System In Human Life

Created By :Aditya Chandra

Defi Rachmasari F.Ericha Mutia P.

Putri WulandaryYurie Sundari

8 a

Map Concept

MOVEMENT

MOVEMENTBONE JOINT

MUSCLE

CARTILAGE

HARDBONE

STIFF JOINT

MOVING JOINT

FIXED JOINT

HEARTSMOOT

HSTRIATE

D

BY:ADT

Movement System

The Movement organs consists of muscles, bones, and joints. Muscle is an active movement organs, since it is the one that moves the bones, so the whola movement organs can move. For example, foot consists of muscles an bones.The bone connection is called joint. Same joint are tied by joint connecting tissue.

A. Muscle Muscle is a tissue whose sella are arranged longitudinally and has the ability to cause tension whisch is parallel to longitudinal axist. Threes muscle tyoes, namely heart, smooth, and muscles. Striated muscle which is found in skeleton is called skeleton muscle.

Smooth Muscle Heart Muscle Striated Muscle

B. Bone Bone which is found in moving organs is called passive moving organ. The muscle does active movement by contraction. They are 2 types of bones: hard and cartilage bones. Hard bone function to give strength to the moving organs. It consists of living bone cells called osteocytes. Amonf the cells, there is intercellular space which consists of protein, phosphorus, calcium, and collagen. Caretilage consists of cartilage cells which are called chondrocytes. Each chondrocyte is in a small space called lacuna. Between the chondrocytes, there is a matrix which contains collagen . As they get older, the skeleton bones slowly develop into hard bones.

Example Picture of Hard and cartilage bones :

Hard BoneCartilage

Bone

Cells of hard bone(osteocytes)In a lacuna

Cells of cartilage(chondrocytes)

In a lacuna

C. Joints The connection between two or more bones is called a joints. Three types of joint :1. Fixed joint : joint between two or more bones which

cannot be moved at all. Example : skull bones.

2. Stiff joint : joint between two ore more bones which can be slightlymoved. Example : Tarsym and Sternum.

3. Moving join : joint between two or mores bones which can be freely moved. Example : gliding, hinge, saddle, ball and socket, and washered joint.

Gliding Joint Saddle JointHinge Joint

Washered JointBall and socket Joint

The Way Muscle Works The muscle movement is done by two muscle which work in turn, either in antagonist or sysnergistic ways. If one muscle contracts, the other one relaxes, or versa, in order to produce the opposite movement. The bending movement is called flexiont movement , while straight movement is called extension movement. Several movement of organs : reflextion, flexion, extension adducation, and abducation.

Abnormality In movement System1. Discolation : Incorrect location or position. Example : the

position of upper end og ulna does not exactly place on the lower and of humerus.

2. Sprained : bruised ligament or joint binder which causes pain due to too forceful pulling of the ligament.

3. Arthritis : joint inflammation. Some causes of arthritis are deases in joint connective tissue.

4. Polio : disease caused by polio virus.5. Fracture : an accident can cause bones broken, cracked, or

brusied.

Picture of Abnormality In movement System

DIGESTIVE

DEGESTIVE

GLAND

FOOD

TRACT

MICRONUTRIENT

MACRONUTRIENTANUS

LARGEINTESTINE

SMALLINTESTINE

VENTRICLE ESOPHAGUS MOUTH

B. Digestive System

Human food digestive occurs in two ways, namely mechanical and chemical digestive. Mechanical digestive occurs in the mouth. Then the chemical digestive will occurs in stomach and in the early part of small intestine.

1. Organ composing the Digestive System

Human digestive system consist of digestive tract and glands. The

length of our starting from the mouth cavity to the end of the anus. The digestive tract consist of :

a. Mouth cavity which is complete with :1. Tongue 2. Teeth 3. Salivary gland

b. Pharynx c. Esophagusd. Ventriclee. Small intestine , which consists of :

1 Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileumf. Large intestine, which consists of :

1. Colon 2. Rectumg. Anus.

Mouth

Mouth is a base of food digestive system in human , the first organ where the food gets in. it is composed of mouth cavity which is completed with teeth, tongue, and salivary gland.

Teeth

The number of teeth in childhood and adult is different. Human teeth are various in shape and size depending on their function . They can be classified as follow :

1. Incisor, whose shape is similar to a chisel.

2. Canine, whose shape is pointed.

3. Premolar and molar , which are bigger in upper part with wavy surface.

Tongue

Tongue is a muscle tissue whose fixed end is in the back of the base. It can move freely, especially in its free end, so it can be used to place the food which is chewed in the correct position so it can be chewed by teeth perfectly.

Salivary gland

Salivary gland secretessaliva, a kind of liquidcontaining amylaseenzyme and water. Thisenzyme function fordigesting starchchemically. Amylum is abig sized carbohydratemolecule.

RESPIRATORY

RESPIRATORY

THORACIC

ABDOMINAL

KINDS

ORGANS

NOSE BRONCHUSPHARYNX TRACHEA LUNGS

Respiratory Sistem

All living organism needs energy to do all activities. Ernergy is obstained from foods that we eat everyday. After having digestive process, nutriens are absorbed by body and transported by blood throughout the body’s cells. Nutrient conversion into energy by using oxygen (O²) occurs within our body’s cells. To be able to gather and absorb oxygen and discharge CO₂ and H₂O as respiratory waste which is called respiratory system.

Respiratory System Organs

Human Respiratory organs comprise of several parts :

a. nasal opening and nasal cavityb. throat (pharynx)c. windpiped. branch of trachea (bronchus) ande. right and left lungs (pulmo)

a. Nose

Nose is the external part of respiratory organ connecting directly with free air.

The main functions of nose are as follows :1) Filters the inhaled air

if foreign material within the inhaled air enters our lungs, they willl disturb our respiratory system. Fortunately, our nose is equipped will tight hair to filter the air.

2) Adapts the inhaled temperatureNasal opening is lined with mucous membrane rich of blood vessels that warms the nasal opening and warm the air that passing through as well. It causes adaption of air temperature before entering the lungs

b. Trachea

Trachea or windpipe branches to the right and left of lungs called bronchus. Moreever, bronchus tract forms smaller branches to lung tissues and terminates in alveoli. The function of trachea is to transport and to filter air the enters the lungs from the nose.

Mucous membrane of throat produces mucous and it is hairy. The hair plays the role to detect whether there is foreign material that will enter the lungs or not. Voicebox (larynx) is connected directly to digestive tract.

c. lungs

Lungs are located in chest cavity and consist of right lung left lung. The lung is separated by heart. Our lungs have cone shaped structure. The front surface is close to the rib cages and the rear surface is close to the back bone.

lungs are composed of some lobes. Right lungs consists of three lobes, whereas left lung consists of two lobes. Every lobe consists of smaller segments (lobule). Small bronchiole tube enters each lobule. Bronchiole continues branching into smaller and thinner branches. The terminal branch of bronchiole is a small sack cluster or alveolar sack (alveoli)

The way human breathes

Breathing is an effort to intake air from outside the body into the lungs (inspiration) and discharge the reminder (expiration). Breath frequency depends on the activity, sex, age and environmental temperature. In normal condition, someone has breath frequency between 15-20 times per minute.

Human respiratory system is regulated by two types of muscles, external intercostal muscles and diaphgram muscles. Therefore, there are two types of breathing, thoratic and abdominal breathing.

A. Thoratic breathing1) Inspiration (inhalation)

When external intercontinental muscles contract, then ribcage lifts up and chest cavity expands. Diaphgram position in inhalation and exhalation. It leads to the declining of chest pressure and drawing the air into the lungs.

2) Expiration (Exhalation)When external intercostal muscles relax, the ribcage turns back to the first

position and thoracic cavity flatterns, which forces air out of the lungs.b. Abdominal Breathing2) Inspiration (inhalation)

When diaphragm muscles contract, it is pulled towards abdominal cavity. Diaphgram becomes more flattened and makes the thoracic cavity expand. It leads to the declining of chest pressure and drawwing the air into the lungs.

2) Expiration (Exhalation)Diaphragm muscles loose and curve back toward the thoracic cavity that makes

the thoracic cavity flatten. It causes the air forces out of the lungs.

Gas exchange process

Pulmanory antery transports the blood from heart to lungs. The blood vesels carry deoxygenated (dirty) blodd that contains a lot of metabolic waste, which is carbon dioxide. The vessels branch and form very thin beds (capillary vessels) in air sack of lungs (alveoli). Capillary vessel is very narrow so the stream moves very slowly. Alveoli and capillary vessels are only separated by a very thin alveoli membrane to allow the gases to diffuses.

Lung Capasity

The amount of air contained in the lung is about 4,5-5,5 liters and it is called total lung capacity. From the air volume, about 1 liter of them is yhe air that cannot be expired from lungs even thought we breathe it out hard. The air is called residual volume. During relax or normal condition, the air breathed into the lungs is about 0.5 liter. The air is called normal breathing (tidal volume)

Abnormalities and Disorders of Respiratory System

A disorder in respiratory system possibly occurs due to the abnormal structure on respiratory organs cause by disease or poisonus gases. Respiratory system disordes caused by infection are as follow.

a. Bronchus is an inflammation of mucus membrane in bronchi. The symptom include cough followed by fever and pain the chest.

b. TBC (tuberculosis) is a lung infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.c. Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharynx caused by certain bacterial or

viral infection. The symptom may include pain when swallowing or sore throat

d. Tonsillitis is an inflammation of tonsist caused by bacteria. The symptoms may include sore throat, fever, and pain on muscles.

e. Diphtheria is an infection caused by bacteria Corynebacterium diphteriae. it can cause heart complication followed by fever and sometimes cab cause paralysis.

What kind of respiratory ilness that caused by noninfection causes

Respiratory illnesses that caused by noninfectious causes are as follows.

a. Asthma is a respiratory that caused by the disturbance of respiratory muscle work. Asthma can be caused by allergic or physical pressure. The sympton of this disease is signed by difficulty in breathing that is shown by shortness of breath.

b. lung or larynx cancer often occurs on heavy smoker.c. Emphysema is a respiratory ilness caused by swollen lung

that leads to shortness breathd. Rhinitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the

nose. It results in the swollen nose and generates of excessive amounts of mucous.

CIRCULATORY

CIRCULATORY

BLOOD

ORGANS

LEUCOCYTE

THROMBOCYTE

ERITHROCYTE

HEART

BLOOD VESSEL

D. Circulatory System

Our circulation system consist of two

main parts, namely :1. Blood vessel and2. Heart.

Blood Vessel

1. Arteriesarteries is a blood vessel

transporting blood from heart throughout the body. The biggest artery is the one closest to the heart is called aorta.

2. VeinVein is a blood vessel

transporting blood from the body back to the heart

our blood vessel consist of arteries and veins. The blood vessels branch

Into smaller vessels called Capillaries

Heart

Heart is necessary to pump the blood throughout thebody and located slightly on the left side in chest cavity.The heart size is almost the same as our fists.

1. Heart StructureHeart muscle is similar

with skeletal muscle, but it has branch structure. Human heart is divided into four chambers, two atrium chambers and two ventricle chamber

D. Circulatory System

There are two types of circulatory system inour body :1. Large circulatory system 2. Small circulatory system.

Large circulatory System

In Large circulatory system, blood is pumped away from heart through arcus aorta throughout the body. Then, blood from tissueis carried back toward heart through

superiorand inferior vena cava.

Small Circulatory System

In small circulatory system, blood is pumpedout from heart towards lungs throughpulmonary artery. The blood is

deoxygenatedblood, which comes from the body that is carried back to the heart through veins.

2. Blood

Blood is a transportation device of importantsubstances in the body. It is a special tissuecomposed of liquid matrix of plasma andblood cells.

Blood Plasma

The composition of plasma is mostly water(90%) and other 10% are protein, amino

acid,sugar, vitamin, mineral salt, enzyme,

hormoneand antibodies.

Erythrocyte

Erythrocyte has biconcave-shaped structureand has no nucleus. The platelets have a

largeamount of hemoglobin . It has a plasma life

aabout 120 days before it is degraded by liver

Leukocyte

White blood cell ( leukocyte ) is produced in red

marrow, lymphoid tissue, and lymphatic gland.White blood cell can be classified in to types,granular cell and agranular cell. Granular cellconsist of neutrophil, basophil, and eosinophil.Agranular cell consist oflimphocyte andmonocyte. The function of leukocyte is todefend the body against infection disease by “eating” the agent causing disease and it iscalled phagocytosis.

Thrombocyte

Thrombocyte cells have irregularshape, smaller than other bloodcells, and no nucleus. The specialFunction of the cell is for blood formation. If the number ofthrombocyte is under the normalrange, the blood has difficulty tocoagulate if injury occurs.

Disorder and Disease of Circulatory System

a. Anemia : a blood deficiency diseaseb. Leukemia : a blood cancer signed by very large amount of white

blood cells because production can’t be controlled.c. Varicose vein : a vein enlargement. It is suffered mostly by adult

or elderly person.d. Sclerosis : a hardening of arteries. It cause disturbance of

bloodstream.e. Hypertension : condition in which a person has high blood

pressure.f. Hypotension : an abnormally low blood pressure signed by

systolic/diastolic pressure under 100/80 mmHg.g. Hemophilia : a blood disorder in which the ability of blood to clot

is impaired at injury.

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