Syllabi for Ph.D/M.Phil Entrance Exam 2017 A. Engineering B. Pharmacy C. Applied Sciences (Physics/Chemistry/Maths) D. Education E. Management & Commerce F. Library Science G. Ayurveda H. Agriculture I. Physical Education J. Life Science K. Tourism & Hospitality

The course content for PhD entrance test will mainly cover questions from specific subject area itself. The PhD test course content will be similar to that of the UGC-NET/SLET content.

A] ENGINEERING SCIENCE Part A] Mathematics and Engineering Aptitude Linear Algebra: Algebra of Matrices, Inverse, Rank, System of Linear Equations, Symmetric, Skew-symmetric and Orthogonal Matrices, Hermitian, skew-Hermitian and unitary matrices Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors, Diagonalisation of Matrices Calculus: Functions of single variable, limit, continuity and differentiability, Mean value theorems, Indeterminate forms and L’Hospital rule, Maxima and minima, Taylor’s series, Newton’s method for finding roots of polynomials, Fundamental and mean value-theorems of integral calculus, Numerical integration by trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Beta and Gamma functions, Functions of two variables, limit, continuity, partial derivatives, Euler’s theorem for homogeneous functions, total derivatives, maxima and minima, Lagrange method of multipliers, double integrals and their applications, sequence and series, tests for convergence, power series, Fourier Series, Half range sine and cosine series. Complex Variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy-Riemann equations, Line integral, Cauchy’s integral theorem and integral formula Taylor’s and Laurent’ series, Residue theorem and its applications Vector Calculus: Gradient, divergence and curl, vector identities, directional derivatives, line, surface and volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems and their applications Ordinary Differential Equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), second order linear differential equations with variable coefficients, Variation of parameters method, higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Cauchy-Euler’s equations, power series solutions, Legendre polynomials and Bessel’s functions of the first kind and their properties Numerical solutions of first order ordinary differential equations by Euler’s and Runge-Kutta methods

Probability: Definitions of probability and simple theorems, conditional probability, Bayes Theorem Solid Body Motion and Fluid Motion: Particle dynamics; Projectiles; Rigid Body Dynamics; Lagrangian formulation; Eularian formulation; Bernoulli’s Equation; Continuity equation; Surface tension; Viscosity; Brownian Motion Energetics: Laws of Thermodynamics; Concept of Free energy; Enthalpy, and Entropy; Equation of State; Thermodynamics relations Electron Transport: Structure of atoms, Concept of energy level, Bond Theory; Definition of conduction, Semiconductor and Insulators; Diode; Half wave & Full wave rectification; Amplifiers & Oscillators; Truth Table Electromagnetics: Theory of Electric and Magnetic potential and field; Biot and Savart’s Law; Theory of Dipole; Theory of Oscillation of electron; Maxwell’s equations; Transmission theory; Amplitude and Frequency Modulation Materials: Periodic table; Properties of elements; Reaction of materials; Metals and non-Metals (Inorganic materials), Elementary knowledge of monomeric and polymeric compounds; Organometallic compounds; Crystal structure and symmetry, Structure-property correlation-metals, ceramics, and polymers Part ‘C’ Computer Science and Information Technology Basic Discrete Mathematics: Counting principles, linear recurrence, mathematical induction, equation sets, relations and function, predicate and propositional logic Digital Logic: Logic functions, Minimization, Design and synthesis of combinational and sequential circuits; Number representation and computer arithmetic (fixed and floating point) Computer Organization and Architecture: Machine instructions and addressing modes, ALU and data-path, CPU control design, Memory interface, I/O interface (Interrupt and DMA mode), Instruction pipelining, Cache and main memory, Secondary storage Programming and Data Structures: Programming in C; Functions, Recursion, Parameter passing, Scope, Binding; Abstract data types, Arrays, Stacks, Queues, Linked Lists, Trees, Binary search trees, Binary heaps Algorithms: Analysis, Asymptotic notation, Notions of space and time complexity, Worst and average case analysis; Design: Greedy approach, Dynamic programming, Divide-and conquer; Tree and graph traversals, Connected components, Spanning trees, Shortest paths; Hashing, Sorting, Searching Asymptotic analysis (best, worst, average cases) of time and space, upper and lower bounds, Basic concepts of complexity classes P, NP, NP-hard, NP-complete Operating System: Processes, Threads, Inter-process communication, Concurrency, Synchronization, Deadlock, CPU scheduling, Memory management and virtual memory, File systems Databases: ER-model, Relational model (relational algebra, tuple calculus), Database design (integrity constraints, normal forms), Query languages (SQL), File structures (sequential files, indexing, B and B+ trees), Transactions and concurrency control Information Systems and Software Engineering: Information gathering, requirement and feasibility analysis, data flow diagrams, process specifications, input/output design, process

life cycle, planning and managing the project, design, coding, testing, implementation, maintenance Electrical Sciences Electric Circuits and Fields: Node and mesh analysis, transient response of dc and ac networks, sinusoidal steady-state analysis, resonance, basic filter concepts, ideal current and voltage sources, Thevenin’s, Norton’s and Superposition and Maximum Power Transfer theorems, two port networks, three phase circuits, measurement of power in three phase circuits, Gauss Theorem, electric field and potential due to point, line, plane and spherical charge distributions, Ampere’s and Biot-Savart’s laws, inductance, dielectrics, capacitance Electrical Machines: Magnetic circuits Magnetic circuits, Single phase transformer- equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, tests, regulation and efficiency, three phase transformers- connections, parallel operation, auto-transformer; energy conversion principles, DC Machines- types , starting and speed control of dc motors, three phase induction motors- principles, types, performance characteristics, starting and speed control, single phase induction motors, synchronous machines performance, regulation and parallel operation of synchronous machine operating as generators, starting and speed control of synchronous motors and its applications, servo and stepper motors Power Systems: Basic power generation concepts, transmission line models and performance, cable performance, insulation, corona and radio interference, Distribution systems, per-unit quantities, bus impedance and admittance matrices, load flow, voltage and frequency control, power factor correction; unbalanced analysis, symmetrical components, basic concepts of protection and stability; Introduction to HVDC systems Control Systems: Principles of feedback control, transfer function, block diagrams, steady state errors, Routh and Nyquist techniques, Bode plots, Root loci, Lag, Lead and Lead-lag compensation; proportional, PI, PID controllers, state space model, state transition matrix, controllability and observability Power Electronics and Drives: Semiconductor Power devices-power diodes, power transistors, thyristors, triacs, GTOs, MOSFETs, IGBTs-their characteristics and basic triggering circuits; diode rectifiers, thyristor based line commutated ac to dc converters, dc to dc converters-buck, boost, buck-boost, c‘uk, flyback, forward, push-pull converters, single phase and three phase dc to ac inverters and related pulse width modulation techniques, stability of electric drives; speed control issues of dc motors, induction motors and synchronous motors Electronics Analog Circuits and Systems: Electronic devices: characteristics and small-signal equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTs and MOSFETs. Diode circuits: clipping, clamping and rectifier. Biasing and bias stability of BJT and FET amplifiers. Amplifiers: single-and multi-stage, differential and operational, feedback, and power. Frequency response of amplifiers. Op-amp circuits: voltage-to-current and current-to voltage converters, active filters, sinusoidal oscillators, wave-shaping circuits, effect of practical parameters (input bias current, input offset voltage, open loop gain, input resistance, CMRR). Electronic

measurements: voltage, current, impedance, time, phase, frequency measurements, oscilloscope Digital Circuits and Systems: Boolean algebra and minimization of Boolean functions. Logic gates, TTL and CMOS IC families. Combinatorial circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers and decoders. Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops, counters and shift registers. Sample-and-hold circuits, ADCs, DACs. Microprocessors and microcontrollers: number systems, 8085 and 8051 architecture, memory, I/O interfacing, Serial and parallel communication Signals and Systems: Linear time invariant systems: impulse response, transfer function and frequency response of first- and second order systems, convolution. Random signals and noise: probability, random variables, probability density function, autocorrelation, power spectral density. Sampling theorem, Discrete-time systems: impulse and frequency response, IIR and FIR filters Communications: Amplitude and angle modulation and demodulation, frequency and time division multiplexing. Pulse code modulation, amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying and pulse shift keying for digital modulation. Bandwidth and SNR calculations. Information theory and channel capacity Materials Science Structure: Atomic structure and bonding in materials. Crystal structure of materials, crystal systems, unit cells and space lattices, miller indices of planes and directions, packing geometry in metallic, ionic and covalent solids. Concept of amorphous, single and polycrystalline structures and their effect on properties of materials. Imperfections in crystalline solids and their role in influencing various properties Diffusion: Fick’s laws and application of diffusion Metals and Alloys: Solid solutions, solubility limit, phase rule, binary phase diagrams, intermediate phases, intermetallic compounds, iron-iron carbide phase diagram, heat treatment of steels, cold, hot working of metals, recovery, recrystallization and grain growth. Microstructure, properties and applications of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys Ceramics, Polymers, and Composites: Structure, properties, processing and applications of ceramics. Classification, polymerization, structure and properties, processing and applications. Properties and applications of various composites Materials Characterization Tools: X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry Materials Properties: Stress-strain diagrams of metallic, ceramic and polymeric materials, modulus of elasticity, yield strength, tensile strength, toughness, elongation, plastic deformation, viscoelasticity, hardness, impact strength, creep, fatigue, ductile and brittle fracture. Heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion of materials. Concept of energy band diagram for materials-conductors, semiconductors and insulators, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, dielectric properties. Origin of magnetism in metallic and ceramic materials, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, antiferro magnetism, ferromagnetism, ferrimagnetism, magnetic hysteresis Environmental Degradation: Corrosion and oxidation of materials, prevention

Fluid Mechanics Fluid Properties: Relation between stress and strain rate for Newtonian fluids; Buoyancy, manometry, forces on submerged bodies Kinematics: Eulerian and Lagrangian description of fluid motion, strain rate and vorticity; concept of local and convective accelerations, steady and unsteady flows Control Volume Based Analysis: Control volume analysis for mass, momentum and energy. Differential equations of mass and momentum (Euler equation), Bernoulli’s equation and its applications, Concept of fluid rotation Potential Flow: Vorticity, Stream function and Velocity potential function; Elementary flow fields and principles of superposition, potential flow past a circular cylinder Dimensional Analysis: Concept of geometric, kinematic and dynamic similarity, Non-dimensional numbers and their usage Viscous Flows: Navier-Stokes Equations; Exact Solutions; Couette Flow, Fully-developed pipe flow, Hydrodynamic lubrication, Basic ideas of Laminar and Turbulent flows, Prandtl-mixing length, Friction factor, Darcy-Weisbach relation, Simple pipe networks Boundary Layer: Qualitative ideas of boundary layer, Boundary Layer Equation; Separation, Streamlined and bluff bodies, drag and lift forces Measurements: Basic ideas of flow measurement using venturimeter, pitot-static tube and orifice plate Solid Mechanics: Equivalent force systems; free-body diagrams; equilibrium equations; analysis of determinate trusses and frames; friction; simple particle dynamics; plane kinematics and kinetics; work-energy and impulse-momentum principles; stresses and strains; principal stresses and strains; Mohr’s circle; generalized Hooke’s Law; thermal strain. Axial, shear and bending moment diagrams; axial, shear and bending stresses; deflection of beams (symmetric bending); Torsion in circular shafts; thin walled pressure vessels. Energy methods (Catigliano’s theorems) for analysis. Combined axial, bending and torsional action; Theories of failure. Buckling of columns. Free vibration of single degree of freedom systems Thermodynamics Basic Concepts: Continuum, macroscopic approach, thermodynamic system (closed and open or control volume); thermodynamic properties and equilibrium; state of a system, state diagram, path and process; different modes of work; Zeroth law of thermodynamics; concept of temperature; heat. First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy, enthalpy, specific heats, first law applied to closed systems and open systems (control volumes), steady and unsteady flow analysis. Second Law of Thermodynamics: Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements, reversible and irreversible processes, Carnot theorems, thermodynamic temperature scale, Clausius inequality and concept of entropy, principle of increase of entropy, entropy balance for closed and open systems, exergy (availability) and irreversibility, non-flow and flow energy. Properties of Pure Substances: Thermodynamic properties of pure substances in solid, liquid and vapor phases, P-V-T behaviour of simple compressible substances, phase rule, thermodynamic property tables and charts, ideal and real gases, equations of state, compressibility chart

Thermodynamic Relations: T-ds relations, Maxwell equations, Joule-Thomson coefficient, coefficient of volume expansion, adiabatic and isothermal compressibilities, Clapeyron equation Thermodynamic Cycles: Carnot vapour power cycle; simple Rankine cycle, reheat and regenerative Rankine cycle; Air standard cycles: Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, simple Brayton cycle, Brayton cycle with regeneration, reheat and intercooling; vapour-compression refrigeration cycle Ideal Gas Mixtures: Dalton’s and Amagat’s laws, calculations of properties (internal energy, enthalpy, entropy), air-water vapour mixtures and simple thermodynamic processes involving them

B) PHARMACY Natural Products: Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry - Chemistry, tests, isolation, characterization and estimation of phytopharmaceuticals belonging to the group of Alkaloids, Glycosides, Terpenoids, Steroids, Bioflavanoids, Purines, Guggul lipids. Pharmacognosy of crude drugs that contain the above constituents. Standardization of raw materials and herbal products. WHO guidelines. Quantitative microscopy including modern techniques used for evaluation. Biotechnological principles and techniques for plant development, Tissue culture. Pharmacology: General pharmacological principles including Toxicology. Drug interaction. Pharmacology of drugs acting on Central nervous system, Cardiovascular system, Autonomic nervous system, Gastro intestinal system and Respiratory system. Pharmacology of Autocoids, Hormones, Hormone antagonists, chemotherapeutic agents including anticancer drugs. Bioassays, Immuno Pharmacology. Drugs acting on the blood & blood forming organs. Drugs acting on the renal system. Medicinal Chemistry: Structure, nomenclature, classification, synthesis, SAR and metabolism of the following category of drugs, which are official in Indian Pharmacopoeia and British Pharmacopoeia. Introduction to drug design. Stereochemistry of drug molecules. Hypnotics and Sedatives, Analgesics, NSAIDS, Neuroleptics, Antidepressants, Anxiolytics, Anticonvulsants, Antihistaminics, Local Anaesthetics, Cardio Vascular drugs - Antianginal agents Vasodilators, Adrenergic & Cholinergic drugs, Cardiotonic agents, Diuretics, Antiypertensive drugs, Hypoglycemic agents, Antilipedmic agents, Coagulants, Anticoagulants, Antiplatelet agents. Chemotherapeutic agents - Antibiotics, Antibacterials, Sulphadrugs. Antiprotozoal drugs, Antiviral, Antitubercular, Antimalarial, Anticancer, Antiamoebic drugs. Diagnostic agents. Preparation and storage and uses of official Radiopharmaceuticals, Vitamins and Hormones. Eicosanoids and their application. Pharmaceutics: Development, manufacturing standards Q.C. limits, labeling, as per the pharmacopoeal requirements. Storage of different dosage forms and new drug delivery systems. Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics and their importance in formulation. Formulation and preparation of cosmetics - lipstick, shampoo, creams, nail preparations and dentifrices. Pharmaceutical calculations. Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence: Drugs and cosmetics Act and rules with respect to manufacture, sales and storage. Pharmacy Act. Pharmaceutical ethics.

Pharmaceutical Analysis: Principles, instrumentation and applications of the following: Absorption spectroscopy (UV, visible & IR). Fluorimetry, Flame photometry, Potentiometry. Conductometry and Polarography. Pharmacopoeial assays. Principles of NMR, ESR, Mass spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis and different chromatographic methods. Biochemistry. Biochemical role of hormones, Vitamins, Enzymes, Nucleic acids, Bioenergetics. General principles of immunology. Immunological. Metabolism of carbohydrate, lipids, proteins. Methods to determine, kidney & liver function. Lipid profiles. Microbiology: Principles and methods of microbiological assays of the Pharmacopoeia. Methods of preparation of official sera and vaccines. Serological and diagnostics tests. Applications of microorganisms in Bio Conversions and in Pharmaceutical industry. Clinical Pharmacy: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Dosage regimen in Pregnancy and Lactation, Paediatrics and Geriatrics. Renal and hepatic impairment. Drug - Drug interactions and Drug - food interactions, Adverse Drug reactions. Medication History, interview and Patient counselling.

C) APPLIED SCIENCE 1) PHYSICS Mathematical Methods of Physics Dimensional analysis. Vector algebra and vector calculus. Linear algebra, matrices, Cayley-Hamilton Theorem. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Linear ordinary differential equations of first & second order, Special functions (Hermite, Bessel, Laguerre and Legendre functions). Fourier series, Fourier and Laplace transforms. Elements of complex analysis, analytic functions; Taylor & Laurent series; poles, residues and evaluation of integrals. Elementary probability theory, random variables, binomial, Poisson and normal distributions. Central limit theorem. Classical Mechanics Newton’s laws. Dynamical systems, Phase space dynamics, stability analysis. Central force motions. Two body Collisions - scattering in laboratory and Centre of mass frames. Rigid body dynamics- moment of inertia tensor. Non-inertial frames and pseudoforces. Variational principle. Generalized coordinates. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalism and equations of motion. Conservation laws and cyclic coordinates. Periodic motion: small oscillations, normal modes. Special theory of relativity- Lorentz transformations, relativistic kinematics and mass–energy equivalence. Electromagnetic Theory Electrostatics: Gauss’s law and its applications, Laplace and Poisson equations, boundary value problems. Magnetostatics: Biot-Savart law, Ampere's theorem. Electromagnetic induction. Maxwell's equations in free space and linear isotropic media; boundary conditions on the fields at interfaces. Scalar and vector potentials, gauge invariance. Electromagnetic waves in free space. Dielectrics and conductors. Reflection and refraction, polarization, Fresnel’s law, interference, coherence, and diffraction. Dynamics of charged particles in static and uniform electromagnetic fields. Quantum Mechanics

Wave-particle duality. Schrödinger equation (time-dependent and time-independent). Eigenvalue problems (particle in a box, harmonic oscillator, etc.). Tunneling through a barrier. Wave-function in coordinate and momentum representations. Commutators and Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Dirac notation for state vectors. Motion in a central potential: orbital angular momentum, angular momentum algebra, spin, addition of angular momenta; Hydrogen atom. Stern-Gerlach experiment. Time-independent perturbation theory and applications. Variational method. Time dependent perturbation theory and Fermi's golden rule, selection rules. Identical particles, Pauli exclusion principle, spin-statistics connection. Thermodynamic and Statistical Physics Laws of thermodynamics and their consequences. Thermodynamic potentials, Maxwell relations, chemical potential, phase equilibria. Phase space, micro- and macro-states. Micro-canonical, canonical and grand-canonical ensembles and partition functions. Free energy and its connection with thermodynamic quantities. Classical and quantum statistics. Ideal Bose and Fermi gases. Principle of detailed balance. Blackbody radiation and Planck's distribution law. Electronics and Experimental Methods Semiconductor devices (diodes, junctions, transistors, field effect devices, homo- and hetero-junction devices), device structure, device characteristics, frequency dependence and applications. Opto-electronic devices (solar cells, photo-detectors, LEDs). Operational amplifiers and their applications. Digital techniques and applications (registers, counters, comparators and similar circuits). A/D and D/A converters. Microprocessor and microcontroller basics. Data interpretation and analysis. Precision and accuracy. Error analysis, propagation of errors. Least squares fitting, Atomic & Molecular Physics Quantum states of an electron in an atom. Electron spin. Spectrum of helium and alkali atom. Relativistic corrections for energy levels of hydrogen atom, hyperfine structure and isotopic shift, width of spectrum lines, LS & JJ couplings. Zeeman, Paschen-Bach & Stark effects. Electron spin resonance. Nuclear magnetic resonance, chemical shift. Frank-Condon principle. Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Electronic, rotational, vibrational and Raman spectra of diatomic molecules, selection rules. Lasers: spontaneous and stimulated emission, Einstein A & B coefficients. Optical pumping, population inversion, rate equation. Modes of resonators and coherence length. Condensed Matter Physics Bravais lattices. Reciprocal lattice. Diffraction and the structure factor. Bonding of solids. Elastic properties, phonons, lattice specific heat. Free electron theory and electronic specific heat. Response and relaxation phenomena. Drude model of electrical and thermal conductivity. Hall effect and thermoelectric power. Electron motion in a periodic potential, band theory of solids: metals, insulators and semiconductors. Superconductivity: type-I and type-II superconductors. Josephson junctions. Superfluidity. Defects and dislocations. Ordered phases of matter: translational and orientational order, kinds of liquid crystalline order. Quasi crystals.

Nuclear and Particle Physics Basic nuclear properties: size, shape and charge distribution, spin and parity. Binding energy, semi-empirical mass formula, liquid drop model. Nature of the nuclear force, form of nucleon-nucleon potential, charge-independence and charge-symmetry of nuclear forces. Deuteron problem. Evidence of shell structure, single-particle shell model, its validity and limitations. Rotational spectra. Elementary ideas of alpha, beta and gamma decays and their selection rules. Fission and fusion. Nuclear reactions, reaction mechanism, compound nuclei and direct reactions. Classification of fundamental forces. Elementary particles and their quantum numbers (charge, spin, parity, isospin, strangeness, etc.). Gellmann-Nishijima formula. Quark model, baryons and mesons. C, P, and T invariance. Application of symmetry arguments to particle reactions. Parity non-conservation in weak interaction. Relativistic kinematics. 2) CHEMISTRY Inorganic Chemistry 1. Chemical periodicity, 2. Structure and bonding in homo- and heteronuclear molecules, including shapes of molecules (VSEPR Theory). 3. Concepts of acids and bases, Hard-Soft acid base concept, Non-aqueous solvents. 4. Main group elements and their compounds: Allotropy, synthesis, structure and bonding, industrial importance of the compounds. 5. Transition elements and coordination compounds: structure, bonding theories, spectral and magnetic properties, reaction mechanisms. 6. Inner transition elements: spectral and magnetic properties, redox chemistry, analytical applications. 7. Organometallic compounds: synthesis, bonding and structure, and reactivity. Organometallics in homogeneous catalysis. 8. Cages and metal clusters. 9. Analytical chemistry- separation, spectroscopic, electro- and thermoanalytical methods. 10. Bioinorganic chemistry: photosystems, porphyrins, metalloenzymes, oxygen transport, electron- transfer reactions; nitrogen fixation, metal complexes in medicine. 11. Characterisation of inorganic compounds by IR, Raman, NMR, EPR, Mössbauer, UV-vis, NQR, MS, electron spectroscopy and microscopic techniques. 12. Nuclear chemistry: nuclear reactions, fission and fusion, radio-analytical techniques and activation analysis. Physical Chemistry: 1. Basic principles of quantum mechanics: Postulates; operator algebra; exactly- solvable systems: particle-in-a-box, harmonic oscillator and the hydrogen atom, including shapes of atomic orbitals; orbital and spin angular momenta; tunneling. 2. Approximate methods of quantum mechanics: Variational principle; perturbation theory up to second order in energy; applications. 3. Atomic structure and spectroscopy; term symbols; many-electron systems and antisymmetry principle. 4. Chemical bonding in diatomics; elementary concepts of MO and VB theories; Huckel theory for conjugated π-electron systems. 5. Chemical applications of group theory; symmetry elements; point groups; character tables; selection rules. 6. Molecular spectroscopy: Rotational and vibrational spectra of diatomic molecules; electronic spectra; IR and Raman activities – selection rules; basic principles of magnetic resonance. 7. Chemical thermodynamics: Laws, state and path functions and their applications; thermodynamic description of various types of processes; Maxwell’s relations; spontaneity

and equilibria; temperature and pressure dependence of thermodynamic quantities; Le Chatelier principle; elementary description of phase transitions; phase equilibria and phase rule; thermodynamics of ideal and non-ideal gases, and solutions. 8. Statistical thermodynamics: Boltzmann distribution; kinetic theory of gases; partition functions and their relation to thermodynamic quantities – calculations for model systems. 9. Electrochemistry: Nernst equation, redox systems, electrochemical cells; Debye-Huckel theory; electrolytic conductance – Kohlrausch’s law and its applications; ionic equilibria; conductometric and potentiometric titrations. 10. Chemical kinetics: Empirical rate laws and temperature dependence; complex reactions; steady state approximation; determination of reaction mechanisms; collision and transition state theories of rate constants; unimolecular reactions; enzyme kinetics; salt effects; homogeneous catalysis; photochemical reactions. 11. Colloids and surfaces: Stability and properties of colloids; isotherms and surface area; heterogeneous catalysis. 12. Solid state: Crystal structures; Bragg’s law and applications; band structure of solids. 13. Polymer chemistry: Molar masses; kinetics of polymerization. 14. Data analysis: Mean and standard deviation; absolute and relative errors; linear regression; covariance and correlation coefficient. Organic Chemistry 1. IUPAC nomenclature of organic molecules including regio- and stereoisomers. 2. Principles of stereochemistry: Configurational and conformational isomerism in acyclic and cyclic compounds; stereogenicity, stereoselectivity, enantioselectivity, diastereoselectivity and asymmetric induction. 3. Aromaticity: Benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds – generation and reactions. 4. Organic reactive intermediates: Generation, stability and reactivity of carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, benzynes and nitrenes. 5. Organic reaction mechanisms involving addition, elimination and substitution reactions with electrophilic, nucleophilic or radical species. Determination of reaction pathways. 6. Common named reactions and rearrangements – applications in organic synthesis. 7. Organic transformations and reagents: Functional group interconversion including oxidations and reductions; common catalysts and reagents (organic, inorganic, organometallic and enzymatic). Chemo, regio and stereoselective transformations. 8. Concepts in organic synthesis: Retrosynthesis, disconnection, synthons, linear and convergent synthesis, umpolung of reactivity and protecting groups. 9. Asymmetric synthesis: Chiral auxiliaries, methods of asymmetric induction – substrate, reagent and catalyst controlled reactions; determination of enantiomeric and diastereomeric excess; enantio-discrimination. Resolution – optical and kinetic. 10. Pericyclic reactions – electrocyclisation, cycloaddition, sigmatropic rearrangements and other related concerted reactions. Principles and applications of photochemical reactions in organic chemistry. 11. Synthesis and reactivity of common heterocyclic compounds containing one or two heteroatoms (O, N, S). 12. Chemistry of natural products: Carbohydrates, proteins and peptides, fatty acids, nucleic acids, terpenes, steroids and alkaloids. Biogenesis of terpenoids and alkaloids. 13. Structure determination of organic compounds by IR, UV-Vis, 1H & 13C NMR and Mass spectroscopic techniques.

3) MATHS Calculus and Real Analysis Real Line: Limits, continuity, di_erentiablity, Reimann integration, sequences, series, lim-sup, lim-inf, pointwise and uniform convergence, uniform continuity, Taylor expansions. Multivariable: Limits, continuity, partial derivatives, chain rule, directional derivatives, total derivative, Jacobian, gradient, line integrals, surface integrals, vector _elds, curl, divergence, Stoke's theorem. General: Metric spaces, Heine Borel theorem, Cauchy sequences, completeness, Weierstrass approximation. Complex Analysis Holomorphic functions, Cauchy-Riemann equations, integration, zeroes of analytic functions, Cauchy formulas, maximum modulus theorem, open mapping theorem, Louville's theorem, poles and singularities, residues and contour integration, conformal maps, Rouche's theorem, Morera's theorem. Differential Equations Existence & uniqueness theorem, General theory of homogenous and non-homogenous equations with constant coefficients, Theory of equations with variable coefficients, Method of variation parameter and the formula for particular integral in terms of Wronskian. Series Solution of Second order linear differential equations near ordinary point, Singularity and the solution in the neighbourhood of regular singular point, Euler equation and Frobenious method, Solution of Legendre, Bessel, Hypergeometric, Hermite and Lagurre differential equation. Formulation of Heat conduction equation and its solution by variable separation method, SteadyState condition and the solution of heat conduction problem with non-zero end conditions. Formation of Wave equation and the solution of Wave equation. Linear homogeneous Boundary Value Problems, Eigen values and Eigen functions, Sturm-Liouville Boundary Value Problems, Non-homogeneous Boundary Value Problems, and Non-homogeneous heat conduction problems. Green’s functions and the solution of Boundary Value Problems in terms of Green’s functions, Concept of stability, asymptotic stability and instability of a solution of the autonomous system dx/dt = F(x,y), dy/dt = G(x,y) Numerical Analysis Solution of algebraic and transcendental equations by Newton-Raphson method for simple and multiple roots and its convergence. Solution of system of non-linear equations by Iteration and Newton-Raphson method. Lagrange’s form of interpolating polynomial. Existence and uniqueness of interpolating polynomial, Piecewise interpolation, Hermite and Cubic spline interpolation. Least square approximation : Weighted least square approximation. Method of least square for continuous functions, orthogonal polynomials, Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process and approximation of functions using Chebyshev polynomials. Numerical integration by Romberg method; Guassian quadrature formula and error estimation. Numerical solution of initial value problems: Runge Kutta method of order four for system of equations and for second and higher order differential equations. Boundary Value problems by Finite difference method and shooting method. Convergence of finite difference scheme. Numerical solution of partial differential equations: Parabolic equations-

finite difference approximation to partial diff. derivatives, explicit method and Crank-Nicolson method with stability analysis. Elliptic equations- Standard five point formula, Jacobi’s iteration method and Leibmann’s method. Hyperbolic equations: Explicit finite difference method.

D) EDUCATION Philosophical & Sociological Bases Of Education 1. Meaning and Function of Educational Philosophy, Relationship of Education and Philosophy. 2. Indian Schools of Philosophy – Vedanta, Sankhya, Buddhism and with special reference to the concepts of reality, knowledge and values and their educational implications. 3. Contributions of Indian Thinkers:- Vivekananda, Aurobindo, Tagore and Gandhi. 4. Western schools of Philosophy:- Idealism, Realism, Naturalism, Pragmatism, and Existentialism with special reference to the concepts of reality, knowledge and values, their educational implications for aims, contents and methods of education. 5. Concept and Nature of Educational Sociology and Sociology of Education, Relationship of Sociology and Education. 6. Education and Social Change: Meaning, Nature and Factors determining Social change, Constraints of social change in India: Caste, Ethnicity, class, language, religion and regionalism. 7. Education and Democracy: Constitutional Provisions for Education, Nationalism and Education; Education for National Integration and International Understanding. 8. Education and Social Mobility: Education as related to social stratification and social mobility. 9. Education as related to social equity and equality of Educational Opportunities. 10. Education of socially and economically disadvantaged sections of society with special reference to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, women and rural populations. 11. Education; economic growth and development: Concept of education as investment; education and modernization; education in the local and global perspectives: implications of globalization for system of education. Advanced Educational Psychology 1. Relationship of Education & Psychology. Scope of Educational Psychology Methods of Educational Psychology:- Experimental, Clinical, Differential 2. Concept of Growth and Development, Physical Development during Childhood and Adolescence. Social Development during Childhood and Adolescence. Emotional Development during Childhood and Adolescence. Intellectual Development during Childhood and Adolescence. 3. Individual Differences, Meaning and Areas, Determinants: Role of Heredity and Environment in Developing Individual Differences. Implications of Individual Differences for organizing Educational Programmes. 4. Gifted and Mentally Retarded- Meaning and characteristics 5. Creativity -Concept of Creativity, Characteristics, Role of Teacher in Igniting and Developing Creativity, Importance of Creativity in Education, 6. Intelligence –Meaning, Theories:- Two Factor Theory (Spearman); Multi Factor Theory, Group Factor Theory, Guilford Model of Intellect, Hierarchical Theory. Measurement of Intelligence (two verbal and two non verbal tests)

7. Personality - Meaning and Determinants, Types and Trait Theories, Assessment of Personality by Subjective and Projective Methods. 8. Learning- Meaning, Theories of Learning, Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning, Skinner’s Operant Conditioning, Learning by Insight, 9. Hull’s Reinforcement Theory-Levin’s Field Theory, Gagne’s Hierarchy of Learning Types, Factors Influencing Learning, 10. Motivation - Concept of Motivation, Theories of Motivation: Physiological Psycho-analytical Theory. Murray’s Need Theory. Maslow’s Theory of Hierarchy of Needs. Theory of Achievement Motivation, Factors affecting Motivation Research Methodology And Statistics In Education 1. Nature and Scope of Educational Research, Scientific inquiry, scientific method, nature and sources of knowledge. Meaning, Nature, Need and Scope of Educational Research. Fundamental, Applied and Action Research, Some emerging trends in educational research. Formulation of Research Problem. Criteria and Sources for identifying research problem, Delineating and operational sing variables. 2. Review of Related Literature: Importance and various sources including internet. Hypothesis: Concept, characteristics of a good hypothesis, sources and types of hypothesis. 3. Sampling-Concept of population and sample, Steps and characteristics of a good sample, Sampling errors and how to reduce them, various methods of sampling: Probability and non-probability 4. Tools and Techniques-Characteristics of a good research tool, Types, characteristics and uses of research tools: Questionnaire, Interview, Observation, 5. Descriptive Statistics- Nature of educational data, Scales of measurement, Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode, Measures of Dispersion: Range, Quartile Deviation, Average Deviation, Standard Deviation, Measures of Relative Position: Percentiles and Percentile Ranks 6. Major Approaches to Research- Descriptive research, Ex-post facto research, Historical research, Experimental research: Experimental Designs, Brief description of Qualitative Research: Scope and areas of application. 7. Research Report- Developing a research proposal (synopsis), Research Report: Characteristics and Steps in report writing. 8. Measures of Relationship and NPC-Meaning, Assumption, Computation and Uses of:•Product Moment Correlation, Rank Difference Correlation, Normal probability Curve: Meaning and Characteristics, Skewness and Kurtosis 9. Inferential Statistics Null Hypothesis, Type I and Type II errors, one and two tailed tests Standard error, Confidence limits. t-test: Significance of difference between Means, proportions and percentages (Independent samples)F-test- One- way ANOVA – Concept, assumption, computation and uses 10. Non Parametric Tests Chi – square Tests of Equality and Independence: Concept, Computation, and uses.

E) MANAGEMENT & COMMERCE General Management

Evolution of Management Thought and Approaches to Management, Strategy Formulation – Steps And Process, Concept Of Corporate Strategy; Components Of Strategy Formulation; SWOT Analysis, Vision And Mission, Porter’s Generic Strategies, Competitor Analysis, Competitive Strategy And Corporate Strategy, Corporate Governance And Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Economics Scarcity related science, Distinction between macro and micro economics, external and internal forces and its impact on decision making. Analysis of firm application of managerial economics, monopoly market, demand forecasting and its implication on economic planning of firm, finance budget – fiscal deficit and budgetary deficit, types of markets and equilibrium. Business Research Methodology Nature and Scope of Research Methodology Problem Formulation and Statement of Research Objectives; Value and Cost of Information; Bayesian Decision Theory; Research Process; Research Designs - Exploratory, Descriptive and Experimental; Methods of Data Collection — Observational and Survey Methods; Questionnaire and Interviews. Attitude Measurement Techniques; Administration of Surveys; Sample Design; Selecting an Appropriate Statistical Technique. Field Work and Tabulation of Data; Analysis of Data; Use of SPSS and other Statistical Software Packages Advanced Techniques for Data Analysis — ANOVA. Discriminate Analysis, Factor Analysis, Conjoin: Analysis and Clustering Methods. Human Resource Management Concepts and Perspectives on Human Resource Management; Human Resources Management in a changing environment; Corporate objectives and Human Resource Planning; Career and succession planning; job analysis; Methods of manpower search; Attracting, Selecting and retaining human resources; Induction and socialization; Manpower training and development; Performance appraisal and potential evaluation; Job evaluation and compensation; Employee welfare; Industrial relations & trade unions; Dispute resolution & grievance management, Employee empowerment. Marketing Nature, scope and concept of marketing, Corporate orientations towards the marketplace; The Marketing environment and Environment scanning; Marketing information system and Marketing research; Understanding consumer and Industrial markets; Market segmentation, Targeting and positioning; Product decisions —product mix, product life cycle, new product development, branding and packaging decisions; Pricing methods and strategies; Promotion decisions— promotion mix, advertising, sales promotion, publicity and personal selling; Channel management - Types and functions, Selection, Cooperation and conflict management, vertical marketing implementation and systems, Marketing Logistics; Organizing and implementing marketing in the organization; Evaluation and control of marketing efforts; Ethics in Marketing; New issues in marketing - Globalization, Consumerism, Green Marketing, Direct Marketing, Network Marketing, Event Marketing. Financial Management

Financial Management: Scope and objectives, integrated relationship with other managerial functions and departments. Working capital management – Components and its management, risk and return, CAPM theory, Financial Statement Analysis – Ratio, fund flow and cash flow. Capital budgeting – Techniques of appraisal, Capital structure planning – leverage analysis, international finance and risk management, derivatives. Production Management Nature and Scope of Production and Operations Management; Facility Location; Types of Manufacturing Systems and Layouts; Layout Planning and Analysis; Material Handling : Principles & Equipments; Line Balancing; Production Planning and Control in Mass Production, in Batch and Job Order manufacturing; Capacity Planning; Product Planning and Selection, Process Planning, Aggregate Planning and Master Production Scheduling; Maintenance Management, Work Study : Method Study and Work Measurement, Material Management, Material Management; An Overview of Material Management, Material Requirement Planning and Inventory Control; JIT; Purchase Management; Stores Management; Quality Assurance : Acceptance Sampling, Statistical Quality Control, Total Quality Management; ISO-9000. Statistical Methods For Data Analysis Applications of statistics in Business and Research, Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion, Correlation And Regression, Test Of Hypothesis, Association Of Attributes, Statistical Tools For Data Analysis, Software Applications For Data Analysis. Organizational Behavior The concept and significance of organizational behavior – Skills and Roles in an organization – Classical, Neo – Classical and Modern Theories of Organizational Structure – Organizational Design – Understanding and Managing individual behavior personality – Perception – Values – Attitudes – Learning – Motivation. Understanding and Managing Group Behavior, Processes – Inter – personal and group dynamics – Communication – Leadership – Managing change – Managing conflicts, Organizational Development. Business Environment Second Generation reforms, Privatization and Globalization, Planning Policy, Meaning and definition of Business Environment, Liberalization, Legal Environment of Business in India, Industrial Policy, Industrial Growth and Structural Changes, Environment protection, Economic Policy, Economic Environment, Consumer Protection, Competition Policy Financial and Management Accounting Valuation of Shares, Responsibility Accounting, Ratio Analysis, Partnership Accounts, Liquidation, Financial Statements, Cost and Management Accounting, Capital and Revenue, Basic Accounting Concept, Advanced Company Accounts Business Economics Utility analysis, Price determination in different Market Situations, Nature and Uses of Business Economics, Laws of Variable Proportion, Laws of Returns, Elasticity of Demand, Demand Analysis, Concept of Profit and Wealth Maximization Business Statistics and Data Processing Sampling Errors, Data types, Data Processing, Data Collection and Analysis, Correlation and Regression, Computer Application to Functional Areas Analysis and Interpretation of data

Banking and Financial Institution Reserve Bank of India, NABARD and Rural Banking, Importance of Banking to Business, Types of Banks, E Banking, Development Banking, Banking Sector Reforms in India

F) LIBRARY INFORMATION SCIENCE Unit I Intellectual Property Rights-Concept, Copyright, Censorship-Print and Non-print Media. Library and Information Policy at the National Level LIS Education in India LIS Profession Library & Information services Role of UGC in the growth and development of libraries and information centers in institutions of higher education in India Information Literacy. Information science and Society, Information as resource commodity, Information transfer cycle, Role of information in planning, management, socio-economic development and technology transfer, Communication channels and barriers Unit II Vocabulary Control-Thesaurus, Lists of Subject Headings Databases-Search Strategies, Boolean Operators Knowledge Management Information Processing & Organization Current trends in Information Storage & Retrieval Unit III Financial management-Resource Generation, Cost-Benefit analysis PERT, CPM Performance Evaluation of Libraries/Information Centres and Services Marketing of Information product and services Total Quality Management (TQM) New Techniques in Library Management. Management : Principles, Functions, organizational structure, decision making. Collection Development – Books, serials, non book materials-selection acquisition ISBN, ISSN. Human Resource Management, Types of Budgeting, Library buildings and equipments, marketing of information, products and services Unit IV: Impact of IT on Library, Library Networking &Networks, Network Topologies Hypertext, Hypermedia, Multimedia Hypertext, Hypermedia, Multimedia Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Digital Library Virtual Library Electronic Documents Library Automation INTERNET Components, Services, Browsing-Web Browsers, Search Engines Meta-Data, Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Metadata, Institutional Repository; Open Source Software, Web 2.0 Current trends in IT, Library Automation, Networks-ERNET, NICNET, DELNET, OCLC, INFLIBNET, National and International Information system – NISSAT, NASSDOC, NISCAIR, INIS, AGRIS, DESIDOC, MEDLARS.Computers-Hardware, Software, storage devices. Unit V: Types of Research-Basic, Applied, Interdisciplinary Research Design Scientific Method, Hypotheses, Data Collection, Sampling Methods of Research-Historical, Descriptive, Case Study, Survey, Comparative and Experimental Statistical Methods, Data Analysis Report Writing Research Methods in Library and Information Science and Services Bibliometrics Unit VI : Five laws of library Science, Library movement and Library Legislation in India, Library Resource sharing and networking, Library extension services, Library associations in ILA,SLA,ALA, Role of international organizations Unit VII : Modes of formation of subjects, Library classification, Library classification schemes, Library cataloging, Library cataloguing codes – CCC and AACR II, Bibliographic records- International standards, Indexing, Knowledge management Unit VIII: Sources of Information, Reference sources-Encyclopedia, dictionaries, geographical sources, yearbooks, almanacs, directories and handbooks, statistical. E-

documents, E-books, E-journals, Databases, References and Information services, referral service, CAS,SDI, Online services, Translation services, Reprographic services.

G) AYURVEDA [to be updated soon]

H) AGRICULTURE 1. Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry

Unit 1: Pedology: Concept of land, soil and soil science. Composition of earth crust and its relationship

with soils; Rocks, minerals and other soil forming materials; Weathering of rocks and minerals; Factors of soil formation; Pedogenic processes and their relationships with soil properties; Soil development; Pedon, polypedon, soil profile, horizons and their nomenclature. Soil Taxonomy - epipedons, diagnostic subsurface horizons and other diagnostic characteristics, soil moisture and temperature regimes, categories of the system and their criteria; Interpretation of soil survey data for land capability and crop suitability classifications, Macro-morphological study of soils. Application and use of global positioning system for soil survey. Soil survey- types, techniques. Soil series- characterization and procedure for establishing soil series, benchmark soils and soil correlations. Study of base maps: cadastral maps, toposheets, aerial photographs and satellite imageries. Use of geographical information system for preparing thematic maps. Unit 2: Soil Physics:

Soil physical constraints affecting crop production. Soil texture – textural classes. Soil structure – classification, soil aggregation and significance, soil consistency, soil crusting, bulk density and particle density of soils and porosity, their significance and manipulation. Soil water- retention and potentials. Soil moisture constants. Movement of soil water - infiltration, percolation, permeability, drainage and methods of determination of soil moisture. Darcy’s law. Thermal properties of soils, soil temperature, Soil air- composition, gaseous exchange, influence of soil temperature and air on plant growth. Soil erosion by water- types, effects, mechanics. Rain erosivity and soil erodibility. Runoff - methods of measurement, factors and management, runoff farming. Soil conservation measures. Characterization and evaluation of soil and land quality indicators; Causes of land degradation; Management of soil physical properties for prevention/restoration of land degradation; Identification, monitoring and management of waste lands; Land use-land cover mapping and land use planning using conventional and remote sensing techniques; Concept of watershed – its characterization and management. Unit 3: Soil Chemistry:

Chemical composition of soil; Soil colloids - structure, composition, constitution of clay minerals, amorphous clays and other non-crystalline silicate minerals, oxide and hydroxide minerals; Charge development on clays and organic matter; pH-charge relations; Buffer capacity of soils. Elements of equilibrium thermodynamics, chemical equilibria , electrochemistry and chemical kinetics. Inorganic and organic colloids- surface charge characteristics, diffuse double layer theories, zeta potential stability, coagulation/ flocculation, peptization, electrometric and sorption properties of soil colloid. Soil organic

matterfractionation, clay-organic interactions. Cation exchange- theories, adsorption isotherms, Donnan-membrane equilibrium concept, clay-membrane electrodes and ionic activity measurement, thermodynamics, anion and ligand exchange- inner sphere and outer-sphere surface complex formation, fixation of oxyanions , hysteresis in sorption-desorption of oxy-anions and anions. Nitrogen, potassium, phosphate and ammonium fixation in soils and management aspects. Chemistry of acid, salt-affected and submerged soils and management aspects. Unit 4: Soil Fertility:

Essential elements in plant nutrition; Nutrient cycles in soil; Transformation and transport of nutrients (Macro and micro nutrients) in soil; Manures and fertilizers; Fate and reactions of fertilizers in soils; Chemistry of production of different fertilizers; Slow release fertilizers and nitrification retarders; Quality control of fertilizers. Soil fertility evaluation – soil testing, plant and tissue tests and biological methods; Common soil test methods for fertilizer recommendation; Soil test-crop response correlations; Integrated nutrient management; Use of isotopic tracers in soil research; Nature, properties and development of acid, acid sulphate, saline and alkali and their management; Lime and gypsum requirements of soils; Irrigation water quality - EC, SAR, RSC and specifications. Fertility status of major soil groups of India. Pollution: types, causes, methods of measurement, standards and management. Heavy metal toxicity and soil pollution; Chemical and bio-remediation of contaminated soils; Soil factors in emission of greenhouse gases; Carbon sequestration in mitigating greenhouse effect; Radio-active contamination of soil. Unit 5: Soil Microbiology:

Soil biota, soil microbial ecology, types of organisms. Soil microbial biomass, microbial interactions, unculturable soil biota. Microbiology and biochemistry of root soil interface. Phyllosphere. Soil enzymes, origin, activities and importance. Soil characteristics influencing growth and activity of microflora. Microbial transformations of N, P, K, S, Fe and Zn in soil. Biochemical composition and biodegradation of soil organic matter and crop residues. Humus formation. Cycles of important organic nutrients. Biodegradation of pesticides, organic wastes and their use for production of biogas and manures. Biofertilizers – definition, classification, specifications, method of production and role in crop production. Methods of soil analysis - particle size distribution, bulk and particle density, moisture constants, Modern methods of soil, plant and fertilizer analysis; Flame photometry and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy; Spectrophotometry - visible, ultra-violet and infrared; Atomic absorption spectrophotometry; Potentiometry and conductimetry; X-ray diffractometry; Mass spectrometry. Unit 6: Statistics:

Experimental designs for pot culture and field experiments; Statistical measures of central tendency and dispersion; Correlation and regression; Tests of significance t and F tests; Computer use in soil research. AGRONOMY Unit 1 : Crop Ecology and Geography:

Principles of crop ecology; Ecosystem concept and determinants of productivity of ecosystem; Physiological limits of crop yield and variability in relation to ecological optima; Crop adaptation; Climate shift and its ecological implication; Greenhouse effect; Agro-ecological and agro climatic regions of lndia; Geographical distribution of cereals, legumes, oilseeds, vegetables, fodders and forages, commercial crops, condiments and spices, medicinal and aromatic plants; Adverse climatic factors and crop productivity; Photosynthesis, respiration, net assimilation, solar energy conversion efficiency and relative water content, light intensity, water and CO2 in relation to photosynthetic rates and efficiency; Physiological stress in crops; Remote sensing: Spectral indices and their application in agriculture, crop water stress indices and crop stress detection. Unit 2 : Weed Management:

Scope and principles of weed management; Weeds’ classification, biology, ecology and allelopathy; Crop weed competition, weed threshold; Herbicides classification, formulations, mode of action, selectivity and resistance; Persistence of herbicides in soils and plants; Application methods and equipment; Biological weed control, bioherbicides: Integrated weed management; Special weeds, parasitic and aquatic weeds and their management in cropped and non cropped lands; weed control schedules in field crops, vegetables and plantation crops; Role of GM crops in weed management. Unit 3 : Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Use:

History of soil fertility and fertilizer use; Concept of essentiality of plant nutrients, their critical concentrations in plants, nutrient interactions, diagnostic techniques with special emphasis on emerging deficiencies of secondary and micro-nutrients; Soil fertility and productivity and their indicators; Fertilizer materials including liquid fertilizers, their composition, mineralization, availability and reaction products in soils; Water solubility of phosphate fertilizers; Slow release fertilizers, nitrification inhibitors and their use for crop production; Principles and methods of fertilizer application; Integrated nutrient management and bio-fertilizers; Agronomic and physiological efficiency and recovery of applied plant nutrients; Criteria for determining fertilizer schedules for cropping systems direct, residual and cumulative effects; Fertilizer related environmental problems including ground water pollution; Site-specific nutrient management; Contamination of heavy metals in peri-urban soils and their remediation. Unit 4 : Dryland Agronomy:

Concept of dryland farming; dryland farming vs rainfed farming; History, development, significance and constraints of dryland agriculture in India; Climatic classification and delineation of dryland tracts; Characterization of agro-climatic environments of drylands; Rainfall analysis and length of growing season; Types of drought, drought syndrome, effect on plant growth, drought resistance, drought avoidance, drought management; Crop Planning including contingency, crop diversification, varieties, cropping systems, conservation cropping and mid-season corrections for aberrant weather conditions; Techniques of moisture conservation insitu to reduce evapotranspiration, runoff and to increase infiltration; Rain water harvesting and recycling concept, techniques and practices; Timelines and precision key factors for timely sowing, precision in seeding, weed control;

Fertilizer placement, top dressing and foliar application, aqua-fertigation; Concept and importance of watershed management in dryland areas. Unit 5 : Crop Production in Problem Soils:

Problem soils and their distribution in India, acid, saline, waterlogged and mined - soils; Response of crop to acidity, salinity, sodicity, excess water and nutrient imbalances; Reclamation of problem soils, role of amendments and drainage; Crop production techniques in problem soils - crops, varieties, cropping system and agronomic practices; Effects of water table fluctuation on crop growth; Degraded lands and their rehabilitation. Unit 6 : Crop Production:

Crop production techniques for cereals, millets, legumes, oilseeds, fiber crops, sugarcane, tobacco, fodder and pasture crops including origin, history, distribution, adaptation, climate, soil, season, modern varieties, fertilizer requirements, intercultural operations, water requirement. weed control, quality components, industrial use, economics and post harvest technology. Unit 7 : Agricultural Statistics

Frequency distribution, standard error and deviation, correlation and regression analyses, co-efficient of variation; Tests of significance-t, F and chi-square (X2); Data transformation and missing plot techniques; Design of experiments and their basic principles, completely randomized, randomized block, split plot, strip-plot, factorial and simple confounding designs; Efficiency of designs; Methods of statistical analysis for cropping systems including intercropping; Pooled analysis. Unit 8 : Sustainable Land Use Systems:

Concept of sustainability; Sustainability parameters and indicators; Conservation agriculture; Alternate land use systems; Types, extent and causes of wasteland; Shifting cultivation; Agro forestry systems; Agricultural and agro-industrial residues and its recycling, safe disposal; Allelopathy and biomass production. Unit 9 : Basics of Soil and Water:

Soil and water as vital resources for agricultural production; Occurrence of groundwater, groundwater aquifers, exploration of groundwater; Hydrological cycle; Soil-plant water relationship; Fate of rain water received at the soil surface, runoff and infiltration reciprocity, factors affecting infiltration, means to enhance infilterability of soil, mechanical and biological means to reduce runoff and soil loss; Water harvesting for crop life saving irrigations; watershed management; Soil and water conservation; Contingent crop plans and other strategies for aberrant weather conditions; Cropping patterns, alternate land use and crop diversification in rainfed areas; Analysis of hydrologic data and their use. Unit 10 : Soil Water Relationship:

Soil water relations, water retention by soil, soil moisture characteristics, field capacity, permanent wilting point, plant available water and extractable water; Soil irrigability, classifications, factors affecting profile water storage; Determination of soil water content, computation of soil water depletion, soil water potential and its components, hydraulic head; Movement of soil water saturated and unsaturated water flow; Field water budget, water gains and water losses from soil, deep percolation beyond root zone, capillary rise; Evapotranspiration (ET), scope for economizing water, measures for reducing direct evaporation from soil and crop canopies; Soil physical properties in relation to plant growth and development; Erodability of soils and their prevention. Unit 11 : Plant Water Relationship:

Plant water relations: Concept of plant water potential, cell water relations, plant water potential and its components; Significance of osmotic adjustment, leaf diffusive resistance, canopy temperature, canopy temperature depression (CTD); Water movement through soil - plant atmosphere systems, uptake and transport of water by roots; Development of crop water deficit, crop adaptation to water deficit, morpho physiological effect of water deficit; Drought tolerance, mechanisms of drought tolerance, potential drought tolerance traits and their measurements. Management and breeding strategies to improve crop productivity under different patterns of drought situations of limited water supplies; Effect of excess water on plant growth and production; Types of droughts, drought indices. Unit 12 : Irrigation Water Management:

Management of irrigation water; History of irrigation in India; Major irrigation projects in India; Water resources development; Crop water requirements; Concepts of irrigation scheduling, Different approaches of irrigation scheduling; Soil water depletion plant indices and climatic parameters; Concept of critical stages of crop growth in relation to water supplies; Crop modeling, crop coefficients, water production functions; Methods of irrigation viz. surface methods, overhead methods, drip irrigation and air conditioning irrigation, merits and demerits of various methods, design and evaluation of irrigation methods; Measurement of irrigation water, application and distribution efficiencies; Management of water resources (rain, canal and ground water) for agricultural production; Agronomic considerations in tiledesign and operation of irrigation projects, characteristics of irrigation and family systems affecting irrigation management; lrrigation legislation; Water quality, conjunctive use of water, irrigation strategies under different situation of water availability, optimum crop plans and cropping patterns in canal command areas; Socio-economic aspects of on-farm water management; Irrigation water distribution, Irrigation efficiencies; Design of irrigation canals, design of irrigation structures; Interaction between irrigation and fertilizers. Unit 13 : Management of Problematic Soils and Water:

Problem soils and their distribution in India; Salt-affected, acidic, water logged soils; Ground water resources, water quality criteria and use of brackish waters in agriculture;

Excess salt and salt tolerant crops; Hydrological imbalances and their corrective measures; Concept of critical water table depths for crop growth; Contribution of shallow water table to crop water requirements; Management strategies for flood prone areas crop and crop calendar for flood affected areas; Drainage for improving water logged soils for crop production; Crop production and alternate use of problematic soils and poor quality water for agricultural and fish production; Amelioration of salt affected soils.

I) PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Research Methods -Meaning of Research, Need, Importance and scope of Research in physical Education. Types of Research. Survey of Related Literature, Need for Library search, Library Sources. Preparation of Bibliography and Abstracts. Formulation and Development of Research Problem: Location of Research problem. Criteria in selecting the research Problem. Formulation of Hypothesis, Null and Alternate Hypothesis. Assumptions and Limitations, Delimitations. Historical Research, Scope of Historical Research in Physical Education. Historical evidence. Validity of Historical data. Philosophical Research: Brief introduction. Survey Studies: Places of survey Research, Tools of Survey Research. Questionnaire and interviews. Case Studies: Definition of Case Studies, Importance of Case Studies, Characteristics of Case Studies. Experimental Research: Meaning, Scope and Nature, Control of Experimental factors. Experimental Designs. Research proposal and preparation of research report. Sports Statistics Definition of Statistics, importance of Statistics in Physical Education and Sports Research. Statistical Processes. Frequency Distribution: Steps of Frequency Table Construction. Measures of Central Tendency, Computation of Measures of Central tendency Computation of Percentiles and Quartiles form Grouped data. Measures of Variability: Computation of SD from Ungrouped and Grouped data. Definition and Principles of Normal curve. Properties of ormal Curve. Skewness. Kurtosis, Standard scales - Percentile scale, Z scale, T scale, 6 Sigma scale, Hull scale. Standard scores. Correlation: Magnitude of Correlation. Computation of Correlation from Product moment and rank difference method. Difference Method. Factors affecting Reliability. t- Ratio. Type I and Type II errors. One tailed and two tailed tests. Types of sampling One - way Analysis of variance with equal and unequal Sampk size. LSD and Scheffe’s test. Computer analysis in Physical Education and Sports. Scientific Principles of Sports Training

Definition of Terms - Conditioning, Training and Coaching, Aims, tasks and Characteristics of Sports Training, Principles of Sports Training. Important features of Training load- Intensity, Density, Duration and frequency; Principles of Training load, Adaptation Process and Conditions of adaptation, Over load - Causes and Symptoms, tackling of over load. Strength - forms of strength, Characteristics of Strength, Principles of Strength Training, Strength Training means and Methods, Strength training for children and women. Form of endurance. Characteristics of Endurance training means and methods Speed: Forms of speed, Characteristics of speed, Training means and methods. Flexibility: forms of flexibility, Characteristics of flexibility, Basis of flexibility, Methods of development of flexibility. Coordinative Abilities- Characteristics of coordinative abilities, Importance of coordinative abilities. Classification of coordinative Training methods. Definition of Skill, technique and technical Training, Characteristics of Technique, Phases of skill acquisition, Methods of Technique Training, Causes and correction of faults. Definition of tactics and strategy, Basic tactical Concepts - Offensive, Defensive and High Performance, Methods of Tactical Training, Control of Tactical Knowledge. Importance of planning, Principles of Planning, Systems of Planning, Periodization and its types. Contents for various periods of training. Importance of competitions, Competition frequency, Main and build up competitionDirect preparation for an important competition. Measurement and Evaluation in Physical Education Meaning of Test, Measurement and Evaluation. Nature and scope of evaluation programme. Need and importance of evaluation in field of Physical Education. Principles of Evaluation. Criteria of test selection: Scientific Authenticity (Reliability, validity, objectivity, norms). Administrative feasibility and educational application. Classification of tests: standardized and teacher made tests (objective and subjective tests). Construction of Knowledge tests. Construction of Skill tests. Suggestions for administering tests. Measurement of Organic Functions: Cooper's 12 minutes Continuous Run/Walk Test, Tuttle Pulse ratio test, Harvard step test. Measurement of Motor Fitness: Oregon Motor Fitness Test, Indiana Motor Fitness Test. Measurement of General Motor Ability: Mc Cloy's General Motor Ability Test. Tests for Strength: Instruments for measuring strength. Roger·s Physical Fitness Jndcx and Suggested changes in the P.F.I. test. Tests for Skills: Russel and Lange Volleyball Test. Jhonson Basketball test. Knox Basketball test. McDonald Soccer Test, Johnson Soccer Test, Harbans Singh Field Hockey Test, Lockhart and Mac Pherson Badminton wall volley Test. Miller Badminton wall volley test. Broer Miller tennis Test.

Measurement of posture: IOWA Posture test Measures of anthropometric measurements: Grith Measurement – upper arm, forearm calf, chest, width measurements bi-acromial, chest illio-crestal, bi-epicondylar (femur and humerus); Height. Sports competition anxiety test (SCAT). Professional Preparation and Curriculum Designs in Physical Education Nature and objectives of Professional Preparation in Physical education and sports: - Introduction. nature, aims and objectives of physical education professional preparation programme. Historical Review of Professional, Preparation in India. Introduction, meaning and purpose of Graduate Level Professional Preparation. Curriculum of Physical Education Professional Preparation Regarding Laboratory experiences, Field Experiences and Teaching Practices. Facilities and Special Resources for Library, Laboratory and Research Regarding Graduate Level Professional Preparation. Introduction, meaning, importance and purpose of Post- graduate level professional preparation. Admission procedure for post graduate professionals. Recruitment for Post-graduate physical Education personnel. Area of Specialization and Research Requirement during and after Professional Preparation. Special Qualifications of Teaching Staff at Post-graduate Level. Introduction to curriculum, meaning and definitions of curriculum, importance of curriculum planning, Steps in curriculum planning, Characteristics of curriculum evaluation programme. Basic principles of curriculum design and planning, factors influencing the physical education curriculum design. Selecting material for instruction. Classification of activities in Physical Education. Suitability or activities for different age groups and sexes. Cultural influence in the choice of activities. Flexibility of programme material. Committee recommendations- NCERT, CBSE, UGC recommendations on curriculum for school and colleges. Curriculum followed in colleges of Physical education B.P.Ed, B.P.E., M.P.E., and M Phil. Sports Psychology Meaning, nature and scope of sport psychology, Importance of sport psychology tor physical educators and Coaches. Meaning of cognition, Characteristics of cognitive process in sports, Role of sensation and perception. Thinking, imagination and memory in physical activities. Meaning of attention, Dimension of attention, Strategies to develop attention. Motor Learning - Meaning of motor learning, factors affecting motor learning motor development in various periods of childhood and adolescence. Psychological aspects of action regulation, Meaning of action regulation, Importance. Psychological characteristics of physical activities, Structure of action programme. Action programme in different games and sports. Meaning or Personality, Personality traits of' sports persons. Relationship personality to sport performance. personality differences among various sports groups.

Meaning of motives. needs and drives. Role of motives, attitude and interest in physical activities. Meaning and types of emotions. Influence of emotions (Success and failure) on level of aspiration and achievement. Anxiety, Fear, Frustration, conflict and its effect on sports performance. Psychological aspects of Competition, Definition of competition. Determinants of competitive behavior psychological characteristics of pre - competition. Competition and post competition. Selected psycho regulative techniques for relaxation and activation. Psychological aspects of long term and short them preparation for competition, psychological care of injured sports person. Typical responses to injuries, prevention and coping technique' Methods of investigations in sports psychology, various methods used in sports psychology. Basic Computer Applications Application of Computer with special reference to Physical Education, Introduction to CPU, Memory Units Input, Devices, Output Devices , and Storage Devices, definition, objectives, functions and types of an Operating System, Windows: Features like - Desktop Settings, Files and Folders. Menus and Icons Windows Accessories, Recycle Bin. Definition and types of Word Processor, Using various tools like Drawing toolbar, Header & Footer. Table Handling features, Insertion of Symbols, pictures, shapes, cl ip an and charts, Using Equation editor, Spelling and Grammar, Font color, Highlighting and shading. Basics of Electronic Spread Sheet, characteristics and use of Excel Sheet, Using various tools like Saving & quitting worksheet, Opening & Moving in a worksheet, working with formulas and cell referencing,working with graphs, functions and data sorting. Characteristics and Use of Power point, Using various tools like Creating presentation, working with different menus, editing and formatting text, inserting data, pictures, organization charts and graphs. drawing, slide show features, animation of slides. Internet & World Wide Web (www), Electronic Mail, Search Engines, locating information on internet downloading. Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine Definition of Physiology and Exercise Physiology. Importance and Role of Exercise Physiology in the field of Physical Education and Sports. Structure and function of Voluntary, Involuntary and cardiac muscles, Chemical Composition or skeletal muscle, muscle fiber types (Red and White muscle), Propetties of muscles. Fuel for muscular work (ATP), Energy for muscular -.:ontraction. heat production andthermodynamics of muscle contraction. Aerobic and anaerobic muscular activity. Muscle Contraction, Neuro-muscular junction. Propioception and Kinesthesis. Effect of exercise and training on - (i) Heart and circulatory System. (ii) Respiratory system. (iii) Muscular System. Oxygen debt, forced expiatory volume, breathing capacity, Recover) rate. Blood Supply to Skeletal muscle and regulation of blood flow during exercise. Fatigue- its

meaning and concept. Basic Concept of balanced diet, appropriate diet bciorc, during and after athletic performance brief introduction about the effect of alcohol, drugs and smoking on athletic performance.Work capacity under different environmental conditions: Hot, humid, cold, and high altitude. Definition of Obesity, measurement of body fat by various methods (under water ''eight and skin fold measurement) Body weight control. Concept of Sports Medicine, Its aims and objective, need and scope of sports medicine in Physical Education. Low back problems & their management. stretching and strengthening exercises for low back Problems Rehabilitation in sports medical problems, Common old age problems. Sports massage- before during and after competition. Cryotherapy, cryokinetics and cold spray, Hydro-collateral packs (Hot & Cold). Hydrotherapy (Contrast Bath and whirl Pool). Paraffin bath. Infrared & ultraviolet rays, Diathermy, Ultrasound electric muscle stimulation. Soft tissue and muscular- skeletal injuries. Tissue response to injuries, stress related injuries, Injuries of head and face. Visceral injuries. Principles or injuries prevention, Principles of diagnosis, Principles of treatment, Doping – its use and misuse. Sports Biomechanics Meaning of Biomechanics, Biomechanics in physical Education, Terminology of the movements around a joint. Movement Analysis: definition of Kinesiological analysis, Mechanical analysis and Biomechanical analysis. Linear kinematics: Distance and Displacement, speed and velocity, acceleration, Uniform Motion. Properties of force - magnitude, direction, point of application, line of application, internal and external force, and muscular force. Linear kinetics- inertia, mass, weight, power, Newton's first law of motion, Newton's second law of motion, Newton's third law of motion. Law of conservation momentum Stability and equilibrium types of stability, principles ofstability. Factors affecting stability, conditions for static and dynamic stability Angular kinetics: Centripetal and centrifugal force. The Lever system: introduction of lever, functions of lever, classification of lever. Fluid Mechanics: static cons ideration: buoyancy and fl otation, dynamic cons ideration: resistance and propulsion, drag force and lift force. Magnus effect, spin and its effects. Frictional force: starting and stopping friction, sliding friction, rolling friction. Freely falling Bodies (Projectile), vertical projection, horizontal projection, diagonal projection.

J) LIFE SCIENCE 1. MOLECULES AND THEIR INTERACTION RELAVENT TO BIOLOGY A. Structure of atoms, molecules and chemical bonds. B Composition, structure and function of biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins). C. Stablizing

interactions (Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction, etc.). D Principles of biophysical chemistry (pH, buffer, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, colligative properties).E. Bioenergetics, glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, coupled reaction, group transfer, biological energy transducers. F. Principles of catalysis, enzymes and enzyme kinetics, enzyme regulation, mechanism of enzyme catalysis, isozymes G. Conformation of proteins (Ramachandran plot, secondary structure, domains, motif and folds). H. Conformation of nucleic acids (helix (A, B, Z), t-RNA, micro-RNA). I. Stability of proteins and nucleic acids. J. Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids nucleotides and vitamins. 2. CELLULAR ORGANIZATION A) Membrane structure and function (Structure of model membrane, lipid bilayer and membrane protein diffusion, osmosis, ion channels, active transport, membrane pumps, mechanism of sorting and regulation of intracellular transport,electrical properties of membranes). B) Structural organization and function of intracellular organelles (Cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, plastids, vacuoles, chloroplast, structure & function of cytoskeleton and its role in motility). C) Organization of genes and chromosomes (Operon, unique and repetitive DNA, interrupted genes, gene families, structure of chromatin and chromosomes, heterochromatin, euchromatin, transposons). D) Cell division and cell cycle (Mitosis and meiosis, their regulation, steps in cell cycle, regulation and control of cell cycle). E) Microbial Physiology (Growth yield and characteristics, strategies of cell division, stress response) 3. FUNDAMENTAL PROCESSES A) DNA replication, repair and recombination (Unit of replication, enzymes involved, replication origin and replication fork, fidelity of replication, extrachromosomal replicons, DNA damage and repair mechanisms, homologous and site-specific recombination). B) RNA synthesis and processing (transcription factors and machinery, formation of initiation complex, transcription activator and repressor, RNA polymerases, capping, elongation, and termination, RNA processing, RNA editing, splicing, and polyadenylation, structure and function of different types of RNA, RNA transport). C) Protein synthesis and processing (Ribosome, formation of initiation complex, initiation factors and their regulation, elongation and elongation factors, termination, genetic code, aminoacylation of tRNA, tRNA-identity, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, and translational proof-reading, translational inhibitors, Post- translational modification of proteins). D) Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level (regulating the expression of phages, viruses, prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes, role of chromatin in gene expression and gene silencing). 4. Cell communication and cell signaling A) Host parasite interaction Recognition and entry processes of different pathogens like bacteria, viruses into animal and plant host cells, alteration of host cell behavior by

pathogens, virus-induced cell transformation, pathogen-induced diseases in animals and plants, cell-cell fusion in both normal and abnormal cells. B) Cell signaling Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling through G-protein coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, second messengers, regulation of signaling pathways, bacterial and plant two-component systems, light signaling in plants, bacterial chemotaxis and quorum sensing. C) Cellular communication Regulation of hematopoiesis, general principles of cell communication, cell adhesion and roles of different adhesion molecules, gap junctions, extracellular matrix, integrins, neurotransmission and its regulation. D) Cancer Genetic rearrangements in progenitor cells, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cancer and the cell cycle, virus-induced cancer, metastasis, interaction of cancer cells with normal cells, apoptosis, therapeutic interventions of uncontrolled cell growth. E) Innate and adaptive immune system Cells and molecules involved in innate and adaptive immunity, antigens, antigenicity and immunogenicity. B and T cell epitopes, structure and function of antibody molecules. generation of antibody diversity, monoclonal antibodies, antibody engineering, antigen-antibody interactions, MHC molecules, antigen processing and presentation, activation and differentiation of B and T cells, B and T cell receptors, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, primary and secondary immune modulation, the complement system, Toll-like receptors, cell-mediated effector functions, inflammation, hypersensitivity and autoimmunity, immune response during bacterial (tuberculosis), parasitic (malaria) and viral (HIV) infections, congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies, vaccines. 5. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY A) Basic concepts of development : Potency, commitment, specification, induction, competence, determination and differentiation; morphogenetic gradients; cell fate and cell lineages; stem cells; genomic equivalence and the cytoplasmic determinants; imprinting; mutants and transgenics in analysis of development B) Gametogenesis, fertilization and early development: Production of gametes, cell surface molecules in sperm-egg recognition in animals; embryo sac development and double fertilization in plants; zygote formation, cleavage, blastula formation, embryonic fields, gastrulation and formation of germ layers in animals; embryogenesis, establishment of symmetry in plants; seed formation and germination. C) Morphogenesis and organogenesis in animals : Cell aggregation and differentiation in Dictyostelium; axes and pattern formation in Drosophila, amphibia and chick; organogenesis – vulva formation in Caenorhabditis elegans, eye lens induction, limb development and regeneration in vertebrates; differentiation of neurons, post embryonic development- larval formation, metamorphosis; environmental regulation of normal development; sex determination. D) Morphogenesis and organogenesis in plants: Organization of shoot and root apical meristem; shoot and root development; leaf development and phyllotaxy; transition to flowering, floral meristems and floral development in Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum E) Programmed cell death, aging and senescence

6. SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY - PLANT A. Photosynthesis - Light harvesting complexes; mechanisms of electron transport; photoprotective mechanisms; CO2 fixation-C3, C4 and CAM pathways. B. Respiration and photorespiration – Citric acid cycle; plant mitochondrial electron transport and ATP synthesis; alternate oxidase; photorespiratory pathway. C. Nitrogen metabolism - Nitrate and ammonium assimilation; amino acid biosynthesis. D. Plant hormones – Biosynthesis, storage, breakdown and transport; physiological effects and mechanisms of action. E. Sensory photobiology - Structure, function and mechanisms of action of phytochromes, cryptochromes and phototropins; stomatal movement; photoperiodism and biological clocks. F. Solute transport and photoassimilate translocation – uptake, transport and translocation of water, ions, solutes and macromolecules from soil, through cells, across membranes, through xylem and phloem; transpiration; mechanisms of loading and unloading of photoassimilates. G. Secondary metabolites - Biosynthesis of terpenes, phenols and nitrogenous compounds and their roles. H. Stress physiology – Responses of plants to biotic (pathogen and insects) and abiotic (water, temperature and salt) stresses. 7. SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY - ANIMAL A. Blood and circulation - Blood corpuscles, haemopoiesis and formed elements, plasma function, blood volume, blood volume regulation, blood groups, haemoglobin, immunity, haemostasis. B. Cardiovascular System: Comparative anatomy of heart structure, myogenic heart, specialized tissue, ECG – its principle and significance, cardiac cycle, heart as a pump, blood pressure, neural and chemical regulation of all above. C. Respiratory system - Comparison of respiration in different species, anatomical considerations, transport of gases, exchange of gases, waste elimination, neural and chemical regulation of respiration. D. Nervous system - Neurons, action potential, gross neuroanatomy of the brain and spinal cord, central and peripheral nervous system, neural control of muscle tone and posture. E. Sense organs - Vision, hearing and tactile response. F. Excretory system - Comparative physiology of excretion, kidney, urine formation, urine concentration, waste elimination, micturition, regulation of water balance, blood volume, blood pressure, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance. G. Thermoregulation - Comfort zone, body temperature – physical, chemical, neural regulation, acclimatization. H. Stress and adaptation I. Digestive system - Digestion, absorption, energy balance, BMR. J. Endocrinology and reproduction - Endocrine glands, basic mechanism of hormone action, hormones and diseases; reproductive processes, gametogenesis, ovulation, neuroendocrine regulation 8. INHERITANCE BIOLOGY A) Mendelian principles: Dominance, segregation, independent assortment.

B) Concept of gene: Allele, multiple alleles, pseudoallele, complementation tests C) Extensions of Mendelian principles: Codominance, incomplete dominance, gene interactions, pleiotropy, genomic imprinting, penetrance and expressivity, phenocopy, linkage and crossing over, sex linkage, sex limited and sex influenced characters. D) Gene mapping methods: Linkage maps, tetrad analysis, mapping with molecular markers, mapping by using somatic cell hybrids, development of mapping population in plants. E) Extra chromosomal inheritance: Inheritance of Mitochondrial and chloroplast genes, maternal inheritance. F) Microbial genetics: Methods of genetic transfers – transformation, conjugation, transduction and sex-duction, mapping genes by interrupted mating, fine structure analysis of genes. G) Human genetics: Pedigree analysis, lod score for linkage testing, karyotypes, genetic disorders. H) Quantitative genetics: Polygenic inheritance, heritability and its measurements, QTL mapping. I) Mutation: Types, causes and detection, mutant types – lethal, conditional, biochemical, loss of function, gain of function, germinal verses somatic mutants, insertional mutagenesis. J) Structural and numerical alterations of chromosomes: Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation, ploidy and their genetic implications. K) Recombination: Homologous and non-homologous recombination including transposition. 9. DIVERSITY OF LIFE FORMS: A. Principles & methods of taxonomy: Concepts of species and hierarchical taxa, biological nomenclature, classical & quantititative methods of taxonomy of plants, animals and microorganisms. B. Levels of structural organization: Unicellular, colonial and multicellular forms. Levels of organization of tissues, organs & systems. Comparative anatomy, adaptive radiation, adaptive modifications. C. Outline classification of plants, animals & microorganisms: Important criteria used for classification in each taxon. Classification of plants, animals and microorganisms. Evolutionary relationships among taxa. D. Natural history of Indian subcontinent: Major habitat types of the subcontinent, geographic origins and migrations of species. Common Indian mammals, birds. Seasonality and phenology of the subcontinent. E. Organisms of health & agricultural importance: Common parasites and pathogens of humans, domestic animals and crops. F. Organisms of conservation concern: Rare, endangered species. Conservation strategies. 10. ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES The Environment: Physical environment; biotic environment; biotic and abiotic interactions. Habitat and Niche: Concept of habitat and niche; niche width and overlap; fundamental and realized niche; resource partitioning; character displacement.

Population Ecology: Characteristics of a population; population growth curves; population regulation; life history strategies (r and K selection); concept of metapopulation – demes and dispersal, interdemic extinctions, age structured populations. Species Interactions: Types of interactions, interspecific competition, herbivory, carnivory, pollination, symbiosis. Community Ecology: Nature of communities; community structure and attributes; levels of species diversity and its measurement; edges and ecotones. Ecological Succession: Types; mechanisms; changes involved in succession; concept of climax. Ecosystem Ecology: Ecosystem structure; ecosystem function; energy flow and mineral cycling (C,N,P); primary production and decomposition; structure and function of some Indian ecosystems: terrestrial (forest, grassland) and aquatic (fresh water, marine, eustarine). Biogeography: Major terrestrial biomes; theory of island biogeography; biogeographical zones of India. Applied Ecology: Environmental pollution; global environmental change; biodiversity: status, monitoring and documentation; major drivers of biodiversity change; biodiversity management approaches. Conservation Biology: Principles of conservation, major approaches to management, Indian case studies on conservation/management strategy (Project Tiger, Biosphere reserves). 11. EVOLUTION AND BEHAVIOUR A. Emergence of evolutionary thoughts Lamarck; Darwin–concepts of variation, adaptation, struggle, fitness and natural selection; Mendelism; Spontaneity of mutations; The evolutionary synthesis. B. Origin of cells and unicellular evolution: Origin of basic biological molecules; Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers and polymers; Concept of Oparin and Haldane; Experiement of Miller (1953); The first cell; Evolution of prokaryotes; Origin of eukaryotic cells; Evolution of unicellular eukaryotes; Anaerobic metabolism, photosynthesis and aerobic metabolism. C. Paleontology and Evolutionary History: The evolutionary time scale; Eras, periods and epoch; Major events in the evolutionary time scale; Origins of unicellular and multi cellular organisms; Major groups of plants and animals; Stages in primate evolution including Homo. D. Molecular Evolution: Concepts of neutral evolution, molecular divergence and molecular clocks; Molecular tools in phylogeny, classification and identification; Protein and nucleotide sequence analysis; origin of new genes and proteins; Gene duplication and divergence. E. The Mechanisms: Population genetics – Populations, Gene pool, Gene frequency; Hardy-Weinberg Law; concepts and rate of change in gene frequency through natural selection, migration and random genetic drift; Adaptive radiation; Isolating mechanisms; Speciation; Allopatricity and Sympatricity; Convergent evolution; Sexual selection; Co-evolution. F. Brain, Behavior and Evolution:

Approaches and methods in study of behavior; Proximate and ultimate causation; Altruism and evolution-Group selection, Kin selection, Reciprocal altruism; Neural basis of learning, memory, cognition, sleep and arousal; Biological clocks; Development of behavior; Social communication; Social dominance; Use of space and territoriality; Mating systems, Parental investment and Reproductive success; Parental care; Aggressive behavior; Habitat selection and optimality in foraging; Migration, orientation and navigation; Domestication and behavioral changes. 12. APPLIED BIOLOGY: Microbial fermentation and production of small and macro molecules. Application of immunological principles, vaccines, diagnostics. Tissue and cell culture methods for plants and animals. Transgenic animals and plants, molecular approaches to diagnosis and strain identification. Genomics and its application to health and agriculture, including gene therapy. Bioresource and uses of biodiversity. Breeding in plants and animals, including marker – assisted selection Bioremediation and phytoremediation. Biosensors 13. METHODS IN BIOLOGY Molecular Biology and Recombinant DNA methods: Isolation and purification of RNA , DNA (genomic and plasmid) and proteins, different separation methods. Analysis of RNA, DNA and proteins by one and two dimensional gel electrophoresis, Isoelectric focusing gels. Molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in bacterial and eukaryotic systems. Expression of recombinant proteins using bacterial, animal and plant vectors. Isolation of specific nucleic acid sequences Generation of genomic and cDNA libraries in plasmid, phage, cosmid, BAC and YAC vectors. In vitro mutagenesis and deletion techniques, gene knock out in bacterial and eukaryotic organisms. Protein sequencing methods, detection of post translation modification of proteins. DNA sequencing methods, strategies for genome sequencing. Methods for analysis of gene expression at RNA and protein level, large scale expression, such as micro array based techniques Isolation, separation and analysis of carbohydrate and lipid molecules RFLP, RAPD and AFLP techniques. Histochemical and Immunotechniques Antibody generation, Detection of molecules using ELISA, RIA, western blot, immunoprecipitation, fluocytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy, detection of molecules in living cells, in situ localization by techniques such as FISH and GISH. Biophysical Method: Molecular analysis using UV/visible, fluorescence, circular dichroism, NMR and ESR spectroscopy Molecular structure determination using X-ray diffraction and NMR, Molecular analysis using light scattering, different types of mass spectrometry and surface plasma resonance methods. Statisitcal Methods: Measures of central tendency and dispersal; probability distributions (Binomial, Poisson and normal); Sampling distribution; Difference between parametric and non-parametric statistics; Confidence Interval; Errors; Levels of significance; Regression and Correlation; t-test; Analysis of variance; X2 test;; Basic introduction to Muetrovariate statistics, etc. Radiolabeling techniques:

Detection and measurement of different types of radioisotopes normally used in biology, incorporation of radioisotopes in biological tissues and cells, molecular imaging of radioactive material, safety guidelines. Microscopic techniques: Visulization of cells and subcellular components by light microscopy, resolving powers of different microscopes, microscopy of living cells, scanning and transmission microscopes, different fixation and staining techniques for EM, freeze-etch and freeze- fracture methods for EM, image processing methods in microscopy. Electrophysiological methods: Single neuron recording, patch-clamp recording, ECG, Brain activity recording, lesion and stimulation of brain, pharmacological testing, PET, MRI, fMRI, CAT. Methods in field biology: Methods of estimating population density of animals and plants, ranging patterns through direct, indirect and remote observations, sampling methods in the study of behavior, habitat characterization: ground and remote sensing methods

K) TOURISM & HOSPITALITY Unit – I: Tourist / Visitor / Traveller / Excursionist – definition and differentiation. Tourism recreation and leisure inter-relationship ( s ). Tourism components, Elements and infrastructure. Types and typologies of Tourism. Emerging concepts: Eco / rural / agri. / farai / green / wilderness / country side / special interest tourism. Tourism Trends: Growth and development over the years and factors responsible therein. Changing market-destination patterns, Traffic flows / receipt trends. Travel motivator and deterrents. Pull and Push forces in tourism. Linkages and channels of distribution in Tourism: Tourism Organisation / Institutions: Origin, Organisation and functions of WTO, PATA, IATA, ICAO, FHRAI, TAAI, IATO and UFTAA. Unit – II: Concept of resource, Attraction and product in tourism. Tourism products : typology and unique features. Natural Tourism Resources in India: Existing use patterns vis – a – vis potential with relation to varied landforms (mountains, deserts, beaches, coastal areas and Islands ), Water bodies and biotic wealth ( flora – fauna ). Popular tourist destination for land based ( soft / hard trekking, ice skiing, mountaineering, desert safaris, car rallies, etc. ), water based ( rafting, kayaking, canoeing, surfing, water skiing, scuba / snuba diving ) and air based ( para – sailing, para – gliding, ballooning, hand – gliding and microlighting, etc ) tourist activities. Wildlife – Tourism and conservation related issues – Occurrence and distribution of popular wildlife species in India. Tourism in National parks, Wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves (case of Dachigham Corbett / Dudhwa / Kaziranga / Kanha / Gir / Ranthambor / Mudumalai / Sunderbans / Shivpuri / Manas / Nanda

Devi / Valley of flowers reserves). Tourism and nature conservation-Conflicts, Symbiosis and Synergy. Cultural Tourism Resources in India : Indian Culture and society. Indian History – Ancient, Medieval and Modern. Traditions, Customs and costumes : Life style and settlement patterns. Food habits and cuisine. Music, Musical instruments and Dance forms; Drawing and painting; Craftsmanship. Religion / religious observances and important pilgrim destinations. Architectural Heritage-Forts / palaces / other architectural marvels – Location and unique features. Unit – III : Accommodation : Concept, Types and Typologies, Linkages and Significance with relation to tourism. Emerging dimensions of accommodation industry – Heritage hotels, Motels and resort properties. Time share establishments. Hotel and Hoteliering : Origin, Growth and diversification. Classification, registration and gradation of hotels. Organisational structure, Functions and responsibilities of the various departments of a standard hotel / other catering outlets, viz., bars, restaurants, fast food centres. In flight catering. Leading multinational hotel chains operating in India. Public sector in hoteliering business – Role, Contribution and Performance. HRD perspective with special reference to India-Requirements, Training facilities, Constraints and Scope. Fiscal and non-fiscal incentive available to hotel industry in India. Ethical, Legal and regulatory aspects. Unit – IV : Transportation : Dynamically Changing needs and means. Landmarks in the development of transport sector and the consequent socio – economic, Cultural and environmental implications. Tourism transport system. Airlines Transportation : The Airlines Industry-Origin and Growth. Organisation of Air Transport Industry in International context. Scheduled and non – scheduled Airlines services; Air taxis. Multinational Air Transport Regulations-Nature, Significance and Limitations. Role of LATA, ICAO and other agencies. Bermuda Convention. Air Transport Industry in India – DGCA and other key players; Regulatory Framework; Air Corporation Act, Indian carriers-Operations, management and performance. Marketing strategies of Air India. Significance of Road Transport in Tourism : Growth and Development of road transport system in India; State of existing infrastructure; Public and Private Sector involvement; Role of Regional Transport Authority. Approved Travel Agencies, Tour / Transport Operators, Car hire / Rental companies. State and inter – state bus and coach network, Insurance provision road taxes and fitness certificate. Rail Transport Network – Major Railway Systems of World – British Rail, Euro Rail and Amtrak.

Types of special package offered by Indian Railways to tourists – Indrail pass, Palace on Wheels and Royal Orient. Reservation procedures. GSAs abroad. Water Transport System in India – Historical past, Cruise ships, Ferries, Hovercraft, River and canal boats, Fly cruise. Future prospects. Unit – V : Travel Agency and Tour Operations Business : Origin, Growth and development; Definition, Differentiation and linkages; Organisation and functions-Travel information counselling, Itinerary preparation, Reservation, Tour costing / pricing. Marketing of tour packages. Income sources. Airlines Ticketing : Operational perspectives of ticketing – ABC codes, Flight schedules, Flying time and MPM / TPM calculation, TIM ( Travel Information Mannual ) consultation. Routine and itinerary preparation, Types of fare, Fare calculation and rounding – up. Currency conversion and payment modes, Issuance of ticket. Cargo Handling : Baggage allowance, Free access baggage. Weight and piece concept. Accountability of lost baggage, Dangerous goods; Cargo rates and valuation charges, Automation and airport procedures. Requirements for setting – up travel agency and tour operations business, Approval from organisation and institutions concerned. Incentives available in Indian context. Constraints and limitations. Unit – VI : Marketing : Core concepts in marketing; Needs, Wants, Demands, Products, markets. Marketing management philosophies-Production, Product, Selling, Marketing and societal perspectives. Economic importance of marketing. Tourism marketing : Service characteristics of tourism. Unique features of tourist demand and tourism product / Tourism marketing mix. Analysis and selection of market : Measuring and forecasting tourism demand; Forecasting methods, Managing capacity and demand. Market segmentation and positioning. Developing marketing environment, Consumer buying behaviour. Competitive differentiation and competitive marketing strategies, New product development, product life cycle, Customer satisfaction and related strategies in internal and external marketing; Interactive and relationship marketing. Planning Marketing Programs : Product and product strategies; Product line, Product mix, Branding and packaging. Pricing; considerations, Approaches and strategies. Distribution channels and strategies. Marketing of Tourism Services : Marketing of Airlines, Hotel, Resort, Travel Agencies and other tourism related services – Challenges and strategies. Marketing Skills for Tourism : Creativity – Communication – Self – motivation – Team Building – Personality Development. Unit – VII : Tourism Planning : Origin, Concept and approaches. Levels and types of tourism planning-Sectoral, Spatial, Integrated, Complex, Centralized and Decentralized. Product life cycle theories and their applicability in tourism planning, Urban and rural tourism planning.

Tourism planning and policy perspectives; planning at national, state and regional levels. India’s tourism policies. Tourism Planning Process : Objective setting, Background analysis, Detailed research and analysis, Synthesis, Goal setting and Plan formulation, Evaluation of tourism project-Project feasibility study; Plan implementation, Development and monitoring. Tourism master plan. Tourism impacts and need for sustainable tourism planning : Socio – cultural, Economic and physical, Tourism carrying capacity and environmental impact analysis ( EIA ). Business ethics and laws – their relevance and applicability in Travel and Tourism industry. Law and legislation relating to tourist entry, Stay, Departure, Passport, Visa and Health. Tourist safety and security, Preservation and conservation of heritage environment, Archaeological sites and wildlife. Unit – VIII : The nature of field techniques; Field techniques and tourism and hotel business; Importance; and Limitations. Research : Meaning; Types; Trends; and challenges with special reference to tourism and hotel business. Guiding principles in selection of research problem. Research Methodology : Meaning; Procedural Guidelines; and Research design. Field Procedure for Data Collection and Analysis Techniques : Nature, sources of data, Techniques of data collection. Frequency Distribution : Meanings; Problems and considerations in construction numerical frequency distributions. Measures of Central tendency and variation. Correlation and regressions analysis. Probability and Probability Distributions : Probability : Meaning; Definition; and sample points and sample space, Events; Conditional probability; Bayes theorem and probability on large sample space. Probability Distributions : The binomial model; The poisson model; and Normal distribution. Sampling and Statistical Testing : Sampling and Sample Designs : Sampling and reasons for sampling; Theoretical basis of sampling; Basic concepts of sampling and types of sampling ( Random and Non-random sampling ). Central Limit theorem. Statistical Testing : Formulation and general procedure of testing of hypothesis, One – tail test and Two – tail test. Parametric and Non-Parametric Testing : Testing the Hypothesis : Comparison of two population means; Comparison of two population proportions; and Comparison of two population means and standard deviations. F – test, Student’s distribution and Chi – square test. Unit – IX : Management : Concept, Nature, Process and functions. Management levels, Managerial skills and roles. The external environment, Social responsibilities and ethics. Planning : Nature, Purpose, Types ‘and process. Management by objectives strategies and policies. Decision – making, Process, Tools and techniques. Decision – making models.

Organising : Concept of organising and organisation. Line and staff, Authority and responsibility, Span of control, Delegation, Decentralization, Conflict and coordination, Organisational structure and design, Management of change. Innovation and organisation development. Directing : Communication-Process, Types, Barriers and principles of effective communication. Motivation – Theories and practices, Leadership – Concept, theories and styles. Controlling : Process, Methods and techniques. Managing international business. Information Systems : Automation of Manual System, Data Processing stages. Evolution from EDP to MIS. MIS : Introduction, Definition, Status, Framework of understanding and designing MIS. Computer Networking : Application of CRS ( Computerized Reservation Systems ) in travel trade and hospitality sector. Unit – X : Financial Management and Planning : Finance : Meaning; Goals; Functions; Importance; and typologies of Finance – Role of financial management, Organisation goals; Environment; Forecasting and financial planning. Break – even analysis. Management of Current Assets : Working Capital Management : Meaning and characteristics of working capital; Financing current assets. Cash management, Receivables management and inventory management. Management of Fixed Assets; Importance of Capital Budgeting. Analytical Techniques – Non – discounted, Discounted Techniques. Financial Structures and Management of Earnings : Meaning, Difference between financial and capital structures. Determinants of Financial Structure. Financial leverage and effects of Financial Leverage on Net Income and Shareholders wealth. Financial leverage and financial planning. Break-even analysis for financial leverage. Dividend Policy, Significance of dividend policy and different types of dividend policies. TFCI : Tourism Finance Corporation of India ( TFCI ) – Aims, Objectives, Organisation and Functions. Accounting : Preparation of Business Income Statement, Balance Sheet, Cash flow statement and Fund flow statement. Hotel Accounting