target,kizen costing and abc
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By. Amanpreet
Manpreet
Ekta
By.Amanpreet
Manpreet
Ekta
Cost accounting
Cost Accounting is a branch of accounting and hasbeen developed due to limitations of financialaccounting.
Acc. to CIMA, “cost accounting is classification, accumulation, assignment and control of costs.”
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Cost Control Techniques
Cost Control; The process or activity on controlling costs associated with an activity, process, or company.
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Target Costing The concept of target costing had its origin in Japan in
1960s as a result of difficult market conditions.
Target costing can be defined as a cost management tool for reducing the overall cost of the product over its products life cycle.
Target cost is the target price less target profit from the product.
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According to Copper:
Target Costing is “adisciplined process fordetermining and realising atotal cost at which a proposedproduct with specifiedfunctionality must beproduced to generate thedesired profitability at itsanticipated selling price inthe future.”
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Objectives of target costing Downsizing the cost
Making new products compatible to market needs
Motivating the employees to attain target profit.
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Principals of target costing Price-led costing
Focus on customers
Focus on design
Cross-functional product and process teams
Value-chain involvement
A life-cycle orientation
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Stages in Target Costing ProcessDefine the Product:
‘What you are selling and to whom?’ “What do they want it to do?”
Set the Target:
“ What will they pay for it” and “What should I cost to produce?”
Achieve the Target:
“How can we get there?” and “Are we getting there?”
Maintain competitive cost:
“How can we stay ahead?”
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Define the Product
Set the Target
Achieve the target
Maintain competitive cost
Steps in Target costing Process
Advantages of Target Costing Induces for innovations
Reduces cost
Increase spirit of team work
Development of right products
Enhances the probability of market success
Alings the cost of futures with customer’s willingness to pay for them
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Kaizen costing Kaizen costing is a cost reduction system.
Yashihuro Monden defines kaizen costing as "the maintenance of present cost levels for products currently being manufactured via systematic efforts to achieve the desired cost level."
The word kaizen is a Japanese word meaning continuous improvement.
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‘KAI’ means ‘Change or the action to correct’.
‘ZEN’ means ‘Good’.
that means “ change for the better”.
Kaizen is small incremental changes made for improving productivity and minimizing wastes.
Kaizen costing is applied to products that are already in production phase. Prior to kaizen costing, when the products are under development phase, target costing is applied.
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Features Of Kaizen
Widely applicable.
Highly effective and result oriented.
A learning experience.
Team based and cross-functional.
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Phases in KaizenA. Select an event.
B. Plan an event.
C. Implement an event.
D. Follow-up an event.
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Elements of Kaizen Costing
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Advantages of Kaizen Costing Kaizen reduces waste - like inventory waste, time
waste and workers motion.
Kaizen improves space utilization and product quality.
Results in higher employee moral and job satisfaction.
Teaches workers how to solve everyday problems.
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Activity Based Costing
The concepts of ABC weredeveloped in the manufacturingsector of the United States duringthe 1970s and 1980s.
ABC often identifies areas of highoverhead costs per unit and sodirects attention to finding ways toreduce the costs or to charge morefor costly products.
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Activity-based costing was first clearly defined in 1987 by Robert S. Kaplan and W. Bruns.
They initially focused on manufacturing industrywhere: proportion of the direct costs = dec. relative proportion of indirect costs= increased
Activity-based costing was later explained in 1999 by Peter F. Drucker.
He states that traditional cost accounting focuses on what it costs to do something, activity-based costing also records the cost of not doing.
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Cooper and Kaplan described ABC as an approach tosolve the problems of traditional cost managementsystems.
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Activity-based costing records the costs that traditional cost accounting does not do.For eg.:
ABC
STEPS INVOLVED IN ABC
Step 1: Identify Resources
Step 2: Identify Activities
Step 3: Identify Cost Objects
Step 4: Determine Resource Drivers
Step 5: Determine Cost Drivers
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Steps of ABC
ABC: Where to Use?
High Overheads
Product Diversity
Customer Diversity
Service Diversity
Stiff Competition
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