technologies of biomass gasification...example of large-scale biomass gasification technology. 8....
TRANSCRIPT
1/20
TECHNOLOGIES
OF BIOMASS GASIFICATION
Aleksander Sobolewski, Sławomir Stelmach, Tomasz Iluk
Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal
Zamkowa 1 St., 41-803 Zabrze, Poland
2/20
Scope of presentation
1. Information about IChPW.
2. What is gasification?
3. Global situation with regard to solid fuel gasification.
4. Gasification of biomass - why?
5. Biomass gasification reactors.
6. Examples of small-scale biomass gasification technologies.
7. Example of large-scale biomass gasification technology.
8. Problems associated with biomass gasification.
9. Summary.
3/20
Information about IChPW
Fuels
Cokemaking Waste
Processing
Heat & Power
Production….to deliver the innovation knowledge to support improvement in competitiveness of the enterprises from the carbochemistry, energy, mining and processing of waste sectors, that makes it possible to use efficiently fossil, renewable and alternative fuels.
R&D governmental organisation224 employees171 scientists & researchers
4/20
Slovakia
Czech Republic
Russia
Warszawa
Gdansk
Wroclaw
Poznan
Kombinat Koksochemiczny „Zabrze” (Coke plant „Jadwiga”)
Coke plant BO-CARBO
Coke plant at Huta T. Sendzimira
Krakow
Coke plant „Walbrzych”
Coke plant -„Czestochowa” Steel Works
Coke plant „Zdzieszowice”
Zdzieszowice
Walbrzych
Czestochowa
Nowa HutaRadlin
Kombinat Koksochemiczny „Zabrze” (Coke plant „Radlin”)
Zabrze
Coke plant „Przyjazn”
Bytom
Dabrowa Gornicza
Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal
Zabrze - Poland
Cokemaking industry(high temperature pyrolysis/slow heating rate)
5/20
Power industry
Slovakia
Russia
Warszawa
Gdańsk
Wrocław
Poznań
ZE Ostrołęka
Elektrownia Opole
EC Knurów EC Dębieńsko
Elektrownia Połaniec
EC Żerań
Elektrownia Siersza Elektrownia Jaworzno Elektrownia Łaziska
Elektrownia Konin
Elektrownia Stalowa Wola
Kraków
Elektrownia Skawina
KOGENERACJA SA
Elektrownia Dolna Odra
Elektrownia Szczecin
Elektrownia Rybnik
Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal
Zabrze - Poland
6/20
Gasification: past, current and future research activity in the Institute
Centre of Excellence - CONBIOT
ProjectDevelopment
of CFBR
20032002 2007
2004 2005 2006
Sewage Sludge
Gasification for
CHP Applications
5FP
Development of
small scale
gasification
reactor
Gasification for
integrated power
and fuels prod.
Megadex
1986 1993
indirect co-firing
analysis
ZCE Nowa Dęba
Industrial
implementationDesign, construction and
assembling of prototype
wood chips gasification
reactor;
ENPAL Ltd
Pyrossys process
Pilot plant testsDevelopment of the
prototype construction
of „EKOD” type
gasification reactor
1999 2000
Conceptual study
of Legnica lignite
gasification
POLTEGOR
Institute
2008 2009 2010
Materials and technologies for
hydrogen economy development
based on industrial gases
Ministry of Science and Higher
Education.
Clean Coal Conversion
Processes project
Ministry of Science and Higher
Education.
Low level CO2 gasification for energy
and hydrogen - coal properties and
system performance
COPROSYS
7FPConceptual study of coal
gasification for liquid
fuels production
Commercial partner
Study of coal
gasification for hydrogen
production
Commercial partner
Conceptual study of coal
gasification for
chemicals and energy
production
Commercial partner
FLUID BED
COMBUSTION
PYROLYSIS
SHC+CFBR
Air
CONVERSION
GAS CLEANING
Tlen
Ch
ar
+S
HC
Heat
Biomss
BLOCK DIAGRAM - BIOMASS
PYROLYSIS WITH SOLID HEAT
CARRIER FOR SYNTHESIS GAS
DRYING
Process gas
SOLID HEAT
CARRIER
SEPARATION
Heat carrier
Acronym:
PYROSYN
2011 2012
R&D Programme:Advanced Technologies for Energy GenerationWorkpackage:
Development of integrated technologies for
production of fuels and energy from biomass,
agricultural waste and other materials
CLEAN COAL TECHNOLOGY CENTER
R&D Programme:Advanced Technologies for Energy GenerationWorkpackage:
Development of coal gasification technology for
high production of fuels and energy
7/20
Gasification
The basic gasification process can be described in a simplified way by the following chemical equations:
C(fuel) + O2 = CO2 + heat (exothermic reaction)
C + H2O(steam) = CO + H2 (endothermic reaction)
C + CO2 = 2CO (endothermic reaction)
C + 2H2 = CH4 (endothermic reaction)
CO + H2O = CO2 + H2 (exothermic reaction)
CO + 3H2 = CH4 + H2O (exothermic reaction)
Thermochemical process of oxidising transformation of solid fuels (less frequently liquid ones as well) into a gaseous energy carrier (combustible gas)
8/20
Gasification compared to other processes
Combustion
Pyrolysis
Gasification
Heat
Gas
Bio-oil
Turbine
Engine
Boiler
Chemicals
Fuels
Hydrogen
Electricity
Heat
PROCESS MARKETCONVERSIONPRODUCT
9/20
World gasification capacity
source: http://www.netl.doe.gov
10/20
Gasification of biomass - why?
• provides a diversification of energy sources
• is an interesting alternative to increase the share of RES in electricity and heat production
• can lower greenhouse gas emissions
• inhomogeneous fuel can be converted into a homogenous gas with a considerably higher level of applicability
• gives the possibility to use wastes (e.g. waste wood, agricultural residues, sewage sludge etc.)
• in countries with limited resources of fossil fuels may constitute an interesting alternative of energy production
• faster production of a useful gas in comparison with biochemical biomass conversion methods
• some of the technical solutions allow to obtain emission levels equivalent to natural gas combustion
11/20
Types of reactors
Updraft gasifier Downdraft gasifier
Fluidized-bed gasifier Circulating fluidized-bed gasifier
12/20
ParameterDowndraft
gasifierUpdraft gasifier
Circulating fluidized-bed gasifier
Fuel (biomass)- moisture content (%)- ash content (%, daf)- particles size (mm)
< 25<6
20-100
< 60<25
5-100
< 25<25<20
Gas- temperature (oC)- LHV (kJ/mn
3)- tars content (g/ mn
3)- dust (g/ mn
3)- composition (% v/v)
H2
COCO2
CH4
8004-6
0,01-60,1-8
15-2110-2211-13
1-5
200-4004-6
1-1500,1-3
10-1415-208-102-3
8505-6,52-30
8-100
15-2213-1513-15
2-4
Estimated technology scale (MWth) 1 10 100
Flexibility due to the change of scale poor good very good
General characteristics of biomass gasification reactors
13/20
Examples of small scale biomass gasification technologiesZabrze – Poland
FUEL
GA
S
FEEDER
INDIRECT
FUEL
TANK
BUCKET FEEDER
FAN
GASIFIER
COMBUSTION
CHAMBER
FLUE GAS
STACK
GAS
CLEANING
SYSTEM
ENGINE
ENGINE
COOLING
SYSTEM
FLUE GAS
G
AIR
AIR
AIR
EXHAUST
COOLING
SYSTEM
ASH
Basic characteristics:
• wood chips feed – 0,5 Mg/day
• main gas components:
• CO – 25%
• H2 – 7,5%
• CH4 – 2%
• CO2 – 9,5%
• gas heating value – 4,5 MJ/m3n
14/20
Examples of small scale biomass gasification technologiesLouka – Czech Republik
Basic characteristics:
• wood chips feed – 5 Mg/day
• main gas components:
• CO – 20%
• H2 – 16%
• CH4 – 1%
• CO2 – 10%
• gas heating value – 5,2 MJ/m3n
J. Najser, T. Ochodek, R. Chłond, Energy Market 6(85) (2009) 68-74.
15/20
Examples of small scale biomass gasification technologiesGüssing - Austria
http://www.repotec.at, 05.2011
Basic characteristics:
• wood chips feed – 50 Mg/day
• overall efficiency – 81%
• main gas components:
• CO – 26%
• H2 – 40%
• CH4 – 10%
• CO2 – 19%
• gas heating value – 12 MJ/m3n
16/20
Example of large scale biomass gasification technologiesSkive - Denmark
J. Patel, http://www.forestprod.org/smallwood04patel.pdf
Basic characteristics:
• wood pellets feed – 110 Mg/day
• overall efficiency – 87%
• main gas components:
• CO – 22%
• H2 – 20%
• CH4 – 5%
• CO2 – 10%
• N2 – 42%
• gas heating value – 5,5 MJ/m3n
17/20
Biomass co-gasification with coal
1 – reactor, 2 – riser, 3 – expander, 4 – cyclone, 5 –recirculated char tank, 6 – heat carrier (char) dispenser, 7 –cyclones battery, 8 – fine char tank, 9 – gas combustion chamber, 10 – fuel tank, 11 – feeding screw dispenser, 12 –feeding screw, 13 – fuel gas cylinders, 14 – gas flare
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Exp. 1 Exp. 2 Exp. 3 Exp. 4 Exp. 5 Exp. 6
vo
lum
e f
rac
tio
n [
%]
H2
N2
CO
CH4
CO2
C2-C5
Gas composition
18/20
Problems associated with biomass gasification
Contamination Consequences
Dust
Erosion,
emissions into
the atmosphere
Tars
Deposition on
the inner parts
of the
installation,
filters clogging
Alkali metals
High-
temperature
corrosion
Chlorine,
sulfur
Corrosion,
emissions into
the atmosphere
It is necessary to ensure continuous supply of biomass. Biomass has a variable
composition and low calorific value per unit volume (transportation problems). Usually
there are also difficulties in ensuring a constant supply of uniform composition feed,
humidity and assortment in the long term.
Usually preparation of biomass is required (shredding, drying, compaction).
ParametrDowndraft
reactor
Updraft
reactor
Requirements
Engine Turbine
LHV,
MJ/m3n
4 -6 4 -6 >4,0 >4,0
Tars, g/m3n 1-15 0,5-6
0,100
(0,050)< 0,005
Dust, g/m3n 0,1-3 0,1 - 8
0,050
(0,005)< 0,001
Alkali
metals, ppmbd bd 1 -2 0,2 - 1
Gas
Fue
l
19/20
Summary
• Processes known for many years like pyrolysis and gasification of biomass (mainly wood but also other biomass sorts) have aroused an increased interest during recent years.
• Intensive activities in the world are aimed at continuous development and dissemination of biomass gasification technology; this development is directed to both fluidized bed gasification (large scale) and fixed-bed (small scale) gasification technologies.
• Biomass gasification in small capacity systems seems likely to have a greater prevalence of development (transport logistics, storage issues).
• Biomass gasification technologies can foster economic development of the rural areas, allow to generate electricity and heat based on local sources of biomass.
• Technologies of biomass gasification, due to many mentioned advantages, deserve wide dissemination.
20/20
INSTYTUT CHEMICZNEJ PRZERÓBKI WĘGLA(Institute For Chemical Processing Of Coal)
ul. Zamkowa 1; 41-803 Zabrze, Poland
Phone: +48 32 271 00 41
Fax: +48 32 271 08 09Tax ID No. (NIP): 648-000-87-65Nat. Business Reg. No. (REGON): 000025945
E-mail: [email protected]: www.ichpw.zabrze.pl