tanks for dangerous goods, accidental mechanics j. ludwig sheet no. 1 title comparision of safety...

J. Ludwig

Sheet no. 1

Tanks for DangerousGoods, AccidentalMechanics

Title

Comparision of safety aspects:oil versus gas pipelines

Jörg Ludwig

Den Haag, March 2006

J. Ludwig

Sheet no. 2


Structure

1. Preliminary remarks

2. Hazard, safety, risk

3. Risk management

4. Measures to avoid hazards; basic design

5. Summary and recommendations

J. Ludwig

Sheet no. 3


The risks from crude oil pipelines are primarily those relating to

environmental pollution.

Risks from product pipelines affect both public safety and the

environment.

Risk from flammable and toxic volatile liquids pipelines as well as gas

and liquefied gas pipelines primarily concern public safety and risk

prevention.

J. Ludwig

Sheet no. 4


Safety and hazard as complementary terms

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Sheet no. 5


I. There is no such thing as absolute safety in the sense of zero risk

(even the renunciation of non-controllable risks bears the risk of

lost benefits).

II. Different technical products, processes, plants and events should

preferably not represent different risk levels for the objects

protected by law and regulation (risk equivalence).

III. The scale for the largest and acceptable risk is not governed solely

by the level of protection that the object to be protected needs;

rather, it is derived from the process of weighing up between the

opportunities (chances) and the risks that are linked to the

introduction of technical/scientific developments (risk adequacy).

J. Ludwig

Sheet no. 6


Risk R can be expressed by a statement of probability that links firstly

the expected frequency of occurrence F (likelihood) of an event that

leads to damage and, secondly, the ex-tent of the damage to be

expected when the event takes place (L = consequence).

In its most simple form it can be defined as:

R = C · F

J. Ludwig

Sheet no. 7


Risk-management

Hazard and Failure Identifications

Frequency Analysis

Initiation, Realization

Control, Review

NO

YES

Scope Definitions

Pipeline, System

Risk Acceptance

Tolerability Decision

Consequence Analysis

Pipeline System Related Measures

Substance Related Measures

NO

Risk Estimation

Initial Risk Evaluation

Basic Design

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Sheet no. 8


Risk analysis attempts to answer three fundamental questions:

What can go wrong (by hazard identification)?

How likely is this to happen (by frequency analysis)?

What are the consequences (by consequence analysis)?

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Sheet no. 9


Simplified scheme for the determination of potential hazards (deductively determined hazards)

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Sheet no. 10


Comment

The potential hazard of liquified pressurized gas is greater than the

potential hazard of liquids, at all.

Environmental aspects, particular hazards (e.g. earthquake),

increasured catastrophe potentials etc. have to be taken into account.

These hazards are not covered by existing regulations, in principle.

J. Ludwig

Sheet no. 11


Modalities of transport –Aspects and procedures related to service conditions

– system design

– pipe design

– design of terminal and intermediate stations

– materials and coatings

– corrosion management

– construction

– testing

– commissioning (prior to operation/on the job)

– operation, maintenance, shut-down, scrapping

– supervision procedures

– alarm planning and emergency planning

– reports and documentation

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Sheet no. 12


Modalities of transport –Non-quantifiable additional conditions I

– batch operation (e. g. gas/liquid)

– particular corrosion conditions caused by the substances

– under ground/above ground modes of operation

– special construction and operation conditions

– guarantee of access to pipeline route

– possible working width

– provision of auxiliary material/energy requirements

– access to and storage of test water

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Sheet no. 13


Modalities of transport –Non-quantifiable additional conditions II

– consideration of junctions and narrowing

– difficulties due to geotechnical conditions

– instable conditions (ground faults, fissuring)

– soft, swampy underground

– rocky underground

– flood areas

– earthquake zones

– permafrost zones

– landslide zones

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Sheet no. 14


Modalities of transport –Non-quantifiable additional conditions III

– areas of cultivation and sanitary fills

– difficulties due to hydrographic conditions

– activities of third parties

– land use

– mining activities

– additional safety aspects

– public safety

– environmental protection

– protection of assets (properties)

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Sheet no. 15


Kind of quantity to be respected

– total amount transported per unit time

– total quantity within the pipeline (stationary)

– quantity in each closable section

– “worst-case” amount that can be released

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Sheet no. 16


Chemical properties to be respected I

– explosive

– inflammable

– oxidising

– self reacting

– decomposing

– polymerising

– toxic

– corrosive

– environmentally polluting

– suffocating

– carcinogenic

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Sheet no. 17


Chemical properties to be respected II

These properties may affect

– directly

– indirectly

– short-term

– long-term

the physical integrity of human beings, and may damage the

environment and properties

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Sheet no. 18


Environmental safety

Damage to the environment could relate to

– areas of outstanding natural beauty

– nature reserves

– areas of archaeological importance

– natural resources (reservoirs, usable forest, woods, etc.)

– stratified water, water conservation areas

– monuments, works of art, cultural possessions

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Sheet no. 19


Effects related to liquids and gases

Liquids:Flammable: immediate ignition followed by a pool fire; or evaporation and

delayed ignition of a vapour cloud, resulting in a flash fire and/or explosion

Toxic: evaporation from pool, formation and dispersion of toxic cloudDangerous to the environment: entry into the soil

Gases:Flammable: immediate ignition followed by a flare; or delayed ignition of the

gas cloud, resulting in a flash fire and/or explosionToxic: formation and dispersion of toxic cloudDangerous to the environment: nothing available

Liquefied pressurised gases:Flammable: immediate ignition followed by a flare or a BLEVE / fireball;

or delayed ignition of the vapour cloud, resulting in a flash fireand/or explosion

Toxic: partial rain-out, and formation and dispersion of toxic cloudDangerous to the environment: dispersion in the atmosphere, affecting fauna

J. Ludwig

Sheet no. 20


Failure modes and duration

The failure modes for different kinds of pipelines are significantly

different , too.

Additional aspects to consider in this respect, besides the

properties of the inventories of pipelines are

– heavy gas behaviour (cooling down effects)

– third party interference

– corrosion behaviour (internal and external)

– aging (fatigue)

J. Ludwig

Sheet no. 21


Summary I

Basic safety can be related to regulations, in principle.

Additional safety aspects have to be considered in relation to different

inventories and their characteristics and properties.

Therefore, initial hazard and failure investigation is of fundamental

importance for the risk management process, regardless if the process

is of a deterministic or probabilistic kind.

J. Ludwig

Sheet no. 22


„Morphological box” - the Safety Cube

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Sheet no. 23


Pipeline design relates initially to the pressure-carrying components

such as:

– piping, pipes

– containers, vessels

– apparatuses, auxiliary facilities

– pumps

– fittings, valves, slide valves (shut-off valves)

J. Ludwig

Sheet no. 24


The application of modern standards, sets of rules and pressure-vessel

codes can provide

– a conservative limitation of permissible stresses

– avoidance of stress peaks with the help of optimised designs

– favourable material properties

– largely optimised manufacturing, construction and testing technology

– knowledge of possible damage and its assessment (liability)

– consideration of corrosive effects

– elevated impact protection

– leak before break behaviour

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Sheet no. 25


This can lead to improvements with respect to

– material coefficients and/or safety coefficients

– increase in safety coefficients generally

– materials-related increase in safety coefficients

– more in-depth consideration of corrosion

– increase in level of welding, manufacturing and testing procedures

– application of similar safety levels for pipes and equipment

components.

J. Ludwig

Sheet no. 26


Transport conditions can be improved by means of the application of a

two-barrier-priciple

– underground pipe laying

– increased earth coverage

– laying of cover plates

– provision of double-walled pipes

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Sheet no. 27


Summary II

Measures for reducing the consequences cannot be taken, easily.

Methods for reducing the consequence are, e.g.:

– limiting the quantity of substances that could be released by

subdividing the pipeline into sections in connection with

– leak monitoring measures and

– remote control for shut-off valves,

– relocation positions of pumping stations etc.,

– changing the routing of the pipeline.

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Sheet no. 28


By creating, raising and optimising measures for

– maintenance procedures

– monitoring and supervision procedures

– alarm and emergency planning

it is also possible to actively or passively counteract undesirable events.

J. Ludwig

Sheet no. 29


Conclusion

Regulations, standards, pressure vessel codes etc. deal with service

conditions and are applicable unrestricted for liquid pipelines, only. In

all cases where additional hazards have to be mentioned – substance

related or pipeline system related – additional requirements have to be

elaborated respectively met. Hazards and failures have to be identified

and measures to cover these have to be developed as complete and

systematically as possible because omissions are hardly to be

recognised later on.

J. Ludwig

Sheet no. 30


Recommendation

Because of the importance of the differences of characteristics and

properties of the pipeline inventories in connection with the key role of

the first steps of each risk preventive strategy some recommendations

on these items should be added to the UN/ECE Draft Safety

Guidelines/Good Practices for Pipelines.

J. Ludwig

Sheet no. 31


Impressum

BAMDivision III.2Unter den Eichen 87D-12205 Berlin

Dr.-Ing. Jörg LudwigPhone: +49 (0) 30/8104-1320Fax: +49 (0) 30/8104-1327E-Mail: [email protected]

tanks for dangerous goods, accidental mechanics j. ludwig sheet no. 1 title comparision of safety...

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