debris is extensive and likely to accumulate rapidly, debris may need to be piled temporarily in vacant storage yards with a drainage system to collect any runoff, or in lined earth pits. Fluid Transfer Systems (WBS 2.2.5 and 2.2.6). All onshore storage should have the capability to receive stored fluids from a vessels or smaller onshore TSDs, and to transfer stored fluids to a tanker trucks, pipeline manifolds, or to an onshore processing facility. These fluid transfer systems will require oil transfer hoses, pumping systems, possibly booster pumps. Solids TSD Permitting (WBS 3.2.1). According to the Alaska Regional Response Team Unified Plan for the North Slope Subarea, Reference 8, Section B, there are currently no approved hazardous waste disposal sites in Alaska, and municipal landfills in Alaska either no longer accept oily wastes, or accept only lightly oiled soils. The Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC) needs to be consulted on temporary landfills and an ADEC solid waste permit will be required. Reference 8, Section F, also notes that the volume of oil contaminated debris will exceed the disposal capability of the region, unless on-site disposal methods are approved by the appropriate agencies. The Responsible Party should present a disposal plan to appropriate agencies along with necessary permits for the requested disposal plan. 3. STATE-OF-THE-ART TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 3.1 Introduction

Using the information developed in Section 2, a review was conducted of the current state of technology available for temporary storage of recovered oil and debris in the Alaskan Arctic. Information on available systems for temporary storage of recovered oil and oily debris in the Alaskan Arctic was obtained from sources including:

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Exploration and production company OCS lease exploration plans, integrated operating plans, oil discharge prevention and contingency plans, regional oil spill response plans, and tactics manuals for the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas

The Alaska Clean Seas Technical Manual (Reference 3) and North Slope Spill Response Equipment brochure

Equipment inventory lists for other Alaskan OSROs Vessel and TSD manufacturer specification sheets Offshore Magazine’s 2014 Survey of Arctic & Cold Region Technology for Offshore

Field Development (Reference 9) Questionnaires sent to offshore vessel and onshore storage operators Internet searches

3.2 Review Results The technology review concentrated on three major TSD categories:

Offshore storage, including both vessels and smaller portable devices suitable for offshore use

Onshore storage, including fixed tanks, tanker trucks, and smaller portable devices suitable for onshore use

Pumping and transfer systems Matrixes listing the available systems and subsystems in each of these three categories are provided in Appendix B.

4. OIL SPILL SCENARIOS 4.1 Introduction Two oil spill scenarios have been developed for spills offshore of the northern Alaskan Arctic coastline as a means to check the amounts of temporary storage for recovered oil and identify any shortcomings in temporary oil storage at the locations. 4.2 Scenarios The starting point for both scenarios comes from the Alaskan Federal/State North Slope Subarea Contingency Plan (Reference 8), in which the worst case discharge (WCD) oil spill scenario is an exploratory well that experiences a blowout on the sea floor and begins releasing 61,000 barrels of oil per day (BOPD) of 25-30 API crude oil, eventually declining to 20,479 BOPD until the spill volume totals 2,160,200-bbls on day 74. While the 74-days used for these scenarios exceeds BSEE’s 30-day planning requirement in 30 CFR 254, it was selected as a more robust requirement for these scenarios based on its inclusion in Reference 8. The oil well location is approximately 60 mi offshore of the North Slope District at Lat/Long: 71° 18’ 17.2 N 163° 45’ 9 W.

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The time of year is mid-August when open water conditions (ice levels less than 10%) prevail. Note this date is a deviation from the WCD as presented in the Alaska Subarea Plan; the mid-summer date was chosen as it allows for a predominantly ice free period of time where free oil recovery volumes will be at their highest. Thus, this is considered the most challenging time of year to provide temporary storage of recovered oil. 4.2.1 Scenario Assumptions 4.2.1.1 Resources On-Scene We have assumed that drilling in the Arctic would require the prepositioning of an Oil Spill Response Vessel (OSRV) or Oil spill Response Barge (OSRB) at the drill site, and the prepositioning of additional vessels with a combined volume of 542,000-bbls storage capacity within one day’s transit to the site. This scenario assumes the following oil storage and handling vessels are on-scene, or within a day of being on-scene, following the initial incident:

An OSRV comparable to the Edison Chouest Offshore 300’ Nanuq, with VOSS skimming capability and temporary storage of 12,000-bbls.

An oil barge and tug similar to Crowley’s 200’ Endeavor with approximately 17,000-bbls of storage capacity. (assume one day transit to scene)

An arctic tanker with a storage capacity of 513,000-bbls (assume one day transit to scene) 4.2.1.2 Resources Not-On-Scene Additional temporary storage devices have been identified that can potentially be brought on-scene for major events such as this scenario. The following assumptions relate to these out-of-area resources: Offshore Vessels, Barges and Bladders as identified in PCCI’s State-of-the Art Review of

Offshore Vessels Available for Temporary Storage of Recovered Oil and Debris in Alaskan Arctic Waters (see Appendix B):

o Assume 50% of the Alaska based assets will be available within the first week; and 75% will be available within the second week. (Note: Under Alaska State Law (18 AAC 75.470), only 40% of the oil spill response resources listed in a contingency plan may be moved out of area. For catastrophic spills, Alaska may release up to 100% of the equipment identified in other contingency plans. For the purposes of this study, we have assumed an upper limit of 75% of the equipment which may be moved “out of area” in response to a WCD event in the Alaskan Arctic waters.)

o Assume 25% of the overseas assets will be available within 2 weeks, 50% will be available within four weeks, and 75% will be available within six weeks.

Onshore Storage Devices as identified in PCCI’s State-of-the Art Review of Onshore Storage Devices Available for Temporary Storage of Recovered Oil and Debris in Alaskan Arctic Waters (see Appendix B):

o Assume 25% of the assets available the first week, 50% the second week, and 75% the third week.

4.2.1.3 Other Key Assumptions

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Decanting is allowed by the regulators, resulting in 75% of the free water collected through skimming being removed.

25% of the recoverable fluids are removed by mechanical means through skimming. The total amount of fluid recovered, that needs to be included for temporary storage calculations includes the oil, water entrained in any emulsion, and the fraction of water entrained by skimming operations that remains after decanting. No reduction to the volume available for recovery from in-situ burning or dispersants has been made.

Our analysis has not been refined to account for operational logistics problems related to weather and sea conditions; or bottlenecks that could occur at the fluid transfer interface between skimming, intermediate storage, and the temporary storage used in our volumetric analysis.

4.2.2 Analysis From the selected Alaskan Federal/State North Slope Subarea Contingency Plan WCD scenario, an initial spill rate of 61,000 bpd was provided. The scenario also indicated that this rate declined to 20,479 bpd by day 74, with a total spill volume of 2,160,200-bbls at day 74. The flow out of the wellhead will be governed by an exponential decay coefficient. While an ideal fluid efflux varies to the square root of pressure head (exponent at .5), the flow data provided by the scenario agrees closely with an exponent of .412, which has been used to match the given data. PCCI has created a user friendly spreadsheet to calculate the daily flow out of the well, total oil spilled by day, amount of oil removed by weathering, amount of water uptake into an emulsion, additional free water collected by skimming, the percentage of free water removed by decanting, and the percentage of the total volume recovered mechanically. The same spreadsheet also allows the user to input the available oil storage. A copy of the spreadsheet file is included on the disk included as Appendix C. Printed pages from the spreadsheet input and output for the first scenario are included in Appendix D To calculate the amount of oil that would naturally disperse or evaporate, and water uptake from emulsification, PCCI ran ADIOS 2 (Automated Data Inquiry for Oil Spills - Version 2.0.5) NOAA's oil weathering model, using the wide ranges of wind and current conditions prevalent for the arctic spill location and time of the year of the spill scenario. The database of oils in ADIOS 2.0.5 library includes 10 oils identified as North Slope Crudes. PCCI selected two of these, with very different chemical and physical property information in their oil libraries, as input to our scenarios. Printed pages from the input and output from the two oils used in our scenarios are included in Appendix E. The output from the ADIOS models was used as input to the WCD Scenario Tool spreadsheet. The final input to the spreadsheet is the volumes of on-site or available storage capacity. As stated previously, for these two scenarios PCCI has assumed that drilling in the Arctic would require the prepositioning of an OSRV or OSRB at the drill site, and additional vessels with a combined large volume of 542,000-bbls storage capacity within one day’s steaming to the site. These assumptions are consistent with the oil spill contingency plans that have been submitted for Federal and State approval for drilling in Alaskan arctic waters. This capacity is shown by

11

three temporary storage assets that are assumed to be committed or prepositioned nearby during any drilling operations: an onsite oil spill response vessel (OSRV) with 12,000-bbl of on-board storage, a second ORSV or oil barge and tug w/ 17,000-bbls of storage capacity, and an arctic class tanker with 513,000-bbls of storage. In comparing the total amount of on-site storage capacity that is available by day two, or 542,000-bbls, to the amount of recovered oil, it is apparent that for our first scenario, using the API 26.8 North Slope Crude, this onsite storage volume is sufficient to store all of the recovered oil and water by day 74 of the spill, or the entire 405,021-bbls. For the second scenario, this is not the case. Due to the lower dispersion and evaporation rate, and the high water uptake of this oil, there is a shortage of temporary oil storage by day 37 even when all of the available on-site resources are considered. See Appendix F for these calculations.. When considering timeframes for bringing in additional temporary storage resources, the logical starting point was to evaluate assets that were located in or close to the Alaskan arctic. The spreadsheet for the “Onshore Storage Devices Available for Temporary Storage of Recovered Oil and Debris in the Alaskan Arctic” included in Appendix B was evaluated, and the following reasonable assumptions were made:

Onshore Fixed or semi-fixed storage devices – the first 11 entries identified on the spreadsheet, which represent 47 tanks ranging between 40 and 600-bbls were considered to be fixed, or semi-fixed. PCCI assumed that 10% of these resources could be made available to temporarily store recovered oil one week into the spill, 25% could be used two weeks into the spill, and 50% could be used one month into the spill. The total capacity of these 47 tanks is 18,678-bbls. 10% of this amount is 1,868-bbls, 25% is 4,670-bbls, and 50% is 9,339-bbls.

Onshore Mobile storage – The remaining entries on the Onshore Storage Devices

spreadsheet in Appendix B are all for portable storage devices. PCCI assumed that 50% of these resources could reach the spill location or nearby within one week of the spill, and 75% of these resources could be on-scene within two weeks of the spill. The total storage volume of these portable resources is approximately 26,600.

The combined volumes for both the nearby onshore fixed storage and the onshore portable storage that are assumed to be available to support recovery operations have been added to the spreadsheet at the appropriate date they would be available or arrive on-scene, i.e. on days 7, 14 and 31. As shown in the last column that totals up all available onshore temporary storage capacity, adding the nearby fixed storage and also bringing in the onshore portable storage from elsewhere in Alaska increases the existing 542,000 bbls of on-site storage only slightly, by 15,168-bbls on day 7, and by an additional 9,452-bbls on day 14 and an additional 4,670-bbls on day 31. Overall, this only adds about 2 days of storage capacity in Scenario 2. When looking at the matrix for Offshore Vessels Available for Temporary Storage or Recovered Oil developed by PCCI on an earlier task, most of the vessels are listed in Deadweight Tons, or DWT. For large (200,000 DWT) and ultra large (300,000 DWT and above) crude carriers, the deadweight tonnage of the vessel is very close to the cargo carrying capacity, i.e. 95%.

12

For tankers in the 100,00-200,000 DWT range, PCCI assumed the cargo carrying capacity to be roughly 85% of the DWT. For tankers in the 50 – 100,000 DWT range, PCCI assumed an 80% conversion rate for bbls of crude that could be carried, or temporarily stored, and for tankers between 25 – 50,000 DWT, the assumption was 75%. Note: The conversion factor to go from 1 metric ton to bbls of crude oil is approximately 1 to 7. When reviewing results for Scenario 2, it is apparent that two additional tankers in the 50,000 DWT range, one arriving by day 37 and the second arriving by day 63, or a single large (≥100,000 DWT) additional tanker arriving by day 37can provide all of the additional storage capacity required for this scenario. The Offshore Vessel Matrix shows 47 vessels operated by Fednav tankers in Canada that range in size between 25,000 DWT (131,250-bbls) and 56,000 DWT (294,000-bbls). A second tanker should easily be mobilized within 20-days, making this approach of cascading tankers adequate to supplement the initial on-scene assets for the second scenario, or other scenarios assuming a higher spilled fluid recovery percentage. Using the WCD Scenario Tool spreadsheet it is easy for regulators and spill response planners to try different scenarios. 5.0 RESULTS

BSEE regulations describing oil spill planning requirements, in 30 CFR 254, do not address multipliers for emulsification, additional water collected by skimming, or the percentage of free water removed by decanting. We have included these multipliers in oil spill scenarios so that BSEE can evaluate the impact of these multipliers on the amounts of temporary recovered oil storage that may be required for worst case discharges in Alaskan arctic waters. BSEE regulations also do not address a planning volume for quantities of oily debris that can impact temporary storage requirements. In Section 2.2.1 that the EPA provides a recommended multiplier for calculating tons of solid waste associated with a large oil spill, and Section 2.3.2 outlines the types of solid waste to be expected. Top Level Requirements for Alaskan Arctic temporary oil storage systems needed in the event of an offshore spill have been identified. The large daily spill volumes associated with a WCD event can only be met by prepositioning large volume capacity temporary storage assets near the potential spill source, and then cascading additional resources in a timely manner to ensure that capacity exceeds the volumetric requirement for storage. While TSD capacity can be met by a combination of floating and shore based storage tanks, large offshore barge or tank vessels are the best means for providing the required temporary storage, as current onshore storage systems do not contribute meaningful volumes. Our survey of state-of-the-art TSD systems indicated that the required storage vessels are only moved to, and maintained in, the Alaskan Artic to support ongoing drilling or production operations. There are presently no other logistical requirements for maintaining such infrastructure in the Alaskan Arctic. When not supporting oil exploration, these floating assets are relocated to other parts of the world. Therefore, it becomes important that BSEE regulators require operators to preposition temporary oil storage vessels near the drill site, and have

13

contracts or other contingencies to supply additional temporary storage vessels meeting the storage requirements for their WCD scenario. Two oil spill scenarios were used to check the availability of adequate amounts of TSDs for recovered oil and to identify shortcomings. The results varied depending on the properties of the oil selected, demonstrating the importance of having good data on the oil properties at any potential spill location. A simple spreadsheet has been provided as a WCD Scenario Tool to allow regulators and developers to evaluate the amount of TSD required for recovered fluids. 6.0 FUTURE AREAS FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT The study results indicated a few areas that warrant consideration for future research and development, specifically:

The number of different oils identified as Alaskan North Slope Crude, and their wide variation of properties and weathering results in the NOAA ADIOS model should be investigated. It is in BSEE’s interest to obtain oil chemical property and weathering data for all potential oils of interest, and provide the data to NOAA for use in future ADIOS updates. Providing additional description information for the oils could help users to ensure they are selecting the right oil for analyses.

The WCD Scenario Tool could be further enhanced to add an oily debris estimation function that could assist with decision making. Before this can occur, BSEE needs a better understanding of the types and quantities of debris likely to be encountered at potential drill sites in the Alaskan Arctic so that appropriate multipliers or other indications of debris quantity can be incorporated into the model.

7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS BSEE should consider in their WCD spill planning requirements addressing multipliers for emulsification, and the additional water collected by skimming that remains after decanting. Additionally, a multiplier or other means of accounting for quantities of debris that will need to be planned for should be incorporated into the WCD planning requirements. BSEE should require response plans to provide detail on the chemical and oil weathering properties for the potential spill location. It will be important that these properties be collected using standard protocols. We believe these protocols already exist. Once obtained, BSEE should work cooperatively with NOAA to ensure the data is included in updates to the NOAA ADIOS and other oil weather models. BSEE should ensure that operators plan for, and maintain, adequate floating TSD storage near the potential spill site to handle initial response requirements, and have contracts to ensure that additional adequate storage capacity can be cascaded to the site as needed. An objective for the word “adequate” also needs some thought. Is it adequate to have a volume of onsite storage that just exceeds planned ERDC totals or should there be an objective TSD capacity that represents a measurable increase in capacity with a practical operational benefit to the user? BSEE and the response community will need to work cooperatively to answer that question.

14

BSEE should consider expanding the WCD Scenario Tool to add provisions for calculation of debris volumes and storage capacity. Additionally, it may be desirable to remove some of the arbitrary constraints that were built into this initial model to make it printer friendly. REFERENCES (1) EPA Framework for a Model Waste Management Plan for Oil Spills of National Significance, July 24, 2013 (2) The Alaska Climate Research Center http://climate.gl.alaska.edu/stations/barrow (3) Alaska Clean Seas Technical Manual, Volume 1, Tactics Descriptions, Revised March 2012. (4) Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF) Ship to Ship Transfer Guide for Petroleum, Chemicals and Liquefied Gases, Published by Witherby Seamanship International (5) International Maritime Organization, Guidelines for Ships Operating in Polar Waters, 2010, ISBN 978-92-801-15222 (6) http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/vessels/vgpermit.cfm (7) Alaska Federal/State Preparedness Plan for Response to Oil & Hazardous Substance Discharges/Releases (Unified Plan) Volume I, Change 3 (January 2010), available at http://dec.alaska.gov/spar/perp/plans/uc.htm (8) Alaska Federal/State Preparedness Plan for Response to Oil & Hazardous Substance Discharges/Releases (Unified Plan) Volume II, North Slope Subarea Contingency Plan, Change 2 -- May 2012 , available at: http://dec.alaska.gov/spar/perp/plans/scp_ns.htm (9) Offshore Magazine Poster 110, 2014 Survey of Arctic & Cold Region Technology for Offshore Field Development, included in the February 2014 issue of Offshore Magazine, Houston, TX

A-1

APPENDIX A - Work Breakdown Structure For Alaskan Arctic Temporary Storage Of Recovered Oil And Debris

The WBS on the following page describes the system elements required to support the four major work processes that are necessary to provide temporary storage of recovered oil and solids. The four major work processes are: 1) Transfer of recovered oil and solids from the recovery device (skimmer) to the temporary

storage device (TSD) 2) Temporary storage of recovered fluids 3) Temporary storage of collected solids 4) Transfer of the temporary stored materials to final storage or disposal

A-2

2.1.1.1 LOA, Beam, Depth, Draft Light, Draft

Loaded

2.1.1.2 Total Liquid Storage Capacity

2.1.1.3 Tank Capacities

2.1.1.4 Deck Space

2.2.2.1 LOA, Width, Depth (loaded

2.2.2.2 Capacity

2.2.2.3 Shipping Dimensions

2.2.2.4 Shipping Weight

3.1.1.1 LOA, Beam, Depth, Draft Light,

Draft Loaded

3.1.1.2 Total Storage Capacity

3.1.1.3 Tank Capacities

3.1.1.4 Deck Space

2.1.2.1 Engines (hp)

2.1.2.2 Propellers

2.1.2.3 Thrusters (hp)

2.1.2.4 Speed

2.2.3.1 Specifications

2.2.3.2 Materials/Compatibility

2.2.3.3 Operating Temperature

2.2.3.4 Spill/Leak Protection

3.1.2.1 Engines (hp)

3.1.2.2 Propellers

3.1.2.3 Thrusters (hp)

3.1.2.4 Speed

2.1.3.1 Electrical Systems

2.1.3.2 Hydraulic Power Systems (GPM @

psi)

2.2.4.1 Heating

2.2.4.2 Decanting

2.2.4.3 Piping

3.1.3.1 Electrical Systems

3.1.3.2 Hydraulic Power Systems (GPM @

psi)

2.1.4.1 Dynamic Positioning

2.2.5.1 Pump Type

2.2.5.2 Power Source

2.2.5.3 Discharge Max Pressure (head)

2.2.5.4 Pumping Assist

2.2.5.4.1 Heat

2.2.5.4.2 Water Injection

3.1.4.1 Dynamic Positioning

2.1.4.2 Vessel Assist 3.1.4.2 Vessel Assist

2.1.4.3 Mooring System

2.2.6.1 Hose Size & Type

2.2.6.2 System Rated Pressure (lowest

component)

2.2.6.3 Electrical Grounding3.1.4.3 Mooring System

2.1.4.4 Fendering 3.1.4.4 Fendering

2.2.8.1 Firefighting Equipment

2.2.8.2 Communications

2.2.8.3 Decontamination Stations 2.1.5.1 Flag

2.1.5.2 Inspection-Class

2.1.5.3 Compliance Plans

2.1.5.4 Emergency Plans

3.1.5.1 Flag

3.1.5.2 Inspection-Class

3.1.5.3 Compliance Plans

3.1.5.4 Emergency Plans

2.2.9.1 Liquid & Debris Sampling

2.2.9.2 Tank Soundings

2.2.9.3 Oil & Water Interface

2.1.6.1 Berthing

2.1.6.2 Messing

2.1.6.3 Laundry

3.1.6.1 Berthing

3.1.6.2 Messing

3.1.6.3 Laundry

2.1.7.1 Inert Gas Systems

2.1.7.2 Heating

2.1.7.3 Decanting

2.1.7.4 Cargo Measurement Systems

2.1.7.5 Tank Access

2.1.7.6 Cargo Covers/Hatches

3.1.7.1 Volume Measurement

3.1.7.2 Transfer System

3.1.7.3 Cargo Covers/Hatches

3.1.7.4 Material Segregation

2.1.8.1 Pump Type

2.1.8.2 Power Source

2.1.8.3 Discharge Max Pressure (head)

2.1.8.4 Pumping Assist

2.1.8.4.1 Heat

2.1.7.4.2 Water Injection

3.1.8.1 Firefighting Systems

3.1.8.2 Communications

3.1.8.3 Railings

3.1.8.4 Non-skid/Grates

3.1.8.5 Decontamination Stations

3.1.8.6 Deck Lighting

3.1.8.7 Safety Platforms/Rigging - Over-

The-Side Operations

2.1.9.1 Size/Type/Length

2.1.9.2 System Rated Pressure (lowest

component)

2.1.9.3 Grounding

3.1.9.1 Debris Sampling

2.1.10.1 Firefighting Systems

2.1.10.2 Communications

2.1.10.3 Railings

2.1.10.4 Non-skid/Grates

2.1.10.5 Decontamination Stations

2.1.10.6 Deck Lighting

2.1.10.7 Safety Platforms/Rigging - Over-The-

Side Operations

2.1.11.1 Liquids and Debris Sampling

2.1.11.2 Tank Sounding Systems or Tape

2.1.11.3 Oil & Water Interface Measurement

3.2.2.1 LOA, Width, Depth (loaded

3.2.2.2 Capacity

3.2.2.3 Shipping Dimensions

3.2.2.4 Shipping Weight

2.1.12.1 Type (closed/open top)

2.1.12.2 Dimensions

2.1.12.3 Capacity

2.1.12.4 Materials/Compatibility

2.1.12.5 Ancillaries (loading/offloading/

towing)

2.1.12.6 Relief Valves

3.2.3.1 Specifications

3.2.3.2 Materials/Compatibility

3.2.3.3 Operating Temperature

3.2.3.4 Spill/Leak Protection

3.2.5.1 Open Tanks

3.2.5.2 Portable bins/hoppers

3.2.5.3 Refridgerated Units

3.2.6.1 Firefighting Equipment

3.2.6.2 Communications

3.2.6.3 Decontamination Stations

3.2.6.4 Lighting

3.2.6.5 First Aid

3.2.7.1 Material Sampling

2.2 Onshore TSDs

(fluids)

4.3 Transfer Systems

2.0 Recovered Fluids Temporary Storage 3.0 Collected Solids Temporary Storage4.0 Material Transfer to Final

Storage/Disposal

1.1 Pumping/Vacuum

Systems

2.1 Offshore

Vessels3.1 Offshore Vessels 4.1 Permits

1.2. 1 Manual Transfer

1.2.2 Clamshell Buckets

1.1.1 Pumps

1.1.2 Vacuum Trucks

1.0 Recovered

Fluids/Solids Transfer to

TSD

1.2.3 Nets

2.1.1. Dimensions

2.1.2 Propulsion

4.4 Measurement,

Record Keeping, &

Reporting

4.3.1 Vessels

4.3.2 Tanker Trucks

4.3.3 Pipeline

4.3.4 Debris Hopper Trucks

1.1.3 Hoses & Couplings

1.2 Solids Transfer

Systems

4.2 Material

Segregation by Type

3.1.5 Vessel Documentation

2.1.3 Auxiliary Power

2.1.4 Position Keeping

3.1.8 Safety

2.1.5 Vessel Documentation

2.1.6 Personnel Accommodations

2.1.7 Cargo Systems

2.1.8 Pumping Systems

1.2.4 Bin Transfer

3.1.7 Cargo Systems

2.2.1 Permits

3.2.1 Permits

3.2.5 Storage Type

3.2.6 Safety

3.2.7 Data Collection

2.2.6 Hose System

2.2.7 Safety

2.2.8 Data Collection

3.1.9 Data Collection2.1.9 Hoses/Couplings

3.1.1. Dimensions

3.1.2 Propulsion

2.2.2 Dimensions

2.2.3 Design

2.2.4 Features

3.2.2 Dimensions

2.2.5 Pumping System - Load/Offload

3.2.3 Design

3.2.4 Material Segregation

2.1.10 Safety

2.1.11 Data Collection

3.2 Onshore TSDs

(solids)

2.1.12 Towed Bladders

3.1.3 Auxiliary Power

3.1.4 Position Keeping

3.1.6 Personnel Accommodations

B-1

APPENDIX B - Review the current state-of-the-art technology available for temporary storage of recovered oil and oiled debris in the Alaskan Arctic

B-2

State-of-the-Art Review

Offshore Vessels Available for Temporary Storage of Recovered Oil and Debris in the Alaskan Arctic

WBS ID

Description Meets TLR Requirement Quantity Available

Physical Location1, 2

Owner / Operator

Contact Notes / Reference

Mee

ts

Arc

tic

Ice

Std

s.

Ad

equ

ate

Fen

der

s

Suit

able

Mo

ori

ng

/

Po

siti

on

ing

Eu

ipt.

EPA

Gen

eral

Per

mit

Ove

rbo

ard

Lo

ad

Han

dlin

g Eq

pt.

Ad

equ

ate

Ho

se

Len

gth

s

2.1 Offshore Vessels (fluids)

OSRV Nanuq Y Unk Unk Unk Unk Unk 1 GoM Edison Chouest Offshore

DP2 Ice Class A1

AHT Aiviq Y Unk Unk Unk Unk Unk 1 Washington State

Edison Chouest Offshore

Ice Class

Arctic Oil Storage Tanker Emerald Shiner (ex-Affinity) or River Shiner (ex- Perseverance)

Y Unk Unk Unk Unk Unk 4 Malaysia and Belfast

Prime Tanker Management

Ice-1A. See http://www.prime-marine.net/ 73,741 DWT

Fednav Tankers M/V Arctic and others

Y Unk Unk Unk Unk Unk 47 Canada Fednav Jared Gardner - Fleet Operator, Arctic Operations and Projects jgardner@fednav.com 514.878.6589

Ice Class varies by tanker, see http://www.fednav.com/en/fleet 25,000 to 56,00 DWT Cranes (M/V Arctic): 2 X16MT 2 X30MT. See individual ships for details. Some have grabs.

Tanker M/V Maersk Peary

Y Unk Unk Unk Unk Unk 1 Japan Sea Maersk (note US Flag, on long term charter to Military Sealift)

Ice-Class 38,177 DWT

Tankers Mastera and Tempera

Y Unk Unk Unk Y Unk 2 Russia Neste Oil 1 AS ice class 106,000 DWT Hose handling crane S.W.L 15 mt, max. outreach at manifold 8,0 m Cargo oil pumps, electric driven, 3500 m3/h x 130 m L.C 3 sets Cargo stripping pump 300 m3/h x 130 m L.C 1 set

B-3

Tanker Stena Artica

Y Unk Unk Unk Y Unk 1 Russia Neste Oil Finnish-Swedish Ice Class 1 A 117,100 DWT Hose handling crane, S.W.L. 15 ton (P&S) 3 cargo pumps, Hydraulic centrifugal, 3000 m3/h each at 130 m water column

Tankers Stena Poseidon and Palva

Y Unk Unk Unk Unk Unk 2 Puerto Rico and Gulf of Finland

Transport Maritime St-Laurent Inc. (effective 4/14)

DNV Ice Class 1A http://www.concordiamaritime.com/en/Fleet-and-Market/Our-Fleet/Panamax/Stena-Poseidon/ 75,000 DWT

Tanker Capitan Gotsky and equivalent

Y Unk Unk Unk Unk Unk 5 Russia Sovocomflot ICE CLASS 1A SUPER (Russian LU 6) http://www.scf-group.com/ 70,000 DWT

Double Acting Arctic Tankers

Y Unk Y Unk Y Unk 4 Sweden Donsotank Ice class 1B, http://www.donsotank.se/ 18,000 to 20,000 DWT The propulsion system consist of a submerged 360º turnable azimuth propulsor with a streamlined body and twin propellers, as well as a 10-T thrust bow thruster. Mooring winches - 4 x 10 tonnes x double drums, 2 x 10 tonnes x single drums Deck crane - 5,0 ton SWL - 20 m outreach with single telescopic jib of 8,0 m. Cargo pumps 14 x 250 m3/h at 120 mlc. Totally 3500 m3/h.

Tankers Bozdag & Ginaldag

Y Unk Unk Unk Unk Unk 2 Baltic Sea Palmali Group Russian Maritime Register of Shipping Arc 5 (UL) http://palmali.com.tr/en/fleet.asp?x=1&id=756&p=Ice Tanker

Tanker Enisey Y Unk Y Unk N Unk 1 Russia Norlisk Nickel DNV Ice-15 https://exchange.dnv.com/exchange/main.aspx?extool=vessel&subview=machinerysummary&vesselid=31067 18902 dwt Has a maneuvering thruster and azimuth pod Multiple photos do not show cranes or other overboard load handling equipment.

MSV Tor Viking

Y Unk Unk Unk Unk Unk 1 North Sea Trans Viking Icebreaking & Offshore AS / Viking Supply Ships AS

Ice-10 Icebreaker

Ice Class AHTS Vladimir Ignatyuk

Y Unk Unk Unk Unk Unk 1 Russia Murmansk Shipping Company

Alexandr Medvedev A1 Icebreaker Tug

Ice Class AHTS SMIT Sibu (ex-Ikaluk) and Kigoriak

Y Unk Unk Unk Unk Unk 1 Russia Femco Management

A1 Icebreaker Tug http://femco.ru/eng.php?id=52&pid=5 http://www.femco.ru/uploads/files/AHTS%20SMIT%20SIBU.pdf SMIT Sibu Pumps: Fuel Oil 1 x 80 m3/hr at 50 m head, Bulk Cement / Barite

B-4

1 x Ingersoll Rand 500L 15 m3/hr at 5 Bar SMIT Sibu Oily Water separator 1*SIGMA S1-2T-OWS

Ice Class AHTS Smit Sakhalin

Y Unk Unk Unk Unk Unk 1 Russia Smit Lamnalco

OSRB Endeavor/ tug

Y Y N Y Y Y 1 Seward, AK Crowley Bruce Harland, VP – Contract Services

Ice Class C 2ea- 4X8 ft Yokohama fenders 5000lb Danforth Manitowoc 4100 midships, port fwd rescue boat davit rated to 12KN 8 hydraulic stripping pumps 4 ea– 6 inch discharge hoses.

OSRB Klamath / Tug

Y Y Y Y Y 1 Seattle, WA Crowley Bruce Harland, VP – Contract Services

Ice Class. http://vigorindustrial.com/news-press/vigor_marine_completes_conversion_of_barge_klamath 3ea- 4’X8’ Yokohama fenders 1 – 6670kg (14,700-bl) Danforth anchor 4 - Intercon mooring winches. Each equipped with 550’ of Turbo 75 HMPE fiber winch lines. Each winch has a holding capacity of 130,000lbs. 1 – 70-ft, 1.5 ton hose handling crane located forward of the after port machinery house 6ea – 11” 1830 GPM (2,600 bbls/hr) Byron Jackson four stage deep well pumps. Driven by Detroit Diesel 6-71 @1800 rpm, Johnson U-600 angle drive gears 1:1 ratio. 3ea – 6”x50’ cargo hoses

Warehouse Barge Tuuq / Tug

N Unk Unk Unk Unk Unk 1 Alaska Foss Not Ice Class. http://www.shell.us/aboutshell/projects-locations/alaska/events-news/02152012-vessels.html

OSV Sisuaq (ex-Harvey Spirit)

N Unk Y Unk Unk Unk 1 GoM Harvey Offshore

Not Ice Class. Several upgrades to specific systems were accomplished to facilitate operations in Alaskan’s cold weather conditions including heating enhancements, window heaters, added steel plating to the hull for operation in ice conditions and hardened electronics for harsh weather operations with temperatures down to -20 degrees Fahrenheit. http://www.workboat.com/newsdetail.aspx?id=13257#sthash.rhcaonFN.dpuf DP2

249-bbl Mini-barges

N/A Unk Unk Unk Unk Unk 12 4 co-located on the OSRB, others at locations around Prudoe Bay

ACS = 10 BP = 2

BSEE Inspection, also see http://www.akarctic.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Capt.-Llloyd-DUTCH-ARCTIC-COMMISSION-28AUG2013.pdf

650-bbl Mini-barges

N/A Unk Unk Unk Unk Unk 1 Location around Prudoe Bay

ACS BSEE Inspection

125-bbl mini barges

N/A Unk Unk Unk Unk Unk 2 ACS ACS Equipment Manual, page 59

B-5

120-bbl micro barge

No Unk Unk N/A Yes Unk 1 Anchorage Alaska Chadux Colin Daugherty, Response Manager

Adequacy of fenders dependent on vessel to which it would be offloading.

136,000 – gallon towable storage bladder

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 Whittier U.S. Navy SUPSALV

David Zimmerman, Alaska ESSM Base Manager

Alaskan Inventory only. One modular working platform, and three at-sea bladder pumping systems are also available to assist with offload.

6600-gallon towable bladder

Unk N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4 2 – Anchorage, 1 – Cordova, 1 - Kodiak

Alaska Chadux Colin Daugherty, Response Manager

Cordova and Kodiak bladders identified as Canflex.

100-bbl storage bladder

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1 Located on OSRB Endeavor

Crowley BSEE Inspection

5000-gallon towable bladder

Unk N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 Anchorage Alaska Chadux Colin Daugherty, Response Manager

1500-gallon, towable bladder

Unk N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 1 – Anchorage, 1 - Whittier

Alaska Chadux Colin Daugherty, Response Manager

Whittier bladder stored on the Chadux Responder (see offshore vessels – debris).

1250-gallon, Canflex, towable bladder

Unk N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2 1 – Cordova, 1 - Valdez

Alaska Chadux Colin Daugherty, Response Manager

Vikoma FROST (Floating, Recovered, Oil, Storage, Tank)

Y N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 UK Vikoma Kevin Leppard kleppard@vikoma.com

Available in various sizes from 5m3 to 100m3 Operating temperatures to -40C http://www.vikoma.com/marine-products/temporary-storage/pollutants-frost Accessories Included: Top cover (PUA), Integral towing strop (forward and aft), Lifting sling, 110v Hand Held Inflator / Deflator unit, Repair kit, Aluminium storage container, Relief valve inflation unit Optional Accessories: Towing drogue (can aid directional stability when towing at very low speeds), High Pressure Diesel Inflator / Deflator (AP/0095), 240v Hand Held Inflator / Deflator unit (4005EL)

Vikoma Flexible Floating Storage Tank

Y N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 UK Vikoma Kevin Leppard kleppard@vikoma.com

Available in various sizes from 5m3 to 25m3 http://www.vikoma.com/marine-products/temporary-storage/flexible-storage-tanks Accessories Included: Towing Drogue (FF/0032), Tow Bridle Assembly (FT/0074), Foot Bellows (1235PP), Storage Valise (BP/0216) Optional Accessories: Transfer Pump (TP/0150-H), Navigation lights (FT/0013), Site hose kit for the pump (SL/10206, Hot glue repair kit (SK/1006), 3” to 2” Hose adaptor (SL/10201), Cold glue repair kit (SK/1041), PB265ES XG Air inflator (AB/0079)

3.1 Offshore Vessels (debris)

Landing craft No Unk Unk N/A Unk N/A 1 Anchorage Alaska Chadux Colin Daugherty, Boat is equipped with trailer, a VHF marine radio and GPS. Various

B-6

(28′) Response Manager anchors available in inventory

Landing craft (32′)

No Unk Unk N/A Unk N/A 1 Unalaska Alaska Chadux Jay Brost, Response Technician

Boat is equipped with trailer, a VHF marine radio and GPS.

Landing craft (38′) Chadux Responder

No Unk Unk N/A Unk N/A 1 Whittier Alaska Chadux Colin Daugherty, Response Manager

The deck has lifting eyes for hoisting the boat (14,500 lbs dry weight) onto a larger vessel. Contains temporary storage for 360 gallons of recovered oil.

Notes:

1. ACS equipment location may change seasonally.

2. Vessel locations as reported by http://www.marinetraffic.com as of date of last search.

B-7

State-of-the-Art Review Onshore Storage Devices Available for Temporary Storage of Recovered Oil and Debris in the Alaskan Arctic

WBS ID Description Meets TLR / Why Quantity Available

Physical Location1, 2 Owner / Operator

Contact Reference

2.2 Onshore Tanks (fluids)

600-bbl Greer Upright Tank

N/A 2 Deadhorse CH2M Hill John.Rothweiler@CH2M.com

500-bbl Horizontal flow back tank

N/A 11 Deadhorse CH2M Hill John.Rothweiler@CH2M.com

500-bbl VE-Enterprises Double Wall Horizontal AST

N/A 2 Deadhorse CH2M Hill John.Rothweiler@CH2M.com

400-bbl Upright Tank

N/A 12 Kuparuk River Unit, Alpine, AK

ConocoPhillips Alaska (CPAI)

ACS Equipment Manual, page 65

400-bbl Upright Tank

N/A 19 Deadhorse CH2M Hill John.Rothweiler@CH2M.com

400-bbl Greer Fuel Storage Tank

N/A 2

Deadhorse CH2M Hill John.Rothweiler@CH2M.com

400-bbl Custom Open Top Tank w Gas Buster

N/A 4 Deadhorse CH2M Hill John.Rothweiler@CH2M.com

10,000-gal Greer Fuel Tank

N/A 1 Deadhorse CH2M Hill John.Rothweiler@CH2M.com

200-bbl Greer Upright Tank

N/A 1 Deadhorse CH2M Hill John.Rothweiler@CH2M.com

100-bbl Greer Fuel Tank

N/A 1 Deadhorse CH2M Hill John.Rothweiler@CH2M.com

40-bbl Greer Open Top Tank

N/A 3 Deadhorse CH2M Hill John.Rothweiler@CH2M.com

Rolligon w/ 10,000-gal trailer tank

N/A 1 Deadhorse Peak Oilfield Services Company

http://www.crowley.com/News-and-Media/Press-Releases/Crowley-Sells-CATCO-All-Terrain-Vehicles-and-Assets-to-Peak ACS Tactic R-22

Vacuum Trucks, variable capacity up to 300-bbl

N/A Unk North Slope AES, APSC, BP, Houston, Peak

ACS Tactic L-6

325-bbl West-Mark Vacuum Trailer

Yes, designed for Arctic conditions 45 Deadhorse CH2M Hill John.Rothweiler@CH2M.com

http://www.west-mark.com/Arctic

325 bbl West- N/A 8 Deadhorse CH2M Hill John.Rothweiler@

B-8

Mark Hot Oil Tanker

CH2M.com

300 bbl West-Mark Hot Oil Tanker

N/A 1 Deadhorse CH2M Hill John.Rothweiler@CH2M.com

Vacuum Trailer, 300-bbl

2 Deadhorse CH2M Hill John.Rothweiler@CH2M.com

Vacuum Trailer, 250-bbl

N/A 2 Deadhorse CH2M Hill John.Rothweiler@CH2M.com

Kenworth, Vacuum Truck, 150-bbl

N/A 1 Deadhorse CH2M Hill John.Rothweiler@CH2M.com

Ledwell Vacuum Trailer, 130-bbl

N/A 3 Deadhorse CH2M Hill John.Rothweiler@CH2M.com

Vacuum Truck, 90-bbl

N/A 10 Deadhorse CH2M Hill John.Rothweiler@CH2M.com

Peterbilt Vacuum Truck, 75-bbl

N/A 1 Deadhorse CH2M Hill John.Rothweiler@CH2M.com

2,500-gal Portable Folding Tanks

50 Deadhorse, AK ACS Shell ODPCP, Page 1-67

500-gal bladders Unk 9 Deadhorse, AK ACS=6 CPAI=3

Shell OSRP, Page A-3, ACS Equipment Manual, page 66

1,320-gal bladders

Unk 8 Deadhorse, AK ACS ACS Equipment Manual, page 66

2,500-gal bladders

Unk 8 Deadhorse, AK CPAI ACS Equipment Manual, page 66

2,640-gal bladders

Unk 6 Deadhorse, AK ACS ACS Equipment Manual, page 66

5,000-gal bladders

Unk 5 Deadhorse, AK ACS ACS Equipment Manual, page 66

6000-gal IMO Tank

Unk 1 Deadhorse, AK ACS Shell OSRP, Page A-3

360 to 3000-gal Fastank / Fold-A-Tank

Unk 171 ACS =27, BP=46, CPAI=88, ENI=4, PNR=6

ACS Equipment Manual, page 63

2,500-gal Self Rising Tanks

Yes. See Canflex Material CFL5526 Specifications

48 ACS=10 CPAI=38

ACS Equipment Manual, page 64 Materials good to -30oC

Arctic King collapsible fuel bladder

Yes. Designed to -50oC 0 Canada SEI Industries www.sei-ind.com

Desmi Ro-Tank Yes. Designed to -50oC 0 Denmark Desmi http://www.desmi.com/UserFiles/file/oil%20spill%20response/e-leaflet/07-01_RO-TANK-UK.pdf

3.2 Onshore Storage (debris)

B-9

Pit and bed liner 8218 LTA polyester fabric

Yes Varying All ACS operating areas, Deadhorse

ACS ACS Tech Manual Vol.1, Tactic D-2

4.2 Material Segregation by Type

Notes:

1. ACS equipment location may change seasonally.

2. The ACS Equipment Manual states there is approximately 150 additional tanks available on the Slope ranging in size from 40 to 500-bbls.

B-10

State-of-the-Art Review Pumping and Transfer Systems Available for Temporary Storage of Recovered Oil and Debris in the Alaskan Arctic

WBS ID Description Meets TLR / Why Quantity Available

Physical Location1, 2 Owner / Operator

Contact Reference

1.1 Pumping/ Vacuum Systems

4-in Trash Pumps

20 ACS, Greater Prudhoe Bay, Alpine, AK

ACS ACS Tech Manual Vol.1, Tactic R-22; ACS Equipment Manual, page 73

Heavy Oil Pumps

25 West Dock, Prudhoe Bay

ACS=18, BP=2, ConocoPhillips Alaska (CPAI)= 1, Shell=4

ACS Tech Manual Vol.1, Tactic R-22; ACS Equipment Manual, page 67

4-in Suction Hose

1,470-ft ACS, Western Operating Area (Prudhoe Bay Field)

ACS ACS Tech Manual Vol.1, Tactic R-22 and L-6

4-in Discharge Hose

2,425-ft ACS, Western Operating Area (Prudhoe Bay Field)

ACS ACS Tech Manual Vol.1, Tactic R-22

GT-A heavy oil transfer pumps on OSRV Nanuq

Yes. Throughput rate of 723 bbl/hr each 8 OSRV Nanuq Edison Chouest Offshore

Shell ODPCP, Page 1-30, Section 1.6.9

1.2 Debris Transfer Systems

4.3 Transfer Systems

6-in Triplex N/A 5 Greater Prudhoe Bay, Alpine, AK

ACS ACS Tech Manual Vol.1, Tactic R-22 and L-6

6-in Suction Hose

N/A 0 ACS ACS ACS Tech Manual Vol.1, Tactic R-22 and L-6

6-in Discharge Hose

N/A 2,118-ft ACS ACS, Western Operating Area (Prudhoe Bay Field)

ACS Tech Manual Vol.1, Tactic R-22 and L-6

Viscous Oil Annular Injection Kits

4 ACS ACS Equipment Manual page 62

2-in, 3-in, and 4-in Air Diaphragm Pumps

N/A 17 ACS=15, CPAI=1, ENI=1

ACS Equipment Manual page 68

2-in and 3-in N/A 36 ACS=25, BP=3, CPAI=6, ACS Equipment Manual page 69

B-11

Diesel Diaphragm Pumps

ENI=1, PNR=1

3-in Gas Diaphragm Pumps

N/A 12 BP=6, CPAI=9 ACS Equipment Manual page 70

2-in Diesel Peristaltic Pumps

N/A 12 ACS=3, BP=3, CPAI=4, ENI=1, PNR=1

ACS Equipment Manual page 71

3-in Sykes Univac Diesel Pumps

N/A 2 Acs=1, BP=1 ACS Equipment Manual page 72

4.4 Measurement, Recordkeeping and Reporting

Notes:

1. ACS equipment location may change seasonally.

2. Vessel locations as reported by http://www.marinetraffic.com as of date of last search.

3. The ACS Equipment Manual states there is approximately 150 additional tanks available on the Slope ranging in size from 40 to 500-bbls.

C-1

APPENDIX C - WCD Scenario Tool File

D-1

APPENDIX D - WCD Scenario Tool Printed Pages for Scenario 1

D-2

Input:

Spill Parameters:

Initial Spill Rate (BOPD): 61000

Number of Days over which spill occurs: 74 (Note: current limit =80)

Information from NOAA ADIOS 2 Model for the oil of interest:

Oil Type (Name): ANS Crude API = 26.8

Average percentage of Oil Remaining after dispersion and evaporation: 60%

Average percent water content in oil: 0%

Percent water collected through skimming: 100%

Percent free water removed by decanting: 75%

Percent recovered mechanically: 25%

Available Temporary Oil Storage: (Note: Current limit is 10 rows)

Onsite OSRV

Nearby OSRB

Nearby Arctic Tanker

10% of available onshore fixed tanks

50% of available onshore mobile TSDs

Additional 15% of available onshore fixed tanks

Additional 25% of onshore mobile TSDs

Additional 25% of onshore mobile TSDs

Alaskan Arctic Oil Spill Response Temporary Oil Storage WCD Scenario Tool

Developed by PCCI, Inc. under Contract E13PC000015

12000

17000

13300

2802

513000 2

1868 7

Source / Notes

31

6650

Volume (BBLS)

Available Day #

(after release)

4670

1

2

7

14

14

D-3

Instructions for use:

Input:

Spill Parameters: Enter the initial spill rate and number of days over which the spill occurs.

Information from Adios 2: The oil name and API are entered as identifiers only.

Be aware that there are many different oils in ADIOS with the same name.

After running the ADIOS 2 Model, use results in the oil budget table to obtain the average

percentage of Oil Remaining after dispersion and evaporation.

Also from the results enter the average percent water content in oil from the water

content graph.

In addition to the water entrained in an emulsion, water free water will be collected

during skimming operations. The amount vill vary depending upon the skimmer type

utilized and the skill of the operator. Enter the estimated watrer volume as a pecentage

of the oil (or oil/water emulsion) volume.

The free water collected during skimming operations can be reduced by decanting.

Enter the percentage of water removed by decanting.

Enter the percentage of spill assumed to be removed using mechanical skimmers.

List available sources of temporary storage, its assoicated volume, and what day it will

be ready to accept recovered fluids

Output:

The table to the right of the input panel summarizes the results.

Column 1 = the day from initial release.

Column 2 = the amount of oil released that day

Column 3 = the cumulative oil released since day 1.

Column 4 = the oil remining after weathering and reductions by evaporationandr dispersion

Column 5 = the increased volume due to water uptake into an emulsion if formed

Column 6 = the volume of water collected during skimming operations

Column 7 = the volume of collected water remaining after decanting

Column 8 = the total of columns 5 and 7

Column 9 = the volume of column 8 recovered through mechanical skimming

Column 10 = the total volume of temporary storage availble for the day after initial release

Column 11 = a graphical representation to allow a quick look if the available temporary

storage amount is adequate. Green means the storage capacity exceeds the

required amount. Red means the storage is less than the required amount.

D-4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Day BBLS Spilled Total Spilled Oil Remaining with Emulsion Collected Water After Decanting Oil & Water Recovered Storage

1 61000 61000 36600 36600 36600 9150 45750 11438 12000

2 50629 111629 66977 66977 66977 16744 83722 20930 542000

3 47605 159234 95540 95540 95540 23885 119425 29856 542000

4 45506 204740 122844 122844 122844 30711 153555 38389 542000

5 43859 248599 149160 149160 149160 37290 186450 46612 542000

6 42488 291087 174652 174652 174652 43663 218315 54579 542000

7 41306 332393 199436 199436 199436 49859 249295 62324 557168

8 40263 372656 223594 223594 223594 55898 279492 69873 557168

9 39328 411984 247191 247191 247191 61798 308988 77247 557168

10 38479 450464 270278 270278 270278 67570 337848 84462 557168

11 37701 488164 292899 292899 292899 73225 366123 91531 557168

12 36981 525145 315087 315087 315087 78772 393859 98465 557168

13 36312 561457 336874 336874 336874 84219 421093 105273 557168

14 35686 597143 358286 358286 358286 89571 447857 111964 566620

15 35097 632240 379344 379344 379344 94836 474180 118545 566620

16 34542 666782 400069 400069 400069 100017 500087 125022 566620

17 34017 700800 420480 420480 420480 105120 525600 131400 566620

18 33518 734318 440591 440591 440591 110148 550738 137685 566620

19 33044 767361 460417 460417 460417 115104 575521 143880 566620

20 32590 799952 479971 479971 479971 119993 599964 149991 566620

21 32157 832109 499265 499265 499265 124816 624081 156020 566620

22 31742 863850 518310 518310 518310 129578 647888 161972 566620

23 31343 895193 537116 537116 537116 134279 671395 167849 566620

24 30959 926153 555692 555692 555692 138923 694614 173654 566620

25 30590 956743 574046 574046 574046 143511 717557 179389 566620

26 30234 986977 592186 592186 592186 148047 740233 185058 566620

27 29891 1016868 610121 610121 610121 152530 762651 190663 566620

28 29558 1046426 627856 627856 627856 156964 784819 196205 566620

29 29237 1075663 645398 645398 645398 161349 806747 201687 566620

30 28925 1104588 662753 662753 662753 165688 828441 207110 566620

31 28623 1133211 679927 679927 679927 169982 849908 212477 571290

32 28330 1161541 696925 696925 696925 174231 871156 217789 571290

33 28046 1189587 713752 713752 713752 178438 892190 223048 571290

34 27769 1217356 730414 730414 730414 182603 913017 228254 571290

35 27500 1244856 746913 746913 746913 186728 933642 233410 571290

36 27238 1272094 763256 763256 763256 190814 954070 238518 571290

37 26983 1299076 779446 779446 779446 194861 974307 243577 571290

38 26734 1325810 795486 795486 795486 198872 994358 248589 571290

39 26491 1352302 811381 811381 811381 202845 1014226 253557 571290

40 26255 1378556 827134 827134 827134 206783 1033917 258479 571290

41 26024 1404580 842748 842748 842748 210687 1053435 263359 571290

42 25798 1430378 858227 858227 858227 214557 1072784 268196 571290

43 25577 1455955 873573 873573 873573 218393 1091967 272992 571290

44 25362 1481317 888790 888790 888790 222198 1110988 277747 571290

45 25151 1506468 903881 903881 903881 225970 1129851 282463 571290

Summary of Results

D-5

46 24944 1531413 918848 918848 918848 229712 1148559 287140 571290

47 24742 1556155 933693 933693 933693 233423 1167116 291779 571290

48 24544 1580699 948420 948420 948420 237105 1185524 296381 571290

49 24351 1605050 963030 963030 963030 240757 1203787 300947 571290

50 24161 1629210 977526 977526 977526 244382 1221908 305477 571290

51 23974 1653184 991911 991911 991911 247978 1239888 309972 571290

52 23791 1676976 1006186 1006186 1006186 251546 1257732 314433 571290

53 23612 1700588 1020353 1020353 1020353 255088 1275441 318860 571290

54 23436 1724025 1034415 1034415 1034415 258604 1293018 323255 571290

55 23264 1747288 1048373 1048373 1048373 262093 1310466 327617 571290

56 23094 1770382 1062229 1062229 1062229 265557 1327787 331947 571290

57 22928 1793310 1075986 1075986 1075986 268996 1344982 336246 571290

58 22764 1816074 1089644 1089644 1089644 272411 1362055 340514 571290

59 22603 1838677 1103206 1103206 1103206 275802 1379008 344752 571290

60 22445 1861122 1116673 1116673 1116673 279168 1395841 348960 571290

61 22290 1883412 1130047 1130047 1130047 282512 1412559 353140 571290

62 22137 1905549 1143329 1143329 1143329 285832 1429161 357290 571290

63 21987 1927535 1156521 1156521 1156521 289130 1445651 361413 571290

64 21839 1949374 1169624 1169624 1169624 292406 1462030 365508 571290

65 21693 1971067 1182640 1182640 1182640 295660 1478300 369575 571290

66 21550 1992617 1195570 1195570 1195570 298893 1494463 373616 571290

67 21409 2014026 1208415 1208415 1208415 302104 1510519 377630 571290

68 21270 2035296 1221177 1221177 1221177 305294 1526472 381618 571290

69 21133 2056429 1233857 1233857 1233857 308464 1542322 385580 571290

70 20999 2077428 1246457 1246457 1246457 311614 1558071 389518 571290

71 20866 2098293 1258976 1258976 1258976 314744 1573720 393430 571290

72 20735 2119028 1271417 1271417 1271417 317854 1589271 397318 571290

73 20606 2139635 1283781 1283781 1283781 320945 1604726 401181 571290

74 20479 2160114 1296068 1296068 1296068 324017 1620085 405021 571290

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 571290

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 571290

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 571290

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 571290

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 571290

#VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 571290

E-1

APPENDIX E - ADIOS Scenarios Printed Pages

E-2

E-3

E-4

E-5

E-6

E-7

E-8

E-9

E-10

E-11

E-12

E-13

E-14

E-15

E-16

E-17

F-1

APPENDIX F - WCD Scenario Tool Printed Pages for Scenario 2

F-2

Input Parameters:

Initial Spill Rate (BOPD): 61000

Number of Days over which spill occurs: 74 (Note: current limit =80)

Information from NOAA ADIOS 2 Model for the oil of interest:

Oil Type (Name): ANS O&G API = 27.5

Average percentage of Oil Remaining after dispersion and evaporation: 78%

Average percent water content in oil: 82%

Percent water collected through skimming: 100%

Percent free water removed by decanting: 75%

Percent recovered mechanically: 25%

Available Temporary Oil Storage: (Note: Current limit is 10 rows)

Onsite OSRV

Nearby OSRB

Nearby Arctic Tanker

10% of available onshore fixed tanks

50% of available onshore mobile TSDs

Additional 15% of available onshore fixed tanks

Additional 25% of onshore mobile TSDs

Additional 25% of onshore mobile TSDs

Alaskan Arctic Oil Spill Response Temporary Oil Storage WCD Scenario Tool

Developed by PCCI, Inc. under Contract E13PC000015

12000

17000

13300

2802

513000 2

1868 7

Source / Notes

31

6650

Volume (BBLS)

Available Day #

(after release)

4670

1

2

7

14

14

F-3

Day BBLS Spilled Total Spilled Oil Remaining with Emulsion Collected Water After Decanting Oil & Water Recovered Storage

1 61000 61000 47580 86596 86596 21649 108245 27061 12000

2 50629 111629 87071 158469 158469 39617 198086 49521 542000

3 47605 159234 124202 226048 226048 56512 282561 70640 542000

4 45506 204740 159697 290649 290649 72662 363312 90828 542000

5 43859 248599 193908 352912 352912 88228 441140 110285 542000

6 42488 291087 227048 413227 413227 103307 516534 129134 542000

7 41306 332393 259267 471865 471865 117966 589831 147458 557168

8 40263 372656 290672 529023 529023 132256 661278 165320 557168

9 39328 411984 321348 584853 584853 146213 731066 182767 557168

10 38479 450464 351362 639478 639478 159870 799348 199837 557168

11 37701 488164 380768 692998 692998 173250 866248 216562 557168

12 36981 525145 409613 745496 745496 186374 931870 232968 557168

13 36312 561457 437936 797044 797044 199261 996306 249076 557168

14 35686 597143 465771 847704 847704 211926 1059630 264907 566620

15 35097 632240 493147 897528 897528 224382 1121910 280477 566620

16 34542 666782 520090 946564 946564 236641 1183205 295801 566620

17 34017 700800 546624 994855 994855 248714 1243569 310892 566620

18 33518 734318 572768 1042438 1042438 260609 1303047 325762 566620

19 33044 767361 598542 1089346 1089346 272337 1361683 340421 566620

20 32590 799952 623962 1135611 1135611 283903 1419514 354879 566620

21 32157 832109 649045 1181261 1181261 295315 1476577 369144 566620

22 31742 863850 673803 1226322 1226322 306580 1532902 383226 566620

23 31343 895193 698251 1270816 1270816 317704 1588520 397130 566620

24 30959 926153 722399 1314766 1314766 328692 1643458 410864 566620

25 30590 956743 746259 1358192 1358192 339548 1697740 424435 566620

26 30234 986977 769842 1401113 1401113 350278 1751391 437848 566620

27 29891 1016868 793157 1443545 1443545 360886 1804432 451108 566620

28 29558 1046426 816212 1485506 1485506 371377 1856883 464221 566620

29 29237 1075663 839017 1527011 1527011 381753 1908763 477191 566620

30 28925 1104588 861579 1568073 1568073 392018 1960091 490023 566620

31 28623 1133211 883905 1608707 1608707 402177 2010883 502721 571290

32 28330 1161541 906002 1648924 1648924 412231 2061155 515289 571290

33 28046 1189587 927878 1688738 1688738 422184 2110922 527731 571290

34 27769 1217356 949538 1728158 1728158 432040 2160198 540050 571290

35 27500 1244856 970987 1767197 1767197 441799 2208996 552249 571290

36 27238 1272094 992233 1805864 1805864 451466 2257330 564333 571290

37 26983 1299076 1013279 1844169 1844169 461042 2305211 576303 571290

38 26734 1325810 1034132 1882120 1882120 470530 2352650 588163 571290

39 26491 1352302 1054795 1919727 1919727 479932 2399659 599915 571290

40 26255 1378556 1075274 1956999 1956999 489250 2446248 611562 571290

Summary of Results

F-4

41 26024 1404580 1095572 1993942 1993942 498485 2492427 623107 571290

42 25798 1430378 1115695 2030565 2030565 507641 2538206 634551 571290

43 25577 1455955 1135645 2066874 2066874 516719 2583593 645898 571290

44 25362 1481317 1155427 2102878 2102878 525719 2628597 657149 571290

45 25151 1506468 1175045 2138582 2138582 534646 2673228 668307 571290

46 24944 1531413 1194502 2173993 2173993 543498 2717491 679373 571290

47 24742 1556155 1213801 2209117 2209117 552279 2761397 690349 571290

48 24544 1580699 1232945 2243961 2243961 560990 2804951 701238 571290

49 24351 1605050 1251939 2278529 2278529 569632 2848161 712040 571290

50 24161 1629210 1270784 2312827 2312827 578207 2891034 722758 571290

51 23974 1653184 1289484 2346861 2346861 586715 2933576 733394 571290

52 23791 1676976 1308041 2380635 2380635 595159 2975794 743948 571290

53 23612 1700588 1326459 2414155 2414155 603539 3017694 754423 571290

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