Unit 1-Sustainability of Unit 1-Sustainability of ecosystemsecosystems

Chapter 1Chapter 1Pages 4-36Pages 4-36

InstructionsInstructions

BoldedBolded words will represent keywords words will represent keywords in our text book so please remember in our text book so please remember

to pay special attention to themto pay special attention to them

ItalicItalic words will represent important words will represent important words that are not considered words that are not considered

keywords in the text bookkeywords in the text book

Chapter 1.1Chapter 1.1Capturing energy from the sunCapturing energy from the sun

EnergyEnergy• All organisms use energy. Energy is the fuel All organisms use energy. Energy is the fuel

of ecosystems.of ecosystems.• Energy is transferred through food chains.Energy is transferred through food chains.• Energy isn’t created but instead is absorbed Energy isn’t created but instead is absorbed

by plants.by plants.• If it wasn’t for plants this couldn’t have ever If it wasn’t for plants this couldn’t have ever

existed!existed! - Plants - Plants ProduceProduce energy energy• We are consumers and like most creatures We are consumers and like most creatures

we don’t make energy but instead we we don’t make energy but instead we consume it as it moves up the food chain consume it as it moves up the food chain towards ustowards us

All of our activities;All of our activities;

even thinking requireeven thinking require

energy. The same goesenergy. The same goes

for other organisms.for other organisms.

An An Ecosystem Ecosystem is anis an

area were organisms area were organisms

interact with each interact with each other other

with their environment with their environment

of energy and matterof energy and matter

Food chainsFood chains

Food chains are formed when organisms in Food chains are formed when organisms in ecosystems interact ex. When herbivores ecosystems interact ex. When herbivores consume plants (consume plants (ProducersProducers) the energy is ) the energy is transferred from the plants to the transferred from the plants to the

herbivores herbivores and when those herbivores are eaten by and when those herbivores are eaten by carnivores the energy is transferred again, I carnivores the energy is transferred again, I will elaborate on this topic later in this will elaborate on this topic later in this presentationpresentation

Producers, Secondary Producers, Secondary consumers & Primary consumers & Primary

consumersconsumers• As mentioned earlier most As mentioned earlier most producersproducers

are plants, although there are a few are plants, although there are a few exceptions.exceptions.

• Primary consumersPrimary consumers are animals like are animals like plant eaters (herbivores) who feed on plant eaters (herbivores) who feed on the producers directly.the producers directly.

• Secondary consumersSecondary consumers are animals like are animals like foxes & wolves who feed on the primary foxes & wolves who feed on the primary consumersconsumers

Chapter 1.2Chapter 1.2Feeding levelsFeeding levels

Pages 8-17Pages 8-17

Comparing food chainsComparing food chains

If you were to divide food chains intoIf you were to divide food chains into

different levels you would set producers ondifferent levels you would set producers on

one one trophic leveltrophic level, Primary consumers would, Primary consumers would

make the next and Secondary consumers make the next and Secondary consumers

would make the 3would make the 3rdrd..

• Remember that some consumers may Remember that some consumers may consume organisms from more than one consume organisms from more than one trophic level.trophic level.

How energy is usedHow energy is used

• Most of the energy consumed by trophic Most of the energy consumed by trophic consumers is used just to stay alive, however consumers is used just to stay alive, however organisms need energy to complete daily organisms need energy to complete daily activities.activities.

• Useless energy is usually deposited as waste.Useless energy is usually deposited as waste.

• The amount of energy that is transferred The amount of energy that is transferred from one trophic level to the next is 5-20%, from one trophic level to the next is 5-20%, this shows how much less energy there this shows how much less energy there overall would be available for creatures overall would be available for creatures higher on the food chain.higher on the food chain.

Pyramid of Pyramid of numbersnumbers

Pyramid of Pyramid of BiomassBiomass

Pyramid of energy flowPyramid of energy flow

As explained earlier energy when As explained earlier energy when transferred from one tropic to transferred from one tropic to

the next is overall reduced, and the next is overall reduced, and this is the purpose of the this is the purpose of the

pyramid of energy flow, to show pyramid of energy flow, to show us a comparison of energy flow us a comparison of energy flow

in ecosystems.in ecosystems.

Chapter 1.3Chapter 1.3PopulationsPopulations

PopulationPopulation

• Changes in temperature, food, weather and Changes in temperature, food, weather and other factors, especially human disruption other factors, especially human disruption all can have an effect on the population of all can have an effect on the population of certain species.certain species.

• Two types of competition between species:Two types of competition between species:- Intraspecific competitionIntraspecific competition is competition is competition

among members of the same speciesamong members of the same species- Interspecific competitionInterspecific competition is competition is competition

among different speciesamong different species

DensityDensity

• Population density is a huge problem Population density is a huge problem for many populations of animals.for many populations of animals.

• Density dependant-factorsDensity dependant-factors increase increase in significance as a population grows.in significance as a population grows.

• Density independent-factorsDensity independent-factors are are very different. Instead these factors very different. Instead these factors don't relate to the density of a don't relate to the density of a population.population.

Chapter 1.4Chapter 1.4Feeding peopleFeeding people

AgricultureAgriculture

• Different areas have different Different areas have different properties that affect the productivity properties that affect the productivity of those regions.of those regions.

• When we eat wheat we get energy When we eat wheat we get energy directly from the plants however directly from the plants however when eat meat we usually receive when eat meat we usually receive energy from a place much higher in energy from a place much higher in the food chain, thus there is logically the food chain, thus there is logically less energy available for humans this less energy available for humans this way.way.

Quick Key terms reviewQuick Key terms review

EcosystemEcosystem ProducersProducers Primary consumersPrimary consumers Secondary consumersSecondary consumers Tropic levelsTropic levels DetritivoresDetritivores Decomposers Decomposers Pyramid of numbersPyramid of numbers BiomassBiomass Pyramid of BiomassPyramid of Biomass Pyramid of energy flowPyramid of energy flow

Carrying capacityCarrying capacity CompetitionCompetition Intraspecific competitionIntraspecific competition Interspecific competitionInterspecific competition Population densityPopulation density Density-dependant Density-dependant

factorsfactors Density-independentDensity-independent

factorsfactors Productivity Productivity Biological magnificationBiological magnification

QuestionsQuestions

• What are the What are the differences differences between the between the pyramid of pyramid of numbers and the numbers and the pyramid of pyramid of biomass?, explain biomass?, explain with a example.with a example.

• What are the What are the differences differences between inter and between inter and intra specific intra specific competition?competition?

The ENDThe END

BY: TahaBY: Taha

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