systemwide focus on effective instruction willard r. daggett, founder and chairman june 12, 2012
TRANSCRIPT
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Systemwide Focus on Effective Instruction
Willard R. Daggett, Founder and ChairmanJune 12, 2012
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School Improvement
Schools are Improving
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School Improvement
Changing World
Schools are Improving
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Common Core State Standards, Next Generation Assessments and Teacher Evaluation
Three Central Challenges
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Common Core State Standards, Next Generation Assessments and Teacher Evaluation
Financial Stress
Three Central Challenges
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Schools must find new and innovative ways to improve student performance with
increasingly fewer resources
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Common Core State Standards, Next Generation Assessments and Teacher Evaluation
Financial Stress Change
Three Central Challenges
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Common Core State Standards, Next Generation Assessments and Teacher Evaluation
Financial Stress Change needs to be
Evolutionary not Revolutionary
Three Central Challenges
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School Improvement
Changing World
Schools are Improving
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School Improvement
Changing World
Schools are Improving
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School
Impro
vement
Changing World
Schools are Improving
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Effectiveness and Efficiency Framework
High Cost
Low Cost
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Effectiveness and Efficiency Framework
High Cost
Low Cost
High Student Performance
Low Student Performance
EEffffeeccttiivveenneessss
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Effectiveness and Efficiency Framework
High Cost
Low Cost
High Student Performance
CC DD
AA BBLow Student Performance
EEffffeeccttiivveenneessss
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Application Model1. Knowledge in one discipline2. Application within discipline3. Application across disciplines4. Application to real-world predictable
situations5. Application to real-world unpredictable
situations
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Performance Task drawn from the Ohio Performance Assessment Project.
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Comprehensive Solution
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Organ
izational
Lead
ersh
ip
StudentAchievement
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Organ
izational
Lead
ersh
ip
StudentAchievement
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Teaching
Organ
izational
Lead
ersh
ipInstructional
Leadership
Student Achievement
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Teaching
Organ
izational
Lead
ersh
ipInstructional
Leadership
Student Achievement
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Teaching
Organ
izational
Lead
ersh
ipInstructional
Leadership
Student Achievement
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Common Core State Standards, Next Generation Assessments and Teacher EvaluationFinancial StressChange Needs to be Evolutionary Not Revolutionary
Three Central Challenges
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1 – Incremental Change (Improving Core Practices)
2 – Innovative Change (Fundamental Change of Core Practice)
3 – Transformational Change (Affect Entire System)
The Change Model
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1 – Saddle 2 – Horse and Wagon 3 – Car
Transportation
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1
1 – Google Search
Information Access/Use
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• Analyze Documents—Keywords and headers (Google)
• Meaning / Concepts—Wolfram Alpha
• Complete Task
Semantic Web
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2 + 2Integrate x^2 sin^3 x dxgdp francewhat is the gdp of france?what is the gdp of france / italyinternet users in europespringfieldWeather Springfield
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Homework Term Paper
Implications
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SPOTSPOT
• Integrated ProjectionIntegrated Projection• Projection KeyboardProjection Keyboard
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Projection KeyboardProjection Keyboard
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Projection Keyboard and ProjectorProjection Keyboard and Projector
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1 – Google Search 2 – Google Glasses
Information Access/Use
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Technology should work for you—to be there when you need it and get out of your way when you don’t.
Google X started Project Glass to build this kind of technology, one that helps you explore and share your world, putting you back in the moment.
Project Glass
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Download any movie, website, or piece of information into your
glasses or contact lenses
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•Students will be able to scan the Internet via their contact lenses.
•How will you deal with this in your schools?
In the Near Future…
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Today’s students live in a hyper-connected world,
except in school
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Today’s students live in a hyper-connected world,
except in school OR
are they also connected in school but we just don’t
know it?
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1 – Google Search 2 – Google Glasses 3 – Google Car
Information Access/Use
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Successful Examples
K-12 Education
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Gaming is increasingly being built based upon Brain Research.
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Gaming is increasingly being built based upon Brain Research.
What is the implication to education?
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• Downloaded 1 billion times• Average of 800 bird launches per
download• Collectively 800 billion birds
launched• Over 600 million minutes played
per day• 400,000 years of time played
Angry Birds
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21
1 – Sushi Monster 2 – Math 180
Game Theory in Education
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• Continuous improvement• Immediate feedback
Game-based Programs
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• Addictive
Status of Gaming
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How do you feel about students being addicted to
learning?
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• Addictive• Today’s education games are often
a technologically enhanced version of drill and practice
Status of Gaming
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• Addictive• Today’s education games are often
a technologically enhanced version of drill and practice
• Moving to real-world applications
Status of Gaming
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• Addictive• Today’s education games are often
a technologically enhanced version of drill and practice
• Moving to real-world applications• Enabling more personalized
learning
Status of Gaming
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• Self motivated• Self directed• Intensely interested• Genuinely enthusiastic
Gamification is Turning Towards Education
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Online Instruction
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• 30 states have full-time online schools
• 96% of LEAs have students enrolled in distance education courses at the HS level
Online Learning Facts
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• Fully online model - $6,400• Blended-learning model - $8,900• Traditional school model - $10,000
US Average per Pupil Expenditures
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21
1 – Sushi Monster 2 – Math 180
3 – Online – Gaming based System
Game Theory in Education
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1 – Computer Labs 2 – One-to-One Computing 3 – Bring Your Own Technology (BYOT)
Technology in Schools
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• Instruction• Professional Development• Leadership Development• Data Systems
Technology is a tool NOT a Function
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Technology needs to do to education what it has done to
countless other industries: disrupt it
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1 – Training all teachers to grade essays 2 – Computer grading of essays 3 – Computer-based grading and immediate instruction based on performance
Grading of Papers
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1 – Project-based Learning 2 – Flipped Classroom 3 – Online Gaming-based System
Instruction
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1 – Student run technology P.D. (survey/3 levels) 2 – Teachers are given technology IEP with students as their mentors 3 – Student/Level 3 teachers create alternative instructional delivery system
Professional Development
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1 – IEP for ALL Students 2 – Match student’s learning style with teacher’s instructional style 3 – TBD
Instruction
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1 – Integration of Art/Music/CTE into academics and visa-versa - Interdisciplinary Departments 2 – Career pathway for ALL students3 – TBD
Integration
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Take off the plate
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1
1 – Curriculum Matrix
CCSS/NGA
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• State Standards to State Tests
Road Map
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Oklahoma English LA – OCCT/EOI
High Medium Low
Grade 3 5 6 47 Grade 4 5 5 44 Grade 5 31 5 24 Grade 6 5 6 41 Grade 7 3 9 44 Grade 8 25 8 19 Grade 10 15 15 15 Grade 11 18 16 16
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StateTests
StateStandards
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National Essential Skills Study(NESS)
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ELA Skill: Write clear and concise directions or procedures.
Group Rank
Overall 9
Business/Industry 2
Other Non-educators 10
English Language Arts Teachers 25
Other Educators 8
NESS Study – Subgroup Rankings
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ELA Skill: Give clear and concise oral directions.
Group Rank
Overall 7
Business/Industry 3
Other Non-educators 9
English Language Arts Teachers 28
Other Educators 7
NESS Study – Subgroup Rankings
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Math Skill: Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to right triangles.
Group Rank
Overall 20
Business/Industry 29
Other Non-educators 31
Mathematics Teachers 4
Other Educators 24
NESS Study – Subgroup Rankings
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Math Skill: Understand accuracy and precision of measurement, round off numbers according to the correct number of significant figures, and determine percent error.
Group Rank
Overall 12
Business/Industry 3
Other Non-educators 10
Mathematics Teachers 30
Other Educators 8
NESS Study – Subgroup Rankings
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Proficiency
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600
800
1000
1400
1600
1200
Tex
t L
exil
e M
easu
re (
L)
HighSchool
Literature
CollegeLiterature
HighSchool
Textbooks
CollegeTextbooks
Military PersonalUse
Entry-LevelOccupations
SAT 1,ACT,AP*
* Source of National Test Data: MetaMetrics
Reading Study SummaryInterquartile Ranges Shown (25% - 75%)
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NESS &
Lexile
StateTests
StateStandards
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21
1 – Curriculum Matrix 2 – Next Network
CCSS NGA
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Next Network
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1 2 3 4 5
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CommonCore
Standards
NESS&
Lexile
StateTests
StateStandards
AA
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CommonCore
Standards
NESS&
Lexile
StateTests
StateStandards
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OK. Standards CCSS
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CCSS OK. Standards
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• State Standards to State Tests• State Standards to Research• State Standards to CCSS• CCSS to State Standards
Road Map
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• State Standards to State Tests• State Standards to Research• State Standards to CCSS• CCSS to State Standards• State Tests to CCSS• Sample NGAs
Road Map
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Performance Task drawn from the Ohio Performance Assessment Project.
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• State Standards to State Tests• State Standards to Research• State Standards to CCSS• CCSS to State Standards• State Tests to CCSS• Sample NGAs
Road Map
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State Test NGACreate a large spinner for a game that has at least eight sectors. Each sector should be assigned a different ‘prize’. Prizes should range in value from most appealing to least appealing.
Vary the sectors so that the probability to win a desired prize is much less that the probability to win a lesser desired prize. Calculate the theoretical probability of landing on each prize.
Conduct multiple trials with the spinner and determine the experimental probability of landing on each prize. Which price has the greatest probability and which prize has the least probability?
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AA BB
DDCC
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CommonCore
Standards
NESS&
Lexile
StateTests
StateStandards
ConsortiumAssessment
DDAA
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Gold Seal Lessons
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Gold Seal Lessons
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Gold Seal Lessons
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Gold Seal Lessons
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Focused and SustainedProfessional Development
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32
1
1 – Curriculum Matrix 2 – Next Network 3 – Online Gaming-based BUT we must keep face-
to-face – Personal Skill Development
CCSS/NGA
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32
1
1 – Schools 2 – Teaching 3 – Personalization of Learning
Our Mission
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Organ
izational
Lead
ersh
ip
StudentAchievement
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Organ
izational
Lead
ersh
ip
StudentAchievement
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Teaching
Organ
izational
Lead
ersh
ipInstructional
Leadership
Student Achievement
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Teaching
Organ
izational
Lead
ersh
ipInstructional
Leadership
Student Achievement
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Teaching
Organ
izational
Lead
ersh
ipInstructional
Leadership
Student Achievement
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Needs Assessment
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Comprehensive Solution
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Teaching
Organ
izational
Lead
ersh
ipInstructional
Leadership
Student Achievement
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Culture
Organizational Leadership
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What do you need to do to create a culture to support change?
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• Technology
The Changing Education Landscape
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When the rate of change outside an organization is faster than the
rate of change inside the organization, the end is near.
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600
800
1000
1400
1600
1200
Tex
t L
exil
e M
easu
re (
L)
HighSchool
Literature
CollegeLiterature
HighSchool
Textbooks
CollegeTextbooks
Military PersonalUse
Entry-LevelOccupations
SAT 1,ACT,AP*
* Source of National Test Data: MetaMetrics
Reading Study SummaryInterquartile Ranges Shown (25% - 75%)
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• Technology• Financial
The Changing Education Landscape
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2011 US Federal Budget
borrowing 41% of every dollar it is spending
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• Technology• Financial• Globalization
The Changing Education Landscape
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Equityand
Excellence
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Middle Class
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Shenzhen
1980 - Fishing Village
2010 -
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Port of Shenzhen
Source: Atlantic Monthly
1 / Second
24 / 7
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Wal Mart• Largest Corporation
• 8 times Size of Microsoft
• 2 % of GDP
• 1.4 Million Employees
• More Employees than:
— GM, Ford, G.E. and IBM Combined
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“China today exports in a single day more than it exported in all of 1978.”
Source: The Rise of India and China . . .
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U.S. – 2nd Half of 20th Century•Only Superpower•Highest per Capita Income•1st in Economic Growth•5% of Population > 24% of Consumption
Source: National Academy of Science
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Elementary Schools
6 Years Integrated Science
Biology / Chemistry
Grade 7
Biology / Physics
Grade 8
Physics / Chemistry
Grade 9
Integrated Science
Grades 10 - 12Source: Ed Week 6/6/07
Chinese Science
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PISA 2009
1 Shanghai-China 556
2 Korea 539
3 Finland 536
4 Hong Kong-China 533
5 Singapore 526
6 Canada 524
7 New Zealand 521
8 Japan 520
9 Australia 515
10 Netherlands 508
17 United States 500
20 Germany 497
21 Ireland 496
22 France 496
25 United Kingdom 494
33 Spain 481
43 Russian Federation 459
48 Mexico 425
53 Brazil 412
57 Indonesia 402
Overall Reading
Scale
Significantly Above OECD Average
Not Significantly Different
(OECD Average 493)
Significantly below OECD Average
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PISA 2009
Overall Math Scale
Significantly Above OECD Average
Not Significantly Different
(OECD Average 496)
Significantly below OECD Average
1 Shanghai-China 600
2 Singapore 562
3 Hong Kong-China 555
4 Korea 546
6 Finland 541
9 Japan 529
10 Canada 527
11 Netherlands 526
13 New Zealand 519
15 Australia 514
16 Germany 513
22 France 497
28 United Kingdom 492
31 United States 487
32 Ireland 487
34 Spain 483
38 Russian Federation 468
51 Mexico 419
57 Brazil 386
61 Indonesia 371
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PISA 2009
Overall Science
Scale
Significantly Above OECD Average
Not Significantly Different
(OECD Average 501)
Significantly below OECD Average
1 Shanghai-China 575
2 Finland 554
3 Hong Kong-China 549
4 Singapore 542
5 Japan 539
6 Korea 538
7 New Zealand 532
8 Canada 529
10 Australia 527
11 Netherlands 522
13 Germany 520
16 United Kingdom 514
20 Ireland 508
23 United States 502
27 France 498
36 Spain 488
39 Russian Federation 478
50 Mexico 416
53 Brazil 405
60 Indonesia 383
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• Technology• Financial• Globalization• Demogaphics
The Changing Education Landscape
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FemaleMale
1950
2010
2050
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Medicare vs.College Loans /
Pell Grants
The Battle Lines
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Medicare vs.College Loans /
Pell Grants
Nursing Homes vs.State
Universities
The Battle Lines
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Medicare vs.College Loans/ Pell Grants
Nursing Homes vs.State
Universities
Social Security vs. Pre-School
The Battle Lines
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Social Security
70% Increase
Medicare79%
Increase
Baby Boomers 2010-2020
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Federal Government Budget
88%
SS / Medicare / Medicaid
Interest on National Debt
Defense
12%
Education
Innovation
Infrastructure Programs
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Culture
Vision
Organizational Leadership
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Learning Criteria• Foundation Learning (Achievement in the core
subjects of English language arts, math and science, and others identified by the school)
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Learning Criteria• Foundation Learning (Achievement in the core
subjects of English language arts, math and science, and others identified by the school)
• Stretch Learning (Demonstration of rigorous and relevant learning beyond the minimum requirements)
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Learning Criteria• Foundation Learning (Achievement in the core
subjects of English language arts, math and science, and others identified by the school)
• Stretch Learning (Demonstration of rigorous and relevant learning beyond the minimum requirements)
• Learner Engagement (The extent to which students are motivated and committed to learning; have a sense of belonging and accomplishment; and have relationships with adults, peers, and parents that support learning)
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Learning Criteria• Foundation Learning (Achievement in the core
subjects of English language arts, math and science, and others identified by the school)
• Stretch Learning (Demonstration of rigorous and relevant learning beyond the minimum requirements)
• Learner Engagement (The extent to which students are motivated and committed to learning; have a sense of belonging and accomplishment; and have relationships with adults, peers, and parents that support learning)
• Personal Skill Development (Measures of personal, social, service, and leadership skills and demonstrations of positive behaviors and attitudes)
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Guiding Principles ResponsibilityResponsibility ContemplationContemplation InitiativeInitiative PerseverancePerseverance OptimismOptimism CourageCourage
RespectRespect CompassionCompassion AdaptabilityAdaptability HonestyHonesty TrustworthinessTrustworthiness LoyaltyLoyalty
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Culture
Vision
Structure and
systems
Organizational Leadership
Bui
ld le
ader
ship
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Culture
Vision
Structure and
systems
Sel
ectio
n, s
uppo
rt,
eval
uatio
n
Organizational Leadership
Bui
ld le
ader
ship
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Culture
Vision
Structure and
systems
Sel
ectio
n, s
uppo
rt,
eval
uatio
n
Organizational Leadership
Bui
ld le
ader
ship
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Culture
Vision
Structure and
systems
Sel
ectio
n, s
uppo
rt,
eval
uatio
n
Data
syste
msB
uild
lead
ersh
ip
Organizational Leadership
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Data systems have changed how medicine is being practiced. It
has become more personalized.
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Data systems should enable us to personalize learning but it has
caused us to standardize it
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Teaching
Instructional
Leadership
Student Achievement
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High expectations
Instructional Leadership
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High expectations
Curriculum
Instructional Leadership
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High expectations
Curriculum
Literacy and math
Instructional Leadership
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High expectations
Curriculum
Literacy and math
Dat
a-dr
iven
Instructional Leadership
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High expectations
Curriculum
Literacy and math
Dat
a-dr
iven
Provid
e
prof
essio
nal g
rowth
Instructional Leadership
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Teaching
Organ
izational
Lead
ersh
ip
Student Achievement
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Rigor and Relevance
Teaching
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Rigor and Relevance
Relationships
Teaching
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Rigor and Relevance
Relationships
Content
Teaching
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Rigor and Relevance
Relationships
Content
Teaching
How
stu
dent
s le
arn
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Rigor and Relevance
Relationships
Content
Teaching
How
stu
dent
s le
arn
Inst
ruct
iona
l stra
tegi
es
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Rigor and relevance
Relationships
Content H
ow s
tude
nts
lear
n
Inst
ruct
iona
l stra
tegi
es
Asses
smen
t to
guid
e
inst
ruct
ion
Teaching
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Teaching
Organ
izational
Lead
ersh
ipInstructional
Leadership
Student Achievement
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Needs Assessment
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1 2 3 4 5
Bloom’sBloom’s
CC DD
AA BB
456
321
ApplicationApplication
Levels
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Rig
or
Rig
or
RelevanceRelevance
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Effectiveness and Efficiency Framework
Rig
or
Rig
or
RelevanceRelevance
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INSERT
Digital Media Literacy
Direct Instruction to Facilitate Learning
Smarter/PARCC are in front of us BUT assessment drives instruction
Doctor/Pilot examples
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Insanity
Students Vary
Into Mass
System
Same Outcom
e
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• Medicine• Supermarkets• Music• War• Gaming
Technology has moved us from mass to personalized systems
But NOT in Education
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Culture
Vision
Structure and
systems
Organizational Leadership
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Culture
Vision
Structure and
systems
Organizational Leadership
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Application Model1. Knowledge in one discipline2. Application within discipline3. Application across disciplines4. Application to real-world predictable
situations5. Application to real-world unpredictable
situations
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Knowledge Taxonomy1. Awareness2. Comprehension 3. Application4. Analysis5. Synthesis 6. Evaluation
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1 2 3 4 5
Bloom’sBloom’s
CC DD
AA BB
456
321
ApplicationApplication
Levels
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1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3 4 5
A B
DC
Rigor/Relevance Framework
• Express probabilities as fractions, percents, or decimals.
• Classify triangles according to angle size and/or length of sides.
• Calculate volume of simple three- dimensional shapes.
• Given the coordinates of a quadrilateral, plot the quadrilateral on a grid.
• Analyze the graphs of the perimeters and areas of squares having different-length sides.
• Determine the largest rectangular area for a fixed perimeter.
• Identify coordinates for ordered pairs that satisfy an algebraic relation or function.
• Determine and justify the similarity or congruence for two geometric shapes.
• Obtain historical data about local weather to predict the chance of snow, rain, or sun during year.
• Test consumer products and illustrate the data graphically.
• Plan a large school event and calculate resources (food, decorations, etc.) you need to organize and hold this event.
• Make a scale drawing of the classroom on grid paper, each group using a different scale.
• Calculate percentages of advertising in a newspaper.
• Tour the school building and identify examples of parallel and perpendicular lines, planes, and angles.
• Determine the median and mode of real data displayed in a histogram
• Organize and display collected data, using appropriate tables, charts, or graphs.
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1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3 4 5
A B
DC• Analyze the graphs of the
perimeters and areas of squares having different-length sides.
• Determine the largest rectangular area for a fixed perimeter.
• Identify coordinates for ordered pairs that satisfy an algebraic relation or function.
• Determine and justify the similarity or congruence for two geometric shapes.
• Obtain historical data about local weather to predict the chance of snow, rain, or sun during year.
• Test consumer products and illustrate the data graphically.
• Plan a large school event and calculate resources (food, decorations, etc.) you need to organize and hold this event.
• Make a scale drawing of the classroom on grid paper, each group using a different scale.
• Calculate percentages of advertising in a newspaper.
• Tour the school building and identify examples of parallel and perpendicular lines, planes, and angles.
• Determine the median and mode of real data displayed in a histogram
• Organize and display collected data, using appropriate tables, charts, or graphs.
•Express probabilities as fractions, percents, or decimals.
•Classify triangles according to angle size and/or length of sides.
•Calculate volume of simple three- dimensional shapes.
•Given the coordinates of a quadrilateral, plot the quadrilateral on a grid.
Rigor/Relevance Framework
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1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3 4 5
A B
DC• Express probabilities as fractions,
percents, or decimals.• Classify triangles according to angle
size and/or length of sides.• Calculate volume of simple three-
dimensional shapes.• Given the coordinates of a
quadrilateral, plot the quadrilateral on a grid.
• Analyze the graphs of the perimeters and areas of squares having different-length sides.
• Determine the largest rectangular area for a fixed perimeter.
• Identify coordinates for ordered pairs that satisfy an algebraic relation or function.
• Determine and justify the similarity or congruence for two geometric shapes.
• Obtain historical data about local weather to predict the chance of snow, rain, or sun during year.
• Test consumer products and illustrate the data graphically.
• Plan a large school event and calculate resources (food, decorations, etc.) you need to organize and hold this event.
• Make a scale drawing of the classroom on grid paper, each group using a different scale.
• Calculate percentages of advertising in a newspaper.
• Tour the school building and identify examples of parallel and perpendicular lines, planes, and angles.
• Determine the median and mode of real data displayed in a histogram.
• Organize and display collected data, using appropriate tables, charts, or graphs.
Rigor/Relevance Framework
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1 2 3 4 5
Bloom’sBloom’s
CC DD
AA BB
456
321
ApplicationApplication
Levels
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1
2
3
1 2 3 4 5
A B
DC
• Calculate with numbers, including decimals, ratios, percents, and fractions.
• Understand two-dimensional motion and trajectories by separating the motion of an object into x and y components.
Rigor/Relevance Framework
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1
2
3
1 2 3 4 5
A B
DC
• Know the characteristics and phenomena of sound waves and light waves.
• Understand the effect of sounds, words, and imagery on a listening audience.
Rigor/Relevance Framework
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RIGOR
RELEVANCE
AA BB
DDCC
Rigor/Relevance Framework
Teacher Teacher WorksWorks
StudentStudentThinksThinks
Student Thinks Student Thinks and Worksand Works
StudentStudentWorksWorks
High
HighLow
Low
Teacher/Student Roles
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Workplace
![Page 191: Systemwide Focus on Effective Instruction Willard R. Daggett, Founder and Chairman June 12, 2012](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103111/5514475e5503462d4e8b4c53/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
Where are the Jobs?Non-Routine
Routine• Rules Driven• Problem Solving• Less Innovation/Creativity
• Results Driven• Decision Making• More Innovation / Creativity
1980 2011
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Where are the Jobs?
• Write an Algorithm• Can be Digitized• Can be Outsourced
• Cannot Write an Algorithm• Cannot be Digitized• Cannot be Outsourced
1980 2011
Non-Routine
Routine
![Page 193: Systemwide Focus on Effective Instruction Willard R. Daggett, Founder and Chairman June 12, 2012](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103111/5514475e5503462d4e8b4c53/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
Quad DSkills and Knowledge
• Decision Making• Innovation/Creativity • Goal Setting/Results Driven• Multi Tasking• Work with others
![Page 194: Systemwide Focus on Effective Instruction Willard R. Daggett, Founder and Chairman June 12, 2012](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103111/5514475e5503462d4e8b4c53/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
Education does NOT control its suppliers…Business Does
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Effectiveness and Efficiency Framework
High Cost
Low Cost
High Student Performance
CC DD
AA BBLow Student Performance
EEffffeeccttiivveenneessss
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Greatest Impact
• Culture of High Expectations• Relevance of Instruction• Strong Relationships
![Page 197: Systemwide Focus on Effective Instruction Willard R. Daggett, Founder and Chairman June 12, 2012](https://reader038.vdocuments.site/reader038/viewer/2022103111/5514475e5503462d4e8b4c53/html5/thumbnails/197.jpg)
21
1 – predictive for students then on line --Pete2 –
3 – On line
Funding