sustainable energy solutions for rural india

Sustainable Energy Solutions for Rural India

Forbes Marshall Chair ProfessorDepartment of Energy Science & Engineering,

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

Invited talk at Nehru Science Centre, Mumbai, 16th February 2018

Rangan Banerjee

Urbanisation? Rural Migration?

McKinsey, 2010

Increasing urbanization

Higher energy intensity and carbon footprint per capita than overall country

Higher GDP/capita than overall country

High growth rates

Unsustainable – What about rural areas?

“CILLAGE”

Rural Energy Issues

•Energy Sector focus – Urban demands not rural needs

•Limited quantification, analysis – Rural Energy

•Energy Access

•Energy Inequality – Impact on Development, Quality of Life

•Affordability

•Productive Use, Employment Generation

•Distributed versus Centralised

Access Deficit

Source: Government of India, 2011 Census

• Some states – higher poverty -

Bihar, UP, Jharkhand and Odisha.India - highest electricity access deficit

(Top 20 countries for access deficit in electricity, 2014)

Source: Status of electricity access report, 2017

Energy Poverty and Fuel Mix- India

Pachauri and Spreng, 2011, Energy Policy

Energy and Equity

Source: GEA, 2012

Lorenz Curves Rural Electricity

Source: K. Mehta, Dual Degree Project, 2014

Energy Use Household (2005)

Rural Urban

Khandker et al, 2012

Energy Use Household (2005)

GEA, Chapter 19

Rural Electricity Outage

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

Paud Saharsa Chanduali Kotanka Dhule

Maharashtra Bihar UP AP Maharashtra

Ave

rag

e O

uta

ge

du

ratio

n in

Ho

urs

/da

yJan-17 Feb-17 Mar-17 Apr-17 May-17

http://www.watchyourpower.org/download_raw_data.php

Voltage Monitoring (typical day)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

13

36

59

71

29

161

193

225

257

289

321

353

385

417

449

481

513

545

577

609

641

673

705

737

769

801

833

865

897

929

961

993

102

51

05

71

08

91

12

11

15

31

18

51

21

71

24

91

28

11

31

31

34

51

37

71

40

9

Vo

latg

e(V

)

Time(minutes)

Data: http://www.watchyourpower.org/download_raw_data.phpVoltage monitored by Prayas Group (ESMI)

Wani, Dhule, Maharashtra on 19-01-2017

Ransai Feeder Data Analysis

0.81

0.99

0.43

0.66

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

Lo

ad

(M

W)

Hours

June’2013

Average Weekday Peak Load Min Load Average load

0.85 0.85

0.64

0.47

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

Lo

ad

(M

W)

Hours

Dec’2013

weekdays dec peak load Average load Base load

Source: P. Rajgadkar , M.Tech Thesis, 2015

Hourly Load variation

June 2013 Ransai feeder , Pen, Maharashtra

Source: P. Rajgadkar , M.Tech Thesis, 2015

Pathways for End Uses

Electricity

Solar Biomass Wind Geothermal

Space Heating

Water Heating

Cooking Lighting

Motive power Computing

Small Hydro Grid Electricity

KeroseneLPG

Water pumping

Space Cooling

Telecom Tower Rural Industry

Diesel

Appliances

EESL – LED Price reduction

1200

1000

800

310

204150

34

2010 2011 2012 Nov-13 Aug-14 Dec-15 2016

LE

D P

ric

e (

₹)

https://www.eeslindia.org/EN/Ujala/About/

Standard Fan vs Efficient Fan

Standard Fan Efficient FanPower 70 W 35 WPrice Rs. 1300 Rs. 2600

BLDC motorLife : 10years Sweep 1200 mm RPM – 350-400Similar air delivery 230 m3/min

Fan Dashboard

http://fan.ujala.gov.in/

Examples of Pump retrofit – Savings - Gujarat

Source: A. Singh, 2009

Agricultural DSM

Source: BEE

MSEDCL Agricultural DSM

https://www.mahadiscom.in/DSM Activities in MSEDCLJan14.pdf

1400 pumpsets

M& V done by MITCON

24-26% saving

Solar Pumping

Surya Raitha Pilot programme in Karnataka

https://eeslindia.org/writereaddata/08 Solar Agricultural Water Pumps.pdf

Sun Edison – one feeder with 310 pumps, Net meteringRs 7.2/ kWh

Biomass Power

100 kWe Pfutseromi village, NagalandBiogas plant,

Pura, Karnataka

Gram Oorja, Darewada ,Pune

Source: Minigrids Electricity for all, CSE, 2016

Location Darewada, Pune, Maharashtra

Size of power plant 9.36 kW

Number of households 36 connections + street lights+pumps

Overall cost of project ₹30,00,000

Tariff ₹20 per unit (prepaid meter)

LCOE ₹22

Implemented by Gram Oorja

Funded by CSR fund from Bosch solar

Energy services for Lighting, television, irrigation

Grid interconnectivity Not grid ready

Gram Power – Rajasthan

Micro-grid technology provider Gram Power

has installed prepaid smart metres in Palidistrict, Rajasthan


Location Neechli Babhan, Rajasthan

Size of power plant 5.5 kW

Number of

households

80 connections

Overall cost of

project

₹25,00,000

Tariff ₹31.25 per unit (prepaid meter)

LCOE ₹27.00

Implemented by Gram Power

Funded by MNRE Subsidy, Foreign Funds

Energy services for Lighting, Television

Grid

interconnectivity

Grid ready

Grid presence No

Husk Power System - Sahebganj Village


Location Neechli Babhan, Rajasthan

Size of power plant

32 kW

Number of households

400 connections

Overall cost of project

₹18,00,000

Tariff ₹30 for 100 W

LCOE ₹6.90

Implemented by Husk Power Systems

Funded by MNRE and Husk Power

Energy services for

Lighting, television, flour mill

Bhomji Ka Gaon,Rajasthan

Location Bhomji Ka Gaon

Type On grid and off grid connections

Size of power plant

500 kWp

Number of households

4000

Off grid dc inverter less system, RajasthanThe power data measured over a day in an off-grid home in Rajasthan with a solar dc Inverter less system on 25 February 2016

The power data measured in an on-grid home with a solar-dc inverterless system from 23 February 2016 to 24 February 2016.

Source: Solar-dc Microgrid for Indian Homes, IEEE, 2016

Selco Case Study

For profit company – Solar Home systems

90% of products – credit schemesPartnership with 9 banks – interest rates between 12-17%Financing Institutions pay 85% of the amount- monthly payments of Rs 300-400 over a period of 5 yearsFinancing/ repayment options –tailormade to end users – paddy farmers – repayment schedule based on crop cycle, street vendors – daily payments –Rs 10Funding from REEP – meet margin amount for poor customers, reduce interest rate

Successful Commercial development – OMC power

Running more than 50 plants in UP

Solar PV based power generation systems

Typical plant size – 30-36 kW, 150 kWh battery

back up,

Focused around – Telecom tower as key

customer – Agreements with telecom tower

suppliers

Meter based charging to large customer like

Telecom tower, other productive loads, package

to community customer

Use of DG as back up power for rainy seasons

Petrol PumpSolar Plant

Tower

DG

OMC power - Plant

Solar Plant MPPT Battery Bank

MetersLoads

Husk Power – Biomass gasification system

Rice huskGasifierGas CleaningEngine

Monitoring Distribution network End load

Remote data monitoring Billing & Payment collection Incense making from ash

Isolated Rural with biomass gasifier-battery system

Load profile generation

Max load 19.2Minimum load 0.0Average load 9.0

Load profile obtained through house hold

survey to have realistic assessment of demand

Electricity demand – Peak in evening but there

is demand in afternoon also

Load Considered – Flour Mill, Mobile Tower,

Lighting, Entertainment Water pumping, HH

Chores activities

Load Type Power

Lighting 30 W

Entertainment 80 W

HH Chores 62 W

Water Pumping 1.4 kW

Productive Load 1 – mobile Tower 2 kW

Productive Load 2 – Atta Chakki 4 kW

Hybrid Biomass Systems

Battery Life in climatic zones and per unit cost

Shillong

BangaloreChennai

Jodhpur

New Delhi

Jacob A. S., et al., 2016

Rural Cooking and Health

Survey 10 Existing Kitchens

Source: R. Debnath , M.Tech Thesis, 2016

Ashane Village, Karjat Taluka, Raigad District, Maharashtra

Kitchen Design

CFD for air flow analysis + age of air in the kitchens

Clustering the “better” performing kitchen based on built parameters


Improved Kitchen Design

Derived thresholds for an “ideal” kitchen


TEAM SHUNYA

Biolite Stove

Source: GEA Chapter 10 http://www.biolitestove.com

Summary

• Several case studies – business models, technology solutions

• Energy equity and development

• Productive Use, Employment generation

• Energy and Water Scarcity

• Wastes to Energy

• DISCOM deficits and affordable electricity

• Demand Response and Storage

• Modern Clean Energy as an Enabler for growth

• Innovation

• Visioning the “Cillage”

References

1. International Energy Agency (IEA), Statistics, https://www.iea.org/statistics/ (last accessed February 10, 2018)2. www.arti-india.org/ (last accessed on February 1, 2018)3. Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), (A Joint Venture Company of PSUs of Ministry of Power, Govt. of India),

https://www.eeslindia.org/EN/Ujala/About (last accessed on February 2, 2018)4. http://www.bridgetoindia.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/BRIDGE-TO-INDIA_India-Solar-Handbook_2017-1.pdf (last accessed on February

1, 2018)5. GEA, Chapter 19 : Pachauri, S., et al. Chapter 19 - Energy Access for Development. In Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable

Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, pp. 1401-1458.

6. GEA, 2012: Global Energy Assessment - Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.

7. Ashok Jhunjhunwala, Aditya Lolla, Prabhjot Kaur, Solar-dc Microgrid for Indian Homes: A Transforming Power Scenario, IEEE Electrification Magazine, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, May 2016.

8. Jacob, A. S., Banerjee, R., Ghosh, P.C., Modelling and simulation of a PV battery grid backup system for various climatic zones of India', Proceedings of 43rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, PVSC 2016; Portland; United States; pp 1807-1812, Article number 7749934, June 5-10, 2016.

9. Minigrids Electricity for all, Centrre for Science and Environment Report, 2016. http://www.cseindia.org/userfiles/mini-grids.pdf (last accessed February 10, 2018)

10. Solar-dc Microgrid for Indian Homes: A Transforming Power Scenario, IEEE Electrification Magazine, Volume: 4, Issue: 2, June 2016.11. Priyanka Rajgadkar, M.Tech Thesis: DSM Electricity Planning for Rural areas, IIT Bombay, 2013. 12. R. Debnath, M.Tech Thesis: A Conceptual Framework for Future Proofing Rural Kitchens in India, IIT Bombay, 2016. 13. K. Mehta, Dual Degree Project: Analyzing Household Electricity Use and Its Inequalities, IIT Bombay, 2014.

Acknowledgement: Jani Das, Ajit Paul, Balkrishna Surve

Email: [email protected] / [email protected]

Thank you

sustainable energy solutions for rural india

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