Technology 7 3-4 Odd Q2 Example Bridge Design Journal

Mr. Darling’s Class by

Mr. D Mr. Darling

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1. Today in Tech class we reviewed the Problem Solving Process (See attached sheet from each group member) 2. We reviewed the bridge terms. (See attached sheets from each group member) 3. As a class we read the and highlighted the Bridge problem statement and how it fit into the problem solving process. 4. We set goals and listed Rules (See attached sheets from each group member) 5. For homework we are to research truss designs and brainstorm by drawing at least five thumbnail drawing of different truss designs (See attached sheets from each group member) 6. We went over the grade sheet for the bridge project “Design Journal Assessment.” Each group member must have a grade sheet in the Design journal

Problem Solving Process:

Step 1: Identify and Define the Problem We have to build a bridge that has the best efficiency factor. The bridge that can hold the most weight on the least amount of money.

Efficiency Factor = Cost of Bridge______ E = _$_

amount of weight held lbs.

Step 2: Set Goals and List Rules Set Goals: We talked about setting goals for the project. They should be realistic. Some example goals could be grade related, how we place in the competition, or just simply completing the project etc. (I want to place in the top 3 groups in the class and get at least a B on the project.) List Rules: Here are some of the rules for the project 1. Bridge must be at least 10” long. 12” is recommended 2. Bridge must be between 3-4” Tall 3. Bridge must be between 3-4” Wide 4. You can not layer or “laminate more than 3 pieces” 5. The bridge must be a truss design 6. Bottom member of bridge can not to laminated 7. 2-3 people per group 8. All members pay total cost of bridge 9. At least 5 thumbnail drawings 10. Excessive glue use is fined increases cost and E factor goes up

Technology 7 Bridge Design Journal Entry #1 11-19-13

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Step 3 of Problem Solving Process: Brainstorm and Research

Research: Some Truss designs from Google Images

Technology 7 Bridge Design Journal Entry #1 11-19-13

Step 3 of Problem Solving Process: Brainstorm and Research

Research: Bridges in Rochester NY

Technology 7 Bridge Design Journal Entry #1 11-19-13

"Broad Street and Court Street Bridges and N.Y. State Barge Canal Terminal, Rochester, N.Y." (Postcard ; no publisher information) -- approximately 1925

“The Old”

“The New”

The Frederick Douglass–Susan B. Anthony Memorial Bridge (called the Freddie-Sue Bridge by some Rochester residents[1] and known as the Troup–Howell Bridge until July 13, 2007) is a triple steel arch bridge carrying Interstate 490 (I-490) over the Genesee River and New York State Route 383 (NY 383, named Exchange Boulevard) in downtown Rochester, New York. The bridge, officially completed on June 18, 2007, replaced a 50-year old multi-girder bridge situated in the same location.

The bridge is 364 metres (1,194 ft) in length, with the longest span, the arch-supported roadway crossing the Genesee, encompassing 140.9 metres (462.3 ft). In terms of width, the structure is 39.8 metres (130.6 ft) wide.[2] The roadway on its surface is eight lanes wide, with four reserved for each direction of I-490. On a daily basis, the structure carries an estimated 71,640 vehicles over NY 383 and the Genesee.[

Info from wikipedia

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Thumbnail Designs: Quick Sketches of ideas see attached

We are to draw at least 5 thumbnail design of different truss design we want to use for the project. See attached sheet for thumbnails “Don’t be a minimalist” Draw as many thumbnails as I can so I have more to choose from .

KISS it ! Sometimes designers and Engineers overdesign or make a problem to complicated they say to themselves KISS it.

Acronym for Keep It Simple Stupid

Technology 7 Bridge Design Journal Entry #1 11-19-13

Driving Park Bridge over the Genesee River in Rochester NY facing north, the former Eastman Kodak "Hawkeye" Plant is at the right

Technology 7 Bridge Design Journal Entry #1 11-19-13

Bridge Terms and Forces that will make our Bridge Fail

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Truss : A group of members arranged geometrically to make a

lightweight but strong structure. (One side of a bridge or tower.)

Member : One part or piece of a truss.

Span : Distance between two points

Compression An inward force that acts upon the top portion of the lower member of the truss/bridge

Compression here

Tension An outward (stretching) force that acts upon the bottom portion of the lower member of the truss/bridge

Tension here

Technology 7 Bridge Design Journal Entry #1 11-19-13

Bridge Terms and Forces that will make our Bridge Fail

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Shear A force that cuts or severs. To become broken as a member under the action of a traverse or passing through force.

Shear

Torsion : A twisting or turning force Fatique: Progressive fracture

Creep : A slow progressing, permanent deformation that results from a steady force acting on a material

After 2 years

Permanent deformation

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Brainstorm and Research Step 3 of Problem Solving Process: Brainstorm and Research

Technology 7 Bridge Design Journal Entry #2 11-21-13

Today in class we watch a video called “Building Big Bridges” As the video played we filled out a question sheet. Each question is worth $20 in Tech money. I will use this money to pay for the materials and tools that my group uses to build our bridge. See attached Building big worksheets. For homework we are to look up bridges in the Rochester area. We learned about bridges built all across America. I liked the story of the Brooklyn bridge and the elephant that walked across it first to prove that it was strong enough for people to walk across it!

http://ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com/2011/12/22/the-elephants-that-tested-the-new-brooklyn-bridge/ “When the Brooklyn Bridge—under construction for 13 years—was gearing up for opening day in May 1883, 19th century New York’s biggest showman made a proposal. To test out the bridge, P.T. Barnum offered, he’d walk his troupe of elephants across it. Authorities turned him down. But a year later, on May 17, 1884, his elephant march (plus other creatures) happened, as this 2004 New Yorker cover cleverly illustrates.” It was a demonstration to the public that the bridge was safe and a brilliant promotional stunt for Barnum’s Museum and touring show.

The first Iron Bridge in the world. Made from cast iron and build piece by piece and assembled on the site. I found this picture of Mr. Darling on his web site. He is standing on the “Iron Bridge “ in England.

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Step 3 of Problem Solving Process: Brainstorm and Research

Homework: More Research: Bridges in Rochester NY

Technology 7 Bridge Design Journal Entry #2 11-21-13

Ap77 ex RWO Bridge Bridge built by R W & O to their depot. Last used to carry coal to power station. Photo taken by Ed Storey about 1980

Towers and bridge truss designs lots of Triangles

Hojack Swing Bridge at mouth of Genesee River

Overview: Abandoned through truss bridge over

Genesee River

Location: Rochester, Monroe County, New York

Status: Removed but not replaced

History: Built 1905

Builder: - King Bridge Co. of Cleveland, Ohio:

Design: Through truss

Info from :

http://bridgehunter.com/ny/monroe/hojack-swing/

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OverviewThrough truss bridge over Erie Canal on NY 31 in PittsfordLocationBrighton, Monroe County, New YorkStatusOpen to trafficHistoryBuilt 1941; rehabilitated 1973DesignPolygonal Warren through truss with alternating verticalsDimensionsLength of largest span: 239.8 ft. Total length: 382.9 ft. Deck width: 42.0 ft. Vertical clearance above deck: 14.7 ft. Approximate latitude, longitude+43.09333, -77.52167 (decimal degrees) 43°05'36" N, 77°31'18" W (degrees°minutes'seconds")Approximate UTM coordinates18/294769/4774265 (zone/easting/northing)USGS topographic mapPittsfordInventory numbersNY 4443290 (New York State bridge identification number) BH 26272 (Bridgehunter.com ID)Inspection (as of 11/2010)Deck condition rating: Fair (5 out of 9) Superstructure condition rating: Fair (5 out of 9) Substructure condition rating: Good (7 out of 9) Appraisal: Functionally obsolete Sufficiency rating: 57.6 (out of 100) Average daily traffic (as of 2011)19,100

http://bridgehunter.com/ny/monroe/4443290/

Technology 7 Bridge Design Journal Entry #2 11-21-13

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Today in class Mr. Darling showed us the bridge crusher and how our bridge would be crushed. A 1” piece of steel must fit thru the center of our bridge so that the bridge crusher can pull down on the trusses of our design.

Step 4 of Problem Solving Process: Select a Solution We went over how to make a rough drawing for our bridge. We are to select a 2 thumbnail designs or create a new design and make at least 2 rough drawings to scale. After we create 2 rough drawings we are to select one of them and create a cost estimate for building that design. Rough Drawing: this is a more detailed drawing of your thumbnail that is drawn to scale Cost Estimate: this is done to have an idea of how much a job or in our case how much our bridge design would cost to build.

See the attached sheets for our teams 2 rough drawings from each group member and our 1 cost estimate from each group member. Cost of materials: 1. Each 24” long ¼” by ¼” piece of Poplar Wood cost $100 2. Wood glue cost $50 in total unless excessive glue is used then you are fined which would increase you effeciency factor. 3 Hot Glue cost $50 4. Extra assistance will cost Tech Money but not be added to the cost of your bridge Bridge Testing Device The picture below is of the bridge-testing device. The following are procedures for testing. The span of the testing device is approximately 10”. (Span refers to the distance between the black blocks that the bridge sets against.) Your bridge must be longer than the span. The bridge will be “crushed” by a 1” wide piece of steel. This piece is connected to a threaded rod that pulls down and applies pressure to the “roadbed”/lower members of the bridge. You must plan into your bridge design a place for the 1” piece of steel to fit through. The steel may be placed at a diagonal but it must be in direct contact with the roadbed or the members that are in direct contact with the black blocks. (Note the piece of steel at a diagonal.)

Technology 7 Bridge Design Journal Entry #3 11-25-13

Bridge Crusher

1” piece of steel that must fit thru the center of our design

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Today in class we had our 2 rough drawings signed and our 1 cost estimate signed. These go into our design journal . The cost estimate is worth 15 point of the project and every team member needs to have their own cost estimate in the journal.

Step 3 of the Problem Solving Process: More Research

We Picked our Team members for the project.

Today we were also introduced to “West Point Bridge Designer “. This is a simulation software where you build a bridge on the computer for the least amount of money. The truck needs to drive across the bridge safely without the bridge collapsing. We had certain parameters to follow: see below

Technology 7 Bridge Design Journal Entry #4 12-2-13

West Point Bridge Designer 2013 Competition Web Site for Downloading http://bridgecontest.usma.edu/download.htm The West Point Bridge Designer 2013 will introduce you to engineering through an authentic, hands-on design experience. This software provides you with the tools to model, test, and optimize a steel highway bridge, based on realistic specifications, constraints, and performance criteria. http://bridgecontest.usma.edu/download.htm

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Technology 7 Bridge Design Journal Entry #4 12-2-13

West Point Bridge Designer 2013 Competition

West Point Bridge Designer WPBD 2013 http://bridgecontest.usma.edu/download.htm The West Point Bridge Designer is provided and intended solely for educational use. Use of the West Point Bridge Designer does not constitute endorsement by the United States Government, the Department of the Army, or the United States Military Academy of any project or design. Use of the West Point Bridge Designer for commercial or construction purposes is strictly prohibited. ® The purpose of using this program for our class is to experiment, (trial & error) with shapes/designs. You are NOT using West Point to design the exact bridge that you will build!

Within west point you can change your design by adding more joints, changing the size and material of each member. As you draw your design it will create a spreadsheet of your members, what they are made of and keep track of the price of your bridge. Once you test the bridge it will show you which members are under compression and tension.

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Technology 7 Bridge Design Journal Entry #4 12-2-13

Truss designs are not just for bridges. Check out these truss designs of roofs on building

Types of Roof Trusses Used in Building Homes http://www.raftertales.com/home-

remodeling/roof-truss/

Two basic types of roof truss designs are used in home building; the pitched or common truss and the parallel chord or flat truss. A common truss is recognizable by its triangular shape and is most often used in roof construction. Most often, variations of the common truss are named for their web configuration, such as the King Post, Fan, Fink and Howe trusses, with the chord size and web configuration typically being determined by the load, span and spacing. A parallel chord or flat truss is so named for its parallel top and bottom chords and is often used to construct floors. There are many roof truss types and variations including Arch Frame, Belgian, Bowstring, Dropped Chord, Gambrel, Hip Step-down, Howe, Parallel Chord, Pratt Bottom Chord, Pratt Top Chord, Raised Heel, Scissor, Semi Howe, Slope Frame and Warren. Each type of roof truss offers pros and cons and is designed to suit specific structural and aesthetic purposes. It is important to understand the different types of roof trusses when designing a new home, doing major remodeling or a room addition. This will help match the look and function of your home’s roof to the correct roof truss type and design. Both aesthetic and functional considerations are required in choosing the best type of truss to use for a given roof shape, size and design complexity. You will want to discuss all of these factors with your architect and roof truss engineer before ordering roof trusses for any new home or major remodeling project

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Technology 7 Bridge Design Journal Entry #4 12-2-13

Truss designs are not just for bridges. Check out these truss designs.

Construction Crane

Eiffel Tower France

Base for a Water Tower

Crane Boom has trusses

Ocean Oil Rig platform

Cell phone Tower

Power lines Tower

Cell tower Base

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Technology 7 Bridge Design Journal Entry #5 12-4-13

Mechanical Drawing Types of Joints used to join members (hidden lines) Reading a Ruler Drawing Tools Title Block and Materials Purchased Block Drawing Outer Members Today in class we learned how to make a full size mechanical drawing of our bridge using the drawing tools. We also learned about different joints that we could use for joining our members together. We discussed were a hidden (a dash line) should be used to represent members the overlap or that are on top or behind each other. We layed out and drew a MATERIALS LIST area and a TITLE block for the names of each group member, class, date, and name of our group. We are going to be called the “The Behemoth Beavers” Any writing on the drawing should be done in all caps. As a group we decided on which one of our bridges we wanted to build and we drew the outside members of the bridge.

Each member is ¼” wide that is 4 lines on the Ruler that is in 1/16”increments.

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Technology 7 Bridge Design Journal Entry #5 12-4-13

Mechanical Drawing

Drawing Tools

Drawing Board: A flat square surface to draw on

T Square: Used to draw straight horizontal parallel lines

Drawing tools for the bridge project

Drawing Triangles: Used to draw Vertical lines or 30 degree/45 degree/60 degree angles

45: / 90 : Triangle 30: / 60: / 90 : Triangle

Dry erase Bag Drafting Brush

Used to remove eraser shaving left behind. Will not smear pencil lead

Types of Wood Joints for bridge project

End to End

End Grain to End Grain is a weak joint. Why?

Glue goes here

Technology 7 Bridge Design Journal Entry #5 12-4-13

End grain is open and porous. It is the trees way of transporting nutrients and fluids from the roots to the leaves and back. End grain will suck up your glue making a weak joint.

End grain shows the annual rings and the age of the tree.

End Grain to End Grain is a weak joint. Why?

This is end grain of red oak it is very porous

Types of Wood Joints for bridge project

End to Edge

Glue goes here

End to Edge is a better glue joint

Types of Wood Joints for bridge project

Edge to Edge

Glue goes here

Edge to Edge is a good strong joint

With Edge to Edge the pieces overlap

Types of Wood Joints for bridge project

When you draw a Edge to Edge Joint you must use a dashed line known as a Hidden Line

Hidden line represents an overlap

Types of Wood Joints for bridge project

In this Edge to Edge Joint example member 2 is on top of member 1

Hidden line goes here. It represents an overlap of materials

1

2

Types of Wood Joints for bridge project

In this Edge to Edge Joint example member 1 is on top of member 2

Hidden lines go here. They represent an overlap of materials

1

2

Types of Wood Joints for bridge project

A combination of End To Edge and Edge to Edge wood joints seem to work very well for our bridge project

End to Edge

Edge to Edge

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Technology 7 Bridge Design Journal Entry #6 12-6-13

Mechanical Drawing We reviewed : Types of Joints used to join members (hidden lines) Reading a Ruler Drawing Tools Title Block and Materials Purchased Block We learned how to draw our outside member of our truss design onto the Mechanical drwing We worked on Drawing the Outer Members,worked on design journal entry #7 and some of us worked on west point.

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Technology 7 Bridge Design Journal Entry #7 12-10-13

Today we: Were Introduced to the Tools used to build our bridge Given General Safety Rules Handout to Read for Homework Mr. Darling showed us how to dimension Bridge Drawing We worked on 1. Finishing Mechanical Drawing of bridge 2. Journal Entry #8 3. West Point Bridge Designer Tools used to construct the bridge included the following:

Don’t forget your safety rules especially

Safety Glasses! Safety glasses must be worn anytime we are using a tool or in the work area. They must be put back in the glasses case nice and neat with the doors closed and the dial turned so they can be disinfected for the next class that comes in.

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Technology 7 Bridge Design Journal Entry #7 12-10-13

More Tools used to construct Bridge

Bench Vise: Vises secure heavy materials, as well as small materials for refined finishing processes (cutting, sanding, filing, etc) Wear covered shoes in case you drop this or any other tool on your foot!

Miter: Tool used to guide a hand saw to make precise miter/angled cuts. The miter gets clamped securely into a bench vise.

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Technology 7 Bridge Design Journal Entry #7 12-10-13

More Tools used to construct Bridge

Dovetail Saw: a small backsaw with thin blade, fine teeth, and straight handle used for accurate work (as in cabinetmaking and patternmaking). Very sharp keep your fingers and both hand back of the cutting edge.

Dovetail joint used on a drawer. This cut using a dovetail saw and is a very strong joint.

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Technology 7 Bridge Design Journal Entry #7 12-10-13

More Tools used to construct Bridge

Quick Grip bar clamp: one-handed bar clamp used to secure stock/material while separating (cutting) or combining materials (gluing)

C Clamp: a clamp used to secure materials when working or to hold material together when gluing.

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Technology 7 Bridge Design Journal Entry # 12-12-13

Today in class Mr. Darling reminded us that the bridge journal is worth 30% of our entire grade for the quarter. It is very important to do a good job on this part of the project. The bridge we build is not worth any point even if we take last place. The journal is the most important part of the project. We went over the general safety rules. They are some of the rules we must follow in class to stay safe. Mr. D showed us that it is important to choose good quality wood anytime we buy it even for our bridge project in class.

Always buy good straight boards they cost the same as bad ones

This is Mr. D the Trellis he build in his back yard

Mr. D also showed us how to safely cut the members to our truss using the bench vise, miter, dovetail saw, quick grip and c-clamp. Always keep back hand back from the cutting edge and only 1 person can hold and cut a piece of wood at any one time! He also shoed us how to glue the member together using wood glue. The wood glue cost $50 in Tech money for the entire project and each member must also pay that. The wood cost each person in the group $100 everytime we buy a 24” piece. We have to keep track of how much we spend by recording it on our Mechnaical Drawing “Materials List. If we make mistakes we have to buy more wood. After our bridge is 100% done we can sell extra pieces for a fair price with his approval.