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BODY SYSTEMS

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ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY Nervous System Receives, processes, & transmits information; coordinates all body systems. Endocrine System Regulates homeostasis with chemicals known as hormones. Skeletal System Supports and protects body parts. Muscular System Produces movement. Integumentary System Physical barrier against pathogens, injury, dehydration. Circulatory System Transports O 2, CO 2, nutrients, wastes. Respiratory System Responsible for exchange of O 2, CO 2 Immune System Destroys pathogens Digestive System Breaks down food molecules to absorbable monomers Urinary System Washes blood; regulates blood volume Reproductive System Produces gametes; site of embryo development in females

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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Skin and its related structuresthe hair, nails, and a variety of glandsmake up the integumentary system. Pg. 933 Function of the Integumentary System Serves as a gateway through which sensations such as pressure, heat, cold and pain are transmitted to the nervous system. Serves as a barrier against infection and injury. Regulates body temperature. Removes waste products Protects against UV radiation.

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2 main layers 1. Epidermis Composition and function of Outside layer: made up of dead cells containing keratin (tough fibrous protein) that waterproofs the skin; contains melanocytes (cells that produce melanin pigment); protects against harmful UV rays Composition and function of Inside layer: made up of living cells that produce keratin; replace outer layer dead cells 2. Dermis Contains 7 structures: a.) collagen fibers b.) blood vessels c.) nerve endings d.) glands e.) sensory receptors f.) smooth muscles g.) hair follicles INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

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2 major types of glands: 1. Sweat glands: produce perspiration that removes water, salts and other compounds from the blood; cools body through evaporation 2. Sebaceous glands: produces oily secretion called sebum; helps keep skin flexible and waterproof Composition and function of Hypodermis: made up of fat and loose connective tissue; helps insulate the body Hair and nails Basic structure is keratin Function of hair: protects against UV rays, provides insulation, prevents dirt and other particles from entering the body Function of nails: protects the tips of fingers and toes Major Disease: Skin Cancer Cause of skin cancer: Excessive exposure to UV radiation Preventing skin cancer: wearing protective clothing and proper sun screen

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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Types of Burns

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SKELETAL SYSTEM 1. Describe the function of the skeleton. Protect internal organs, provides for movement, stores mineral reserves, site for blood cell formation 2. What kind of system do bones and muscles provide in order to produce movement? System of levers 3. How many bones make up a normal human adult? 206 4. What are the 2 parts of the skeleton? What bones are found in each? Axial: skull, ribs, sternum, vertebral column Appendicular: clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, patella fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals 5. Describe the composition of bone. Calcium salts, Phosphorous, living cells and protein fibers

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SKELETAL SYSTEM 6. What is periosteum? Tough layer of connective tissue What structure / substances are found within it? Blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients 7. Name 2 types of bone tissue. Compact and Spongy Where are they found within a bone? Compact bone is the outer layer. Spongy bone is the inner layer 8. What are Haversian canals? Tubes in compact bone that contain blood vessels and nerves What type of bone tissue contains them? Compact What structures pass through them? Blood vessels and nerves 9. Which type of bone tissue adds strength to bone without adding mass? Spongy bone 10. Describe each type of bone cell. Osteocyte: mature bone cells Osteoclast: cells that break down bone Osteroblast: cells that produce bone

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SKELETAL SYSTEM 11. What is bone marrow? Soft tissue within bones What are the 2 types of bone marrow? Yellow and red What substances do each type of marrow produce? Yellow marrow produces fat cells. Red marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells and cell fragments called platelets 12. What is cartilage? Connective tissue made up of tough collagen and flexible elastin How do embryonic skeletons and adult skeletons differ? Cartilage makes up almost the entire skeleton of the embryo, whereas in the adult it is mostly found in parts of the body that is flexible ear, nose, rib cage 13. If cartilage does not contain blood vessels, how does it get nutrients? Through the diffusion of nutrients from tiny blood vessels in the surrounding tissue 14. How does cartilage support weight despite its extreme flexibility? Because it is dense and fibrous 15. What is ossification? The process of turning cartilage into bone When does it begin? Approximately 7 months before birth How are osteoblasts and osteocytes involved? Bone tissue forms as osteoblasts secrete mineral deposits that replace the cartilage in developing bones. When the osteoblasts become surrounded by bone tissue, they mature into osteocytes.

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SKELETAL SYSTEM 16. Describe the growth process of long bones. Many long bones, including those of the arms and legs, have growth plates at either end. The growth of cartilage at these plates causes the bones to lengthen. Gradually, this new growth of cartilage is replaced by bone tissue, and the bones become larger and stronger. During late adolescence or early adulthood, the cartilage in the growth plates is replaced by bone, the bones become completely ossified, and the person stops growing. 17. Where is adult cartilage found? In adults, cartilage is found in those parts of the body that are flexible, such as the tip of the nose and the external ears. Cartilage also is found where the ribs are attached to the sternum, which allows the rib cage to move during breathing. 18. What is a joint? A place where one bone attaches to another bone Name the 3 classifications of joints. Immovable, Slightly movable and Freely movable Give an example of each. Immovable: bones of the skull Slightly moveable: vertebra and joints of the lower leg Freely moveable: Ball and socket, Hinge, Pivot and Saddle 19. What are ligaments? tough connective tissue which hold bones together in a joint Where are they found in the skeletal system? Attached to membranes that surround bones 20. What is the purpose of synovial fluid? enables the surfaces of the joint to slide over each other smoothly. What are bursae? small sacs of synovial fluid What substance is within one? Synovial fluid What is the purpose of a bursa? Reduces friction between the bones of a joints and act as tiny shock absorbers 21. Describe each of the following skeletal system disorders. Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa Arthritis: inflammation of the joint Osteoporosis: loss of calcium that can lead to a weakening of the bones

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Joint Ligament Bursa Cartilage Tendons SKELETAL SYSTEM

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The Muscular System

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Function 1. Movement 2. Regulate blood pressure 3. Move food through the digestive system 4. Power every movement in the body

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Types of Muscles

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Skeletal Muscles

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Skeletal Muscle Characteristics Attached to bones Voluntary movements Striated muscle- has alternating light & dark bands Many nuclei Long & slender Complete skeletal muscle consists Muscle fibers Connective tissue Blood vessels nerves

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Skeletal Muscle Characteristics Muscle fibers are made up of bundles of cells One muscle fiber cell is made of myofibril Inside myofibril are 2 different filaments: 1. Actin (thin filaments) 2. Myosin (thick filaments) The striations in muscle cells are formed by the Actin & Myosin

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Skeletal muscles move by contracting. Each muscle is composed of tightly packed bundles of muscle fibers, each containing proteins, which are responsible for muscle movement. Differentiation of muscles cells begins early in embryonic development. Myoblasts (A), the precursors of skeletal muscle cells, fuse together (B), to form multinucleated cells which eventually develop into myofibrils containing contractile fibers ( C ).

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Smooth Muscles Involuntary movement spindle shaped has one nucleus

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Found in

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Eye Control the size of the pupil

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Cardiac Muscle Found only in the heart Striated Smaller than skeletal One nucleus usually- some have 2 Involuntary

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How Muscles & Bones Interact 1. Tendons- tough connective tissue that joins muscle & bones together work like a lever and a fulcrum 2. Opposing muscle pairs- one muscle contracts, the other relaxes

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

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Contraction of skeletal muscles helps move blood in veins toward the heart

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Parts of the Circulatory System HEART BLOOD BLOOD VESSELS

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FUNCTION OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Transportation System of the Body Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Waste Diffuse easily across cell membranes

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2 Types of Circulatory Systems Open Circulatory System = Invertebrates Closed Circulatory System = Vertebrates

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THE HEART

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Made of cardiac muscle 4 Chambers 2 upper chambers ATRIA Receives blood 2 lower chambers VENTRICLES Pumps blood

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External Anatomy Pericardium a protective sac of tissue that surrounds the heart

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Internal Anatomy Myocardium Thick layers of muscle that pump blood through the circulatory system. Surrounded by 2 thin layers of epithelial and connective tissue

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Internal Anatomy Valves Flaps of connective tissue between the atria and the ventricles. When the ventricles contract, the valves close, which prevents blood from flowing back into the atria. Blood moving from the atria holds the valves open.

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Internal Anatomy Septum Divides the right side of the heart from the left side of the heart Prevents the mixing of oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood R.A. L.A. R.V. SEPTUM

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HEARTBEAT The Electrical Activity of the Heart 1 Sinoatrial node (Pacemaker) 2 Atrioventricular node 3 Atrioventricular Bundle 4 Left & Right Bundle branches 5 Bundle Branches

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HEARTBEAT Electrical activity initiates the heart muscle to contract The pacemaker or sinuatrial node, which is situated in the upper wall of the right atrium initiates an impulse The electrical impulse is picked up by a further electrical node called the atrioventricular node, which is situated in the lower part of the right atrium The atrioventricular node picks up the impulse from the sinuatrial node and flows down the central wall of the heart (called the septum) It is the passage of this electric conduction from the top of the heart over the atria through the septum and ventricles that causes the muscle to contract It is the pattern of electrical conduction or electrical wave that is picked up on the electro-cardiogram or the ECG; the tracing of the heart's electrical activity.

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Blood Vessels Arteries, capillaries, and veins

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BLOOD VESSELS

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ARTERIES AND VEINS

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ARTERIES Large vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues of the body Superhighways of the circulatory system Carry oxygen-rich blood, except for the pulmonary arteries Thick walls that help them withstand the powerful pressure produced when the heart contracts and pushes blood into the arteries Contain connective tissue, smooth muscle, and endothelium, allows an artery to expand under pressure Contractions of the smooth muscle regulate the diameter of an artery

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Aorta First of a series of blood vessels that carry the blood on its round trip through the body and back to the heart Blood leaves left ventricle and enters aorta Loaded with oxygen from the lungs.

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VEINS Returns blood to the heart Walls of veins contain connective tissue and smooth muscle. Large veins contain valves that keep blood moving toward the heart. Blood flow through the veins of the arms and legs often occurs against the force of gravity If the walls around the veins weaken from lack of activity, the valves can weaken. This causes blood to pool in the veins, producing a condition known as varicose veins.

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CAPILLARIES Smallest of the blood vessels The walls of capillaries are only one cell thick, and most are so narrow that blood cells must pass through them in single file. Bring nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and absorbing carbon dioxide and other waste products from them

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Circulation Through the Body The heart functions as two separate pumps. 1. Pulmonary Circulation The right side of the heart pumps blood from the heart to the lungs. 2. Systemic Circulation The oxygen-rich blood then flows into the left side of the heart and is pumped to the rest of the body

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Blood Pressure When the heart contracts, it produces a wave of fluid pressure in the arteries. The force of the blood on the arteries' walls is known as blood pressure. Medical workers can measure blood pressure with a device called a sphygmomanometer A typical blood pressure reading for a healthy person is 120/80. The first number is the systolic pressurethe force felt in the arteries when the ventricles contract. The second number is the diastolic pressurethe force of the blood felt in the arteries when the ventricles relax.

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Diseases of the Circulatory System High blood pressure and a condition known as atherosclerosis are two of the main causes of cardiovascular disease. 1. Atherosclerosis is a condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries. Forms blood clots which can lead to a stroke Leads to loss of oxygen to brain causing paralysis, speech problems and even death 2. High Blood Pressure, or hypertension, forces the heart to work harder, which may weaken or damage the heart muscle and blood vessels. Hypertension increases the risk of heart attack and stroke.

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Blood Connective tissue Contains Dissolved substances Specialized cells Collects Oxygen from the lungs Nutrients from the digestive tract Waste products from tissues Helps to regulate factors in the body's internal environment Help to fight infections Form clots to repair damaged blood vessels.

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Blood Cells Red blood cells Erythrocytes Transport oxygen Contain hemoglobin Produced in the bone marrow No nuclei in mature cells Survive about120 days Destroyed in liver and spleen Iron-containing protein Binds to oxygen in the lungs Transports O 2 to body tissues

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Blood Cells Cont. White blood cells Leukocytes Phagocyte Cell eating Engulf and digest bacteria and other disease-causing microbes Lymphocytes produce antibodies that are proteins that help destroy pathogens. Immunity Army of the circulatory system Guard against infection Fight parasites Attack bacteria Initiate immune response Not confined to the circulatory system Travel through the lymphatic system, and attack invading organisms in the tissues of the body Contain nuclei Live for days, months, years

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Blood Plasma The human body contains 4 to 6 liters of blood 45 percent of the volume of blood = cells Other 55 percent = a straw-colored fluid called plasma. Plasma 90 percent water 10 percent dissolved Gases Salts Nutrients Enzymes Hormones Waste products Proteins called plasma proteins.

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Plasma Proteins 3 Groups of Plasma Proteins Albumins Globulins Fibrinogen. Albumins and Globulins transport Fatty acids Hormones Vitamins Albumins regulate Osmotic pressure and blood volume. Some globulins fight Viral and bacterial infections. Fibrinogen responsible for the ability of blood to clot.

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BLOOD CLOTTING PROCESS Platelets Fragments of cells derived from larger cells in bone marrow. Blood clotting process At site of injury the surfaces of platelets become very sticky and they clump around the wound Platelets release the clotting factor - Thromboplastin Thromboplastin converts prothrombin into thrombin an enzyme that helps convert the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen into a sticky mesh of fibrin filaments. Fibrin causes a clot that prevents further blood loss

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BLOOD CLOTTING PROCESS

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Blood Clotting Disorder Hemophilia A genetic disorder that results from a defective protein in the clotting pathway. People with hemophilia cannot produce blood clots that are firm enough to stop even minor bleeding. They must take great care to avoid injury. Fortunately, hemophilia can be treated by injecting extracts containing the missing clotting factor.