My Best Work

in

SCIENCE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank all the people that kept on helping me to make this project done. Also, to our science teacher – Ms. Cristina Areglo who is patient to teach us very well in our everyday life.

DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to my loved ones that kept on helping and supporting me. Also, to my friends that helped and supported me to do this project creative.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION

a. Parts of the system

b.Functions

c. Illustration

d. Different Diseases

e. Proper Care

II. FEEDBACKS

III. GLOSSARY

IV. REFERENCES

INTRODUCTIONThere are many systems in our body and these are :

1. Digestive System -  is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body.

2. Circulatory System -  is responsible for transporting materials throughout the entire body. It transports nutrients, water, and oxygen to your billions of body cells and carries away wastes such as carbon dioxide that body cells produce. It is an amazing highway that travels through your entire body connecting all your body cells.

3. Muscular System - is responsible for the movement of the human body.

4. Reproductive System - is a system of sex organs within an organism which work together for the purpose ofsexual reproduction.

5. Excretory System -  regulate the chemical composition of body fluids by removing metabolic wastes and retaining the proper amounts of water, salts, and nutrients.

6. Respiratory System - is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism. The respiratory system is involved in the intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxidebetween an organism and the environment.

7. Skeletal System -  gives the body its basic framework, providing structure, protection, and movement.

8. Nervous System -  consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body. Together, these organs are responsible for the control of the body and communication among its parts.

9. Endocrine System - refers to the collection of glands of an organism that secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system to be carried towards a distant target organ.

10. Integumentary System - is the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

A-B. Parts of the system and its function1.Mouth -    Inside the mouth are many accessory organs that aid in the digestion

of food—the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands. Teeth chop food into small pieces, which are moistened by saliva before the tongue and other muscles push the food into the pharynx.

2. Pharynx - is responsible for the passing of masses of chewed food from the mouth to the esophagus.

3. Esophagus -  It carries swallowed masses of chewed food along its length.

4. Stomach - This major organ acts as a storage tank for food so that the body has time to digest large meals properly. 

5. Small Intestine -  is a long, thin tube about 1 inch in diameter and about 10 feet long that is part of the lower gastrointestinal tract. It is located just inferior to the stomach and takes up most of the space in the abdominal cavity. The entire small intestine is coiled like a hose and the inside surface is full of many ridges and folds. These folds are used to maximize the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients. By the time food leaves the small intestine, around 90% of all nutrients have been extracted from the food that entered it. 

6. Large Intestine - absorbs water and contains many symbiotic bacteria that aid in the breaking down of wastes to extract some small amounts of nutrients.

7. Rectum - the end of the tube in your body that helps digest food

8. Anus - The opening at the lower end of the digestive tract through which solid waste is eliminated from the body.

C. Illustration

D. Different Diseases1. Ulcers damage the lining of the stomach because of bacterial infections or

adverse side effects of medications such as aspirin, ibuprofen or naporoxen, according to the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse. Spicy foods and stress may aggravate ulcers, but do not cause them. Antibiotics or antacids usually alleviate problems long enough for minor ulcers to heal.

2. Heartburn or acid indigestion results in stomach acid backing up into the esophagus to create a burning sensation or sour taste in the mouth.

3. Celiac disease can affect children or adults. Symptoms include diarrhea, bloating, abdominal pain, skin rash or a thinning of bones. In children it can cause growth failure. People with the disease are advised to eliminate foods

with gluten, a protein that is found in wheat, rye and barley. Gluten damages the lining of the small intestine for people with the disease.

4. Irritable bowl syndrome affects the muscles in the intestines. It can cause gas, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation. 

5. Inflammatory bowel diseases include Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. It leads to severe bowel problems, abdominal pain and malnutrition. 

6. Diverticulitis The disease occurs when pouches in the large intestine become infected and inflamed.

E. PROPER CARE

1. Diet2. Exercise3. Proper Supplementation

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

A-B. Parts of the System and it’s function

1. Heart - It's job is to pump your blood and keep the blood moving throughout your body.

2. Blood - an amazing substance that is constantly flowing through our bodies.3. Blood Cells Red Blood Cells

Red Blood Cells are responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide. Red Blood Cells pick up oxygen in the lungs and transport it to all the body cells. After delivering the oxygen to the cells it gathers up the carbon dioxide(a waste gas produced as our cells are working) and transports carbon dioxide back to the lungs where it is removed from the body when we exhale(breath out). There are about 5,000,000 Red Blood Cells in ONE drop of blood.

White Blood Cells (Germinators)White Blood Cells help the body fight off germs. White Blood Cells attack and destroy germs when they enter the body. When you have an infection your body will produce more White Blood Cells to help fight an infection. Sometimes our White Blood Cells need a little help and the Doctor will prescribe an antibiotic to help our White Blood Cells fight a large scale infection.

PlateletsPlatelets are blood cells that help stop bleeding. When we cut ourselves we have broken a blood vessel and the blood leaks out. In order to plug up the holes where the blood is leaking from the platelets start to stick to the opening of the damaged blood vessels. As the platelets stick to the opening of the damaged vessel they attract more platelets, fibers and other blood cells to help form a plug to seal the broken blood vessel. When the platelet plug is completely formed the wound stops bleeding. We call our platelet plugs scabs.

4. Plasma - The plasma carries the blood cells and other components throughout the body

5. Blood Vessels Arteries

Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen rich blood AWAY from the heart. Remember, A A Arteries Away, A A Arteries Away, A A Arteries Away.

CapillariesCapillaries are tiny blood vessels as thin or thinner than the hairs on your head. Capillaries connect arteries to veins. Food substances(nutrients), oxygen and wastes pass in and out of your blood through the capillary walls.

VeinsVeins carry blood back toward your heart.

C. ILLUSTRATION

D. DIFFERENT DISEASES

1. Myocardial infarction (MI) - An infarction is blockage of blood flow resulting in death of muscle tissue. 

2. Mitral prolapse, stenosis, regurgitation- Blood flows through four chambers in the heart separated by one-way valves. 

3. Angina pectoris- Literally, “pain in the chest.”

4. Arrhythmia/dysrhythmia- Abnormal heart rates and rhythms all have special names like ventricular tachycardia, fibrillation, but generically are termed arrhythmias or dysrhythmia, meaning “no rhythm” and “abnormal rhythm.”

5. Ischemia- Sometimes the heart muscle is not getting enough blood flow, more importantly, the oxygen the blood carries is insufficient to sustain muscle which has a very high metabolic rate, and oxygen demand.

E. PROPER CARE

1. Engage physical activities2. Quit Smoking and Tobacco Use3. Eat High Quality Foods4. Maintain a Healthy Weight

MUSCULAR SYSTEMA-B. Parts of the system and it’s function

1. Skeletal muscles are also known as voluntary muscles as they are under our control and they move only when we want them to move. They are also known as striped and striated muscles as they have striations anatomically and can be seen under a microscope.

2. Smooth muscles are called as non-striated muscles as these muscles do not contain any striations when observed under a microscope. These are also known as involuntary muscles as these muscles are not under our control.

3. Cardiac muscles are also known as heart muscles. These muscles are specially confined to the region of the heart, so they are known as cardiac muscles.Cardiac muscles are involved in the rhythmic beating and contractions of the heart, which are not under our consciousness, therefore cardiac muscles are also known as involuntary muscles.

C. Illustration

D. Diff. Diseases

1. Mytonia - is a medical problem in which the muscles relax slowly after contraction or stimulation. 

2. Mitochondria Myopathies -  refer to a neuromuscular disease in which there is damage to the mitochondria. 

3. Myofascial pain syndrome is a chronic disorder affecting one or more muscle groups.

E. Proper Care

1. Resistance Training2. Aerobic Exercise3. Correct Posture4. Maintain Normal Weight

Reproductive SystemA- B. Parts of the system and it’s function

Male Reproductive System1. Penis- This is the male organ used in sexual intercourse. 2. Scrotum- This is the loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind

and below the penis.3. Testicles (testes)- These are oval organs about the size of large olives

that lie in the scrotum, secured at either end by a structure called the spermatic cord. 

4. Epididymis: The epididymis is a long, coiled tube that rests on the backside of each testicle. It transports and stores sperm cells that are produced in the testes.

5. Vas deferens: The vas deferens is a long, muscular tube that travels

from the epididymis into the pelvic cavity, to just behind the bladder.

The vas deferens transports mature sperm to the urethra, the tube that

carries urine or sperm to outside of the body, in preparation for

ejaculation.6. Ejaculatory ducts: These are formed by the fusion of the vas deferens

and the seminal vesicles 7. Urethra: The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to

outside of the body. 8. Seminal vesicles: The seminal vesicles are sac-like pouches that

attach to the vas deferens near the base of the bladder. 9. Prostate gland: The prostate gland is a walnut-sized structure that is

located below the urinary bladder in front of the rectum. The prostate gland contributes additional fluid to the ejaculate. Prostate fluids also help to nourish the sperm. 

10. Bulbourethral glands: Also called Cowper's glands, these are pea-

sized structures located on the sides of the urethra just below the

prostate gland. These glands produce a clear, slippery fluid that

empties directly into the urethra. This fluid serves to lubricate the

urethra and to neutralize any acidity that may be present due to

residual drops of urine in the urethra.

 

Female Reproductive System1. Labia majora: The labia majora enclose and protect the other external

reproductive organs. 2. Labia minora: Literally translated as "small lips," the labia minora can

be very small or up to 2 inches wide.

3. Bartholin's glands: These glands are located beside the vaginal

opening and produce a fluid (mucus) secretion.4. Clitoris: The two labia minora meet at the clitoris, a small, sensitive

protrusion that is comparable to the penis in males. The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called the prepuce, which is similar to the foreskin at the end of the penis. 

5. Vagina: The vagina is a canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of

uterus) to the outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal.6. Uterus (womb): The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ that is the

home to a developing fetus. 

7. Ovaries: The ovaries are small, oval-shaped glands that are located on

either side of the uterus. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones.8. Fallopian tubes: These are narrow tubes that are attached to the upper

part of the uterus and serve as tunnels for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the ovaries to the uterus.

C. Illustration

E. Proper Care1. Keep them clean2. Eating a balanced diet3. Avoid excess drinking4. Avoid smoking5. Have a good exercise regime6. Drinking plenty of water7. Practicing safe sex8. Avoiding infections9. Visiting a doctor when necessary10. Wearing the right clothing

EXCRETORY SYSTEMA – B. Parts of the system and it’s function

1. Urinary Bladder –  After the kidneys filter the fluid, the remaining wastes go to your bladder. The organ stores the urine, and keeps storing it until you can feel it. When you can feel it, it means that the bladder has become full, and you must urinate to release the wastes from your body.

2. Skin - is to regulate one's body temperature.3. Liver - orders the gall bladder to release bile into the intestines.4. Kidneys -  Wastes in the blood come from tissue breakdown, and from

food. After the body takes and uses what it needs, it sends the wastes to the kidneys. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs, about the size of a fist. Having atleast one kidney is mandatory for living, unless treated immidietally. Because of the enormous amounts of blood passing through the kidney, kidneys sxtract 180 liters of fluid daily. If we extracted all of the fluid as urine, we would lose nutrients and dehydrate, Kidneys are responsible for filtering the filtrate and returning most of the solutes and water to the blood.

C. Illustration

D. Different Diseases Nephritis is the inflammation of one or both kidneys. nephrosis includes symptoms of swelling, protein in urine, low blood protein

levels, high cholesterol levels and elevated triglyceride levels. Cystitis -  The bladder is the storage place for the urine until it is discharged

by voluntary action of body.  Vesicoureteral Reflux - it is said to occur when the urine flows back from

bladder into ureters. Kidney Stones - These are smaller sized deposits of calcium and can be seen

in the nephrons. The stones could also increase or go down to urinary tract causing extreme pain. The stone may also get infected causing further set of complications

The scarring in and around the urethra is called urethral stricture. It blocks the passageway of urine to outside. The disease is more prevalent in women compared to men.

E. Proper Care

1.      Practice a regular bowel movement and urine discharge in clean toilets.  

2.      Drink plenty of water everyday to dilute the formation of salts in the body.

3.      Take a bath regularly to removes the dead skin cells and dirt that may block the pores of the skin.

4.      Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables that contain fibers, it can help in moving bowels regularly.

5.      Avoid eating too much salty and fatty foods, these may cause kidney troubles.

6.      Avoid too much exposure to the sun.  Apply sun block when going to the beach toavoid sunburn.

7.      Exercise regularly to keep your body fit, and it can also makes the lungs and skin more efficient in excreting body wastes.

8.      At the first signs of infection, visit your doctor to avoid further complications.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEMA-B. Parts of the system and it’s function

1. The nostrils: Nostrils are involved in air intake, i.e. they bring air into the nose, where air is warmed and humidified. The tiny hairs called cilia filters out dust and other particles present in the air and protects the nasal passage and other regions of the respiratory tract.

2. Trachea: The trachea is also known as windpipe. The trachea filters the air we inhale and branches into the bronchi.

3. Bronchi: The bronchi are the two air tubes that branch off of from the trachea and carry atmospheric air directly into the lungs.

4. Lungs: The main organ of the respiratory system is lungs. Lungs are the site in body where oxygen is taken into and carbon dioxide is expelled out. The red blood cells present in the blood picks up the oxygen in the lungs and carry and distribute the oxygen to all body cells that need it. The red blood cells donate the oxygen to the cells and picks up the carbon dioxide produced by the cells.

5. Alveolus: Alveolus is the tiny sac like structure present in the lungs which the gaseous exchange takes place.

6. Diaphragm: Breathing begins with a dome-shaped muscle located at the bottom of the lungs which is known as diaphragm. When we breathe in the diaphragm contracts and flatten out and pull downward. Due to this movement the space in the lungs increases and pulls air into the lungs. When we breathe out, the diaphragm expands and reduces the amount of space for the lungs and forces air out.

C. Illustration

D. Different Diseases

1. Pneumoconiosis - literally, “an abnormal condition of dust in the lungs.” A generic name for conditions where toxic particles become trapped in the lungs and cause symptoms and disability such a “black lung” or “miner’s lung” disease. Terms specific to the particulate matter may be given such as asbestosis.

2. Epistaxis - want a fancier name for a “nosebleed?” You got it!3. Cystic fibrosis - an inheritable disease that affects not only the lungs but

other systems producing mucous such as the digestive system. Patients suffer frequent lung infections that are hard to treat because mucous is thick and sluggish and result in increased scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs. They also take multiple enzyme pills because of digestive abnormalities related to abnormal mucous production.

4. Emphysema (COPD) - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, of which emphysema is one of, results in progressive destruction of the air sacs in the lungs and loss of respiratory membrane for oxygen exchange. The bane of long term smokers.

5. Atelectasis - a collapsed lung. Literally, “an imperfect expansion” in Greek.

E. Proper CareTake care of your respiratory system by taking deep breaths once in a while. You need to eat good foods to make your ribcgae strong to protect the lungs and the heart. Those are some ways to take of your respiratory system.

SKELETAL SYSTEM

A-B. Parts of the system and it’s function

Bones

All bones are made up of two types of tissue: compact, or dense, tissue and spongy

tissue. There are four types of bones: long bones (like those in the arms and legs),

short bones (like those found in the ankles and wrists), flat bones (like ribs and

those in the skull), and irregular bones (like the vertebrae in the spine)

Bone Marrow

All bones are filled with a spongy material called bone marrow. Bone marrow is

either red or yellow. Red marrow is primarily found in flat bones. Yellow bone

marrow is primarily made of fatty bone cells and is found in long bones.

Ligaments

Ligaments are bands of tough, fibrous material that are used to connect bones to

create joints.

Tendons

Tendons are similar in structure to ligaments but are used to connect muscles to

bones. A joint strain occurs when a tendon is damaged.

Joints

Joints are formed at any point where two bones connect. Joints can be movable, like

ankles and knees, or they can be fixed like the joints in the skull.

C. Illustration

D. Different diseases

Bursitis is a painful condition impacting the cushioning between the bones,

tendons and muscles near the joints.

Arthritis is a joint disorder causing inflammation and pain in the affected area. 

Osteoporosis causes low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue.

This increases fragility of bones and may be prevented as well as treated upon

onset.

E. Proper Care

1. Engage in regular weight-bearing exercise such as walking, jogging,

climbing stairs, cycling and weight lifting.

2. Eat a healthy diet rich in manganese, zinc and copper.

3. Get at least 8 hours of sleep every night.

4. Avoid smoking and drinking excessive amounts of alcohol.

5. Consume foods and drinks that are high in calcium.

6. Drink at least 8 glasses of clean water every day.

7. Avoid excessive amounts of salt, soda and carbonated drinks, caffeine,

Vitamin A and hydrogenated oils, which are known to diminish calcium

content in bones.

NERVOUS SYSTEMA-B. Parts of the system and it’s function

1. Brain or encephalon, which occupies cranial cavity, and contains the higher governing centers.

2. Spinal cord or spinal medulla, which occupies upper two-thirds of the vertebral canal, and contains many reflex centers.

3. Cerebrospinal nervous system is the somatic component of the peripheral nervous system, which includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31pairs of spinal nerves. It innervates the somatic structures of the head and neck, limbs and body wall, and mediates somatic sensory and motor functions.

4. Peripheral autonomic nervous system is the visceral component of the peripheral nervous system, which includes the visceral or splanchnic nerves that are connected to the CNS through the somatic nerves. It innervates the viscera, glands, blood vessels and non-striated muscles, and mediates the visceral functions.

C. Illustration

D. Different Diseases

Multiple Sclerosis – Literally, “many hardenings,” MS is a disease of unknown cause that manifests as multiple hard plaques of degeneration of the insulating layer of nerve fibers in the central nervous system. The loss of insulation allows “short circuiting” of nerve impulses. Depending upon where the degeneration occurs, patients may suffer paralysis, sensory disturbances or blindness.

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) - the fancy name for a “stroke”. A blood vessel in the brain may burst causing internal bleeding. Or, a clot may arise in a brain blood vessel (a thrombus), or arise elsewhere (embolus) and travel to get stuck in a brain vessel which then deprives brain tissue of oxygen. Depending upon the area of the brain involved, the patient may suffer paralysis, loss of speech or loss of vision.

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) - “Ischemia” was introduced previously in the circulatory diseases module referring to the heart. It literally means “not quite enough blood”. A short period of insufficient blood supply to the brain can have the same signs and symptoms as a stroke such as weakness in an arm, a partial loss of vision, but the problem lasts less than 24 hours. People who get TIA’s are at increased risk of having a stroke in the future.

Epilepsy - a Greek word for “seizure.” Convulsions is another term used. Seizures may have many causes and not all seizures are epilepsy. High fevers in young children may trigger seizures which are short in duration, easily controlled and, typically, have no permanent aftereffects. Epilepsy is a specific condition which may occur at any age, seizures are more intense, longer lasting in duration, and recur with some frequency. The condition may be controlled with medication, or if unresponsive to drugs, may require surgery.

Aphasia - loss of speech. The speech centers are located on the left side of the brain in a majority of people. If someone suffers a “stroke” (cerebrovascular accident-CVA), or traumatic brain injury, and it involves the left side of the brain, they may suffer speech impediments that vary over a spectrum of problems from difficulty in finding the right word, speaking slowly and with difficulty, or complete loss of speech. Actually, there are two speech centers. Injury described above involves the motor speech area, the area of the brain that produces language by integrating thoughts of speech with the movements of the larynx, lips and tongue. There is a second speech area, the receptive or sensory area, that enables us to understand speech. Injury to the latter results in still fluent speech, but the individual does not understand what they are hearing

E. Proper Care1.      To protect the brain, avoid any fall or accident that can injure it.  Observe safety measures to avoid falls and accidents.

2.      Eat foods for the brain and the nerves.  These foods are those rich in Vitamin B like beans, peas, mongo, and vegetables.

3.      Coffee, tobacco, and alcoholic drinks are not good for the nervous system. Medicines and drugs should be taken only with a doctor’s prescription or advice.

4.      Learn the art of relaxing your mind, nerves, and senses.  Use your leisure time wisely.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEMA-B. Parts of the system and it’s function

Hypothalamus  The hypothalamus, located in your brain, plays a crucial role in your

endocrine system by releasing hormones that control hunger, thirst, body temperature and anger. The hypothalamus’ “releasing” hormones regulate the

secretion of other hormones in your pituitary gland, which in turn affects other endocrine glands in your body. The hypothalamus’ “inhibiting” hormones, as the name implies, turns off the secretion of some of the hormones released from the pituitary.Pituitary 

The pituitary gland is located in your brain, directly under your hypothalamus. This gland is tiny, about the size of a pea, but it plays a large role in your endocrine system.  The pituitary gland is composed of two lobes - the anterior (front) and posterior (rear), each of which produces different hormones.          Anterior Pituitary Gland

Hormones from your anterior pituitary gland are responsible for your growth (growth hormone), reactions to stress (adrenocorticotrophic hormone, abbreviated ACTH), metabolism (thyroid stimulating hormone) and reproductive function (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone). Hormones from your anterior pituitary also stimulate the release of hormones from your gonads, thyroid and adrenal glands. Finally, the anterior pituitary secretes a hormone called prolactin, which stimulates milk production in breasts.Posterior Pituitary Gland

The posterior pituitary gland produces a hormone (anti-diuretic hormone) that regulates how much water is in your body. This gland also secretes a second hormone, called oxytocin, that aids in childbirth (parturition) and stimulates the release of milk from a nursing mother.Pineal Gland 

Your pineal gland is in your brain. It secretes the hormone melatonin, which plays a role in your sleep-wake cycle. Thyroid  

Your thyroid glands, located on either side of your throat, secrete two hormones called thyroxine and triodothyronine. These hormones play a role in metabolism, body temperature, cell growth, and cell differentiation.Parathyroid 

The parathyroid glands are tiny glands located at the back of your thyroid glands. They secrete parathyroid hormone which regulates your body’s levels

of calcium, an important chemical that maintains the proper functioning of cells, and builds muscles and bones.Adrenals

There are two adrenal glands, one located above each kidney. The adrenal glands are composed of two layers, an outer cortex and an inner medulla. The cortex of the adrenal gland produces the hormones cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol is released from the adrenal cortex when your body undergoes stress or exercise, and it aids in metabolism. Aldosterone regulates the levels of sodium in the body and this sodium in turn influences the amount of water in the body.

The medulla of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are also called adrenaline and noradrenaline. The primary hormone released during excitement or stress is epinephrine. This release is commonly known as an “adrenaline rush” and is an important part of your fight-or-flight response.Pancreas 

Your pancreas is connected to your small intestine where it secretes digestive juices to help break down foods. Its endocrine function is to control blood sugar levels by releasing the hormones insulin and glucagon, which work in opposition to one another. Insulin transports glucose from your bloodstream into your cells to feed them, thereby decreasing blood sugar levels. Glucagon, on the other hand, causes stored glucose from your cells and the liver to be released back into your bloodstream, raising your blood sugar levels.Gonads

The gonads refer to your reproductive organs. Male gonads are known as testes and female gonads are called ovaries. The testes secrete a hormone called testosterone, which stimulates the production of sperm and secondary male sex characteristics, such as the growth of facial and body hair. Testosterone also helps build muscle.

The ovaries secrete several hormones, namely estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen stimulates the maturation of eggs that reside in the ovaries. Together, estrogen and progesterone regulate breast development during puberty and the menstrual cycle.Thymus

Your thymus is located just behind your breastbone and secretes thymosins, which help to regulate immune function.

C. Illustration

D. Different diseases Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough

thyroid hormone to meet the body’s needs. Without enough thyroid hormone, many of the body’s functions slow down. 

Thyroid cancer begins in the thyroid gland and starts when the cells in the thyroid begin to change, grow uncontrollably, and eventually form a tumor. There are two types of tumors: benign (noncancerous) and malignant (cancerous, meaning that it can spread to other parts of the body). 

Hypoglycemia, also called low blood glucose or low blood sugar, occurs when blood glucose drops below normal levels. Glucose, an important source of energy for the body, comes from food. Carbohydrates are the main dietary source of glucose. In adults and children older than 10 years, hypoglycemia is uncommon except as a side effect of diabetes treatment. 

Metabolism is the process your body uses to get or make energy from the food you eat. Chemicals in your digestive system break the food parts down into sugars and acids, your body's fuel. A metabolic disorder occurs when abnormal chemical reactions in your body disrupt this process. When this happens, you might have too much of some substances or too little of other ones that you need to stay healthy. You can develop a metabolic disorder when some organs, such as your liver or pancreas, become diseased or do not function normally. Diabetes is an example. 

E. Proper Care1.      Take a bath or wash the body organs often to remove bacteria and dirt in the skin.

2.      Eat the right kinds of food or nutritious foods to secret enough hormones needed by our body. 

3.      Avoid eating too much sweet foods and fatty foods.  Sweet foods may possibly increase the sugar level in the blood.  Fatty foods cause the body to store too much fats/cholesterol which may inhibit the cells to utilize the sugar in the blood.

4.      Drink plenty of liquids specially water to keeps the body fluids in proper circulation.  

5.    Enough rest and sleep in order to repair damaged cells and tissues.  

6.      Exercise regularly to improve blood circulation and to make our body healthy and strong.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEMA-B. Parts of the system and it’s functionThe main function of the epidermis, which is the outermost part of the skin, protects innercells from contamitants and germs. It also has water-proof function. The cell that produces melanin which determines the color of skin is placed in the innermost of the epidermis. The dermis plays lots of roles in the body. First of all, it has sweat glands which produces sweat and excretes wastes from body. Perspiration also

makes it possible to adjust the temperature of the body. And the dermis produces elastin fibers and collagen which make skin more resistant to distortion and traction. So the dermis supports the whole skin in the body. Furthermore, many sensory receiptors, which receive informations from outer environment and enable the body to react swiftly to damages, are placed in the dermis. Unlike the epidermis which doesn't have blood vessels, the dermis can get nutritions directly from its blood vessels, and produce energy for the epidermis. The innermost part of skin is the hypodermis. For fatty tissues exists in this layer, the main function of it is to insulate and conserve heat. Also the fatty tissues in it provides extra protection from physical impacts.

C. Illustration

D. Different Diseases Dermatitis

Dermatitis describes a variety of conditions that cause inflammation of the skin. Merck.com, an online medical library, says seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic inflammation that appears in infants and elderly people. Symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis present as yellow, greasy scales on the scalp that creates a crusted scalp rash known as cradle cap. Atopic dermatitis presents as chronic inflammation that itches and develops into red, crusted rashes.

ImpetigoImpetigo is a bacterial skin infection caused by group A streptococcus or staphylococcus aureus. An infection occurs when the skin barrier is broken and bacteria get into the skin. Skin that's irritated from conditions such as poison ivy and eczema provide a favorable breeding environment for the bacteria. Blisters appear first, followed by oozing and crusting. Impetigo is highly contagious and spreads easily to other parts of the body or to another person.

ShinglesShingles is a skin rash caused by the varicella-zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox. Anyone who has had chicken pox has the varicella-zoster virus resident in the body. It may remain dormant indefinitely, or it may reactivate. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke says that upon reactivation, the virus moves to the nerve fibers supplying the skin. Symptoms include itching, numbness or burning pain. About a week after the initial symptoms, the shingles rash appears as fluid-filled blisters.

RosaceaRosacea is a chronic skin disorder that primarily affects the facial skin. The National Rosacea Society says facial flushing is an early sign of rosacea. The redness is intermittent. Other symptoms of rosacea include a persistent redness that appears like permanent sunburn, small red pimples that burn and small visible blood vessels. Secondary symptoms include dry facial skin, skin thickening--especially on the nose--facial swelling and raised red patches.

PsoriasisPsoriasis, a chronic autoimmune disease, is not contagious. Of the five types of psoriasis--plaque, guttate, inverse, pustular and erythrodermic--the most common is plaque psoriases. Symptoms include raised red lesions covered with dead skin cells. The most common age for onset of psoriasis is between 15 and 35.

E. Proper Care

As people age, dramatic changes take place in the integumentary system. The epidermis thins as basal cells divide less and less. The dermis also thins and its elastic fibers decrease in size. As a result, the skin becomes weaker and starts to sag, forming wrinkles. Melanocytes decrease production of melanin, and the skin becomes pale and hair turns white. Sebaceous glands also decrease production of sebum, causing the skin to become dry and scaly. Blood supply to the skin is reduced and body temperature cannot be regulated as well. Finally, the skin takes longer and longer to repair itself.

Although there is no way to avoid aging of the skin, there are ways to decrease the effects of aging. The loss of elasticity in the skin is speeded up by sunlight. The skin should be shielded from the Sun through the use of sunscreens, sunblocks, and protective clothing. Sunburns are never healthy and should always be avoided. This will also help reduce the risk of skin cancer.

As in all other body systems, the following play a part in keeping the integumentary system operating at peak efficiency: proper nutrition, healthy amounts of good-quality drinking water, adequate rest, regular exercise, and stress reduction. Hair loss and graying are both genetically controlled, but stress can add to both conditions. Exercise and relaxation techniques are proven ways to reduce stress.

Proper daily cleansing of the skin is highly recommended. However, harsh detergents and scrubbing will not make the skin cleaner. In fact, they can injure the skin and cause excessive drying. Greater benefits can be gained by cleaning the skin with gentle soaps or lotions, then applying an appropriate moisturizer to all areas of the body.

FEEDBACKS

GLOSSARY Digestive System -  is a group of organs working together to convert

food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body. Dermatitis describes a variety of conditions that cause inflammation

of the skin. All bones are made up of two types of tissue: compact, or dense,

tissue and spongy tissue Impetigo is a bacterial skin infection caused by group A

streptococcus or staphylococcus aureus. gonads refer to your reproductive organs

Integumentary System - is the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside.

Psoriasis, a chronic autoimmune disease, is not contagious. epidermis, which is the outermost part of the skin

Metabolism is the process your body uses to get or make energy from the food you eat.

Ejaculatory ducts: These are formed by the fusion of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles 

Excretory System -  regulate the chemical composition of body fluids by removing metabolic wastes and retaining the proper amounts of water, salts, and nutrients.

Skeletal System -  gives the body its basic framework, providing structure, protection, and movement.

Brain or encephalon, which occupies cranial cavity, and contains the higher governing centers.

Heart pumps the blood Integumentary System is all about skin.

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-H5L

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