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Filomena Castriciano Corey Buell Jessica Hudson Native Alaskan Nutrition and Culture

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Filomena Castriciano

Corey Buell

Jessica Hudson

Native Alaskan Nutrition and Culture

Filomena Castriciano

Alaskan Native History& Traditional Foods

Alaska Natives have inhabited Alaska for over 15,000 years

Multiple tribes with unique cultural traditionsEach tribe can be divided into smaller tribal

communities with there own unique customs and traditions

Alaska Native History

http://www.gograph.com/stock-illustration/alaska.html

This map depicts the many Native Alaskan

Tribes and their regional location

http://www.alaskanative.net/en/main-nav/education-and-programs/cultures-of-alaska/

Traditional LifestyleSustainable living,

hunting and fishingUsed entire animal for

food, shelter and clothing

Tribal groups would do communal hunts and distribute the food among the tribe

Many tribes were semi-nomadic in order to get plant sources of nutrition in the diet.

http://alaskawildberryproducts.com/education/alaskan-foods.html

http://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/caribou-in-fall-foliage-denali-national-park-alaska-8200-pictures.htm

Traditional Diet

Caribou was the most common source of protein among Alaska natives

Whale was the most common source of fat

Berries and local plants made up a very small percent of the dietOne popular dish was Akutaq

“Eskimo ice cream”- blended seal fat and berries. (Image to left)

• Each tribe eats different traditional foods due to demographics and climate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akutaq#mediaviewer/File:Iced_Akutaq.jpg

http://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/bowhead-whale-cutting-native-culture-alaska-5886-pictures.htm

Increase in processed foodsSugary beverages Non-seasonal/non local fruits

and vegetablesAkutaq now often has sugar

added. Traditionally it did not.

Modern DietSustainable living and living off the land continues but not as extensive as before

Alaska department of Fish and Game allow native Alaskan tribes to practice sustainable hunting and fishing

http://www.alaskacenters.gov/adfg.cfm

Modern Food Guide

Canada has made a modern food pyramid for the Native Alaskans that also inhabit regions of Canada

Canada's Food Guide

http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/pubs/fnim-pnim/index-eng.php

Alaskan Native Health Concerns and Nutritional Inadequacies

Corey Buell

Geographical LocationClimateMountainous TerrainGrowing Seasons

Factors affecting Diet 11

http://www.summitpost.org/alaska-range/170857

http://www.usda.gov/img/content/agroforestry-blueberry-harvest.JPG

Current food databases are limitedUSDA and the Agricultural Research Group

are developing a Native Foods DatabaseAnalysis includes ~100 nutrients

Vitamins, minerals, amino acids, fatty acids, phytonutrients, carotenoids, etc.

Other sampled foods are collected but have not yet been analyzed

Salmon eggs, walrus, snow goose

Composition of Native Alaskan Foods 11

http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3066/images/subsist_fish_dry.png

USDA Food Database

http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods?fgcd=&manu=&lfacet=&count=&max=25&sort=fg&qlookup=&offset=&format=Full&new=&measureby=

Traditional FoodsOmega 3 Fatty Acids, Vitamin A, Vitamin C,

Vitamin E, Zinc

Nutritional Adequacies 14

http://www.adn.com/sites/default/files/styles/ad_slideshow_normal/public/images/topic/food-drink/food-mosaic-1.jpg?itok=orRQeVjf

http://www.adn.com/sites/default/files/styles/ad_slideshow_940/public/legacy/2014/06/izuPl.So.7.JPG?itok=fDA_bNv-

Vitamin D Deficiency “Rickets”Iron Deficiency AnemiaInadequate Calcium Intake

Common Dietary Deficiencies

13

http://s3.amazonaws.com/citybuzz/2014/06/moveto-alaska/mvoeto-alaska-1.jpg

http://static.trunity.net/files/120001_120100/120054/320px-Figure11.15_bowhead_whale_harvest_alaska.JPG

Transition from traditional foods towards a westernized diet.

Increase in store bought foodsTraditional foods are nutrient dense vs.

calorically dense processed foods. Excessive intake of Saturated Fats and Simple Carbohydrates.

Nutritional Inadequacies 12

http://d1jrw5jterzxwu.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/article_media/chips.jpg

Obesity Epidemic Both Adult and Pediatric Population1.6 times more likely to be obese than

Caucasian Americans66% of adult population is overweight/obese

Type II Diabetes MellitusCardiovascular DiseaseHypertensionCancer

Alaskan Native Health Concerns 14,15

Increasing at an alarming rateA study completed in 2009 by the Alaskan

Department of Health and Social Services estimated 27% of high school students were overweight/obese.

It is estimated that 40% of these overweight or obese children have already developed two cardiovascular disease risk factorsHypertension and Hypercholesterolemia

Pediatric Obesity 16

Contamination of wild foodsNo systematic way to test wild foods

Food Safety 17

http://mediad.publicbroadcasting.net/p/kdlg/files/201406/pile_o'_smelt_-_Clark_Fair.jpghttp://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-

live/photos/000/166/cache/pollution02-oil-slick-alaska_16635_600x450.jpg

Geographical locationFishing Industry

2.3 Billion in revenue in 2011Provides economic stability to

the region>50% of U.S. seafood is from

AlaskaMission of Alaska is to

continue supporting and maximizing the benefits of “self-renewing” resources to support future generations.

Impact on U.S. Diet 18, 19

http://smallshipalaskacruises.com/images/large/image_504.jpg

Economic Factors Affecting Native Alaskan

Diet

Jessica Hudson

http://othersociologist.com/2014/01/26/sociology-of-diabetes/

Top Nutrition Related Economic Barriers 21

1. Food access2. Income3. Retail

development

on tribal land

http://www.friendsinthedesert.com/2014/12/22/food-insecurity/

1) Food Access Concerns

Low income prevalenceLand tenures limiting

non tribal retail developmentDistance to grocersLimited food options

Walking Distance to Grocers 21

25.6% live walking distance to a grocer compared to 58.6% of Americans

Average distance is 3.3 miles

Nutrition Assistance Program Availability 21

Those with low income, a household without a vehicle, or are among the elderly often live > 10 miles from a SNAP authorized market.

Of the 27% of AIAN served by the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations (FDPIR), only 26.8% were within 10 miles of a program service center

2) Income 21

AIAN have the second highest unemployment rate in the U.S. at 14.6%

31.4% AIAN have incomes at or below 200% of the Federal Poverty Level (FPL)

11.4% 200% below the FPL do not own a vehicle

http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2012/ted_20120905.htm

3) Difficulty with Retail Development and Maintenance 21

Tribal trust landsLow income residentsLow population density

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs141p2_024362.pdf

Policies and Programs Affecting Tribal Diets

Policies Affecting Tribal Diets

Indian country jurisdictions

Federal nutrition assistance programs

Lets Move! Indian Country

What is Indian Country? 18 U.S.C 1151All land within the limits of an Indian

reservation under the jurisdiction of the United States government

All dependent Indian communities, such as the New Mexico Pueblos

All Indian allotments still in trust, whether they are located within reservations or not.

Bureau of Indian Affairs 22

Serves 1.9 million AIAN Oversees all tribal programs benefiting

Native American populations.

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program 23

The largest federal nutrition assistance program

in the U.S.

Serves low income individuals and families with

monthly income at or below 130% of the FPL.

Receive monthly funds via electronic benefit

card for use at authorized food stores.

 Alaska is benefited additional hunting and

fishing supplies benefits.

National School Lunch Program 20

Largest used federal nutrition program with

Alaskan Natives in 2009

Serves 550,000 children free or reduced

price school lunches.20

Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations 24,25

Food assistance program alternative to SNAP

Services tribal areas with populations less than

10,000

Serves 19 of the 208 Alaska tribal communities

Monthly food packages are delivered to the

participant’s home

Offers 80 products including: fresh produce, meats,

pastas, dairy, eggs, and frozen foods

Offer nutrition education grants annually

2009 FDPIR Nutritional Adequacy 24

Offered 99% population estimated nutritional

needs

Delivered 86%~ of their estimated nutrition

needs

Met 100% DRI for protein, carbohydrates,

vitamin C, B vitamins and iron in 2009.

Alaska Area Indian Health Service 26

Tribal health care service

MISSION: “Raise the physical, mental, social,

and spiritual health of American Indians and

Alaska Natives and ensure availability of

culturally acceptable public health services.”

Provides the Healthy Weight for Life program

Lets Move! Indian Country

27

Subunit of the 2013 “Lets Move!” campaign

Goal: To Improve tribal community program

participation and health

Aims to decrease food insecurity by:

Supporting farmers

Farmers markets

Community gardens

Organizing food pantries

Further develop food policy.

http://lmic.ihs.gov/default/includes/themes/lmictheme/images/LMIIC_logo.png

Alaska Natives have a unique cultural history Alaska Natives work to balance their

traditional sustainable living with changes and  “Americanization” of their lifestyle.

With new federal programs in place, hopefully the native Alaskan culture will continue to help savor their native culture while improving food security, access and improve health outcomes.

Summary

1. Alaska Public Land Information Centers Staff. Timeline of Alaska’s History. Alaska Public Land Information Centers. http://www.alaskacenters.gov/alaska-timeline.cfm. Accessed February 10, 2015.

2. Roderick L, ed. Do Alaska Native People Get Free Healthcare?.Ankorage, AK:University of Alaska Anchorage; 2008

3. Alaska Web Staff. Alaska Native Groups and Cultures. Alaska Web. http://alaskaweb.org/native/gps&cults.htm. Published 2014. Accessed February 10, 2015.

4. Kittler PG, Sucher KP. Cultural Foods: Traditions and Trends. Wadsworth; Belmont,CA; 2000

5. Ballew C, Ross A, Wells RS, Hiratsuka V. The Final Report on the Traditional Alaska Diet Survey http://www.nativescience.org/assets/Documents/PDF%20Documents/ATDP_final.pdf. Published March 2004. Accessed February 10, 2015

References

6. Ho KJ, Mikkelson B, Lewis LA, Feldman SA, Taylor CB. Alaskan Arctic Eskimo: responses to a customary high fat diet. Am J Clin Nutr. 1972;25(8):737-45.

7. Alaska Department of Fish and Game Staff. Subsistence Fishing. The State of Alaska. http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=subsistence.main. Published 2015. Accessed February 10, 2015

8. Gahagan K. Alaska Natives try to keep old foodways alive in land of food pyramid. Al Jazeera America. Accessed February 15, 2015, from http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/7/12/alaska-natives-trytokeepoldfoodwaysaliveinlandoffoodpyramid.html

9. Bersamin A, Luick BR, King IB, Stern JS, Zidenberg-cherr S. Westernizing diets influence fat intake, red blood cell fatty acid composition, and health in remote Alaskan Native communities in the center for Alaska Native health study. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108(2):266-73.

References cont.

10. Bersamin A, Luick BR, Ruppert E, Stern JS, Zidenberg-cherr S. Diet quality among Yup'ik Eskimos living in rural communities is low: the Center for Alaska Native Health Research Pilot Study. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106(7):1055-63.

11. Pehrsson R, Johnson J, Nobmann E, Amy L, Haytowitz D, Holden J. Sampling and Analysis of Alaska Native Subsistence Foods. United States Department of Agriculture web site. http://ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/80400525/Articles/EB05_AlaskaFoods.pdf. Published 2005. Accessed February 14, 2015.

12. Rosen Y. Shift from traditional foods takes toll on Alaskan Native Populations. Alaska Dispatch News. September 2014.  http://www.adn.com/article/20140928/shift-traditional-foods-takes-toll-alaska-native-populations. Accessed February 14, 2015.

13. Singleton R, Lescher R, Benson M, et al. Vitamin D Deficiency and Rickets among Alaska Native Children. State of Alaska Epidemiology web site. http://www.epi.hss.state.ak.us/bulletins/docs/b2014_06.pdf. Published May 2014. Accessed February 13, 2015.

References cont.

14. Johnson J, Nobmann E, Asay E, Lanier A. Dietary Intake of Alaska Native People in Two Regions and Implications for Health: The Alaska Native Dietary and Subsistence Food Assessment Project. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2009; 68(2):109-122.

15. Goetz G. Nutrition a Pressing Concern for American Indians. Food Safety News web site. http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2012/03/nutrition-a-pressing-concern-for-american-indians/#.VM53FGTF-mE. Published March 5, 2012. Accessed February 13, 2015.

16. Fenaughty A, Fink K, Peck D, Utermohle C. Childhood Obesity in Alaska. Alaska Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Public Health, Section of Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 2009; 2-14.

17. Wolfe R. Subsistence Food Harvest in Rural Alaska, and Food Safety Issues. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Subsistence. 1996; 1-4.

References cont.

18. Alaska’s Fishing Industry. Resource Development Council for Alaska web site. http://www.akrdc.org/issues/fisheries/overview.html. Updated 2014. Accessed February 14, 2015.

19. State Exports via Alaska. U.S. Department of Commerce web site. http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/state/data/ak.html. Updated June 2014. Accessed February 14, 2015.

20. Gordon A, Oddo V, Ranalli A. Addressing child hunger and obesity in Indian Country: Report to Congress Summary. USDA - Office of Research and Analysis. 2012 Jan. Available from: http://www.fns.usda.gov/addressing-child-hunger-and-obesity-indian-country-report-congress

21. Kaufman P, Dicken C, Williams R. Measuring access to healthful, affordable food in american indian and alaska native tribal areas. [internet] USDA Economic Research Service. December 2014. 1-28 Available from: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eib-economic-information-bulletin/eib-131.aspx

References cont.

22. What We Do [internet]. Indian Affairs - U.S. Department of the Interior. 2015. Available from: http://www.bia.gov/WhatWeDo/index.htm

23. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Eligibility [internet]. United States Department of Agriculture – Food and Nutrition Service. 2014 Oct. Available from: http://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/eligibility

24. Zimmerman T, Sun B, Hu J, Dixit-Joshi S, Eaker E. Nutrient and MyPyramid Analysis of USDA foods in the NSLP, CACFP, CSFP, TEFAP, and FDPIR. WESTAT. United States Department of Agriculture – Food and Nutrition Service. 2011 Aug. Available from: http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/NutrientMyPyramid.pdf

25. USDA Office of Communications [internet]. Native American. United States Department of Agriculture – Food and Nutrition Service. 2012. Available from: http://www.fns.usda.gov/tags/native-american

References cont.

26. Indian Health Service [internet] The Federal Health Program for American Indians and Alaska Natives. Available from: http://www.ihs.gov/

27. A Call to Action for Indian Country. Lets Move! [internet] Available from: http://www.letsmove.gov/sites/letsmove.gov/files/LMIC_CalltoActionFinal.pdf

References cont.