supplementary material · web viewmachinery and equipment manufacturing 25 furniture and other...

Sources, presence and potential effects of contaminants of emerging concern in the

marine environments of the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait, Australia

Frederieke J. Kroon1*¶, Kathryn L.E. Berry1,2, Diane L. Brinkman1, Rai Kookana3, Frederic

D.L. Leusch4, Steven D. Melvin4, Peta A. Neale4, Andrew Negri1, Marji Puotinen5, Jeffrey J.

Tsang6, Jason P. van de Merwe4, Mike Williams3

1 Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia

2 James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia

3 CSIRO Land and Water, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia

4 Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Gold

Coast, Qld 4222, Australia

5 Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, WA 6009, Australia

6 Australian Institute of Marine Science, Darwin, NT 0811, Australia

*Authorship in alphabetical order, except for first author and project leader

¶ e-mail address corresponding author: [email protected]

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Supplementary Material

Text S1

Spatial information presented in Figure 1–3 was derived from the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority; the Queensland Department of

Natural Resources and Mines; the Queensland Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation; the Queensland Land Use

Mapping Program (QLUMP) (Queensland Government, 2017); the National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) (Department of the Environment and

Energy, 2019); and the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) (Australian Maritime Safety Authority, 2017).

For Figure 1b, conservation, natural environments and agricultural production land use data from QLUMP for the GBR catchment were

classified according to the Australian Land Use and Management Classification Version 8 (ABARES, 2016) as follows:

Primary classification Secondary classification Tertiary classification Legend label

Conservation and natural environments Managed resource protection Managed resource protection Conservation and natural environments Surface water supply

Traditional indigenous uses

Nature conservation Habitat species management area

National Park

Natural feature protection

Other conserved area

Protected landscape

Strict nature reserve

Other minimal use Other minimal use

Rehabilitation

Residual native cover

Stock route

Production from dryland agriculture and plantations

Plantation forests Hardwood plantation forestry Forestry

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Softwood plantation forestry

Other forest plantation

Environmental forest plantation

Plantation forests

Production from irrigated agriculture and plantations

Irrigated plantation forests Irrigated hardwood plantation forestry

Irrigated plantation forests

Production from relatively natural environments Production native forests Production native forests

Wood production forestry


Grazing modified pastures Native/exotic pasture mosaic Grazing

Woody fodder plants

Grazing modified pastures


Grazing irrigated modified pastures

Grazing irrigated modified pastures

Irrigated legume/grass mixtures

Production from relatively natural environments Grazing native vegetation Grazing native vegetation


Cropping Cereals Cropping - others

Beverage and spice crops

Cropping

Hay and silage

Oilseeds


Irrigated cropping Irrigated beverage and spice crops

Irrigated cereals

Irrigated cropping

Irrigated hay and silage

Irrigated oilseed


Cropping – sugar Sugar Cropping - sugar

Production from irrigated agriculture and Irrigated cropping -sugar Irrigated sugar

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plantationsIntensive uses Intensive horticulture Abandoned intensive horticulture Horticulture

Glasshouses

Glasshouses (hydroponic)

Intensive horticulture

Shadehouses


Perennial horticulture Olives

Perennial flower and bulbs

Perennial horticulture

Shrub berries and fruits

Tree fruits

Tree nuts

Vine fruits


Irrigated perennial horticulture Irrigated citrus

Irrigated grapes

Irrigated olives

Irrigated perennial flowers and bulbs

Irrigated perennial horticulture

Irrigated perennial vegetables and herbs

Irrigated shrub berries and herbs

Irrigated tree fruits

Irrigated tree nuts

Irrigated vine fruits


Land in transition Abandoned perennial horticulture


Seasonal horticulture Seasonal horticulture

Seasonal vegetables and herbs


Irrigated land in transition Abandoned irrigated perennial horticulture

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Irrigated seasonal horticulture Irrigated seasonal flowers and bulbs

Irrigated seasonal fruits

Irrigated seasonal horticulture

Irrigated seasonal vegetables and herbs

Irrigated turf farming

For Figure 2a, urban and waste treatment land use data from QLUMP for the GBR catchment were classified according to the Australian

Land Use and Management Classification Version 8 (ABARES, 2016) as follows:

Primary classification Secondary classification Tertiary classification Legend labelIntensive uses Residential Farm buildings / infrastructure Urban / Residential Remote communities Residential and farming infrastructure Rural residential with agriculture Rural residential without agriculture Urban residentialIntensive uses Waste treatment and disposal Landfill Waste treatment and disposal (non-sewage) Solid garbage Waste treatment and disposalIntensive uses Waste treatment and disposal Effluent pond Waste treatment and disposal (sewage) Sewage

For Figure 2b, mining land use data from QLUMP for the GBR catchment were classified according to the Australian Land Use and

Management Classification Version 8 (ABARES, 2016) as follows:


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Intensive uses Mining Extractive industry not in use Mining *MinesMiningQuarriesTailings

Additional spatial information on mining activity in the GBR catchment was sourced from NPI and classified according to the Australian and

New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (Trewin and Pink, 2006):

Primary ANZSIC class code Primary ANZSIC class category Legend label0600 Coal mining Mining #

0700 Oil and gas extraction0802 Bauxite mining0803 Copper ore mining0804 Gold ore mining0805 Mineral sand mining0806 Nickel ore mining0807 Silver-lead-zinc ore mining0809 Other metal ore mining0911 Gravel and sand quarrying0919 Other construction material mining0990 Other non-metallic mineral mining and quarrying1011 Petroleum exploration

For Figure 2c, manufacturing and industrial land use data from QLUMP were classified according to the Australian Land Use and

Management Classification Version 8 as follows:


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Intensive uses Manufacturing and industrial General purpose factory Manufacturing and industrial *Food processing factoryMajor industrial complexBulk grain storageAbattoirsOil refinerySawmillAbandoned manufacturing and industrial

Additional spatial information on manufacturing and industrial land use in the GBR catchment was sourced from NPI and classified

according to the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (Trewin and Pink, 2006)

Primary ANZSIC class code Primary ANZSIC class category Legend label11 Food Product Manufacturing Manufacturing and industrial #

12 Beverage and Tobacco Product Manufacturing13 Textile, Leather, Clothing and Footwear Manufacturing14 Wood Product Manufacturing15 Pulp, Paper and Converted Paper Product Manufacturing16 Printing (including the Reproduction of Recorded Media)17 Petroleum and Coal Product Manufacturing18 Basic Chemical and Chemical Product Manufacturing19 Polymer Product and Rubber Product Manufacturing20 Non-Metallic Mineral Product Manufacturing21 Primary Metal and Metal Product Manufacturing22 Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing23 Transport Equipment Manufacturing24 Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing25 Furniture and Other Manufacturing

For Figure 2d, intensive animal production land use data from QLUMP were classified according to the Australian Land Use and

Management Classification Version 8 as follows:

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Primary classification Secondary classification Tertiary classification LabelIntensive uses Intensive animal production Abandoned intensive animal husbandry Intensive animal production (terrestrial) * Dairy sheds and yards Feed lots Horse studs Intensive animal production Piggeries Poultry farms Saleyards/stockyardsIntensive uses Intensive animal production Aquaculture Intensive animal production (aquatic) *

Additional spatial information on intensive animal production land use in the GBR catchment was sourced from NPI and classified according

to the Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (Trewin and Pink, 2006)

Primary ANZSIC class code Primary ANZSIC class category Legend label0142 Beef Cattle Farming (Specialised) Livestock farming #

0143 Beef Cattle Feedlots (Specialised)0160 Dairy Cattle Farming0171 Poultry Farming (Meat)0172 Poultry Farming (Eggs)0192 Pig Farming

For Figure 3, observed vessel traffic was extracted from the Craft Tracking System database downloaded from the Australian Maritime

Safety Authority (AMSA) website for each month in 2016 (Australian Maritime Safety Authority, 2017). According to AMSA, ‘each point

within the dataset represents a vessel position report and is spatially and temporally defined by geographic coordinates and a Universal Time

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Coordinate (UTC) timestamp respectively’. The different types of vessels considered in the AMSA database were categorised into ‘large

commercial vessels’ (Fig. 3A), ‘commercial fishing’ (Fig. 3B), ‘commercial and recreational tourism’ (Fig. 3C), and ‘Defence’ (Fig. 3D) as

follows:

Type Number of observations CategoryBlank 147000 DiscardCargo ship - All 59122 Large commercial vesselsCargo ship - Carrying DG, HS, or MP, IMO Hazard or pollutant category A 985 Large commercial vesselsCargo ship - Carrying DG, HS, or MP, IMO Hazard or pollutant category B 626 Large commercial vesselsCargo ship - Carrying DG, HS, or MP, IMO Hazard or pollutant category C 409 Large commercial vesselsCargo ship - Carrying DG, HS, or MP, IMO Hazard or pollutant category D 314 Large commercial vesselsCargo ship - No additional info 6250 Large commercial vesselsCargo ship - Reserved 5 154 Large commercial vesselsCargo ship - Reserved 6 300 Large commercial vesselsCargo ship - Reserved 7 396 Large commercial vesselsEngaged in diving operations 256 Commercial and recreational tourismEngaged in dredging or underwater operations 122 Large commercial vesselsEngaged in military operations 663 DefenceFishing 229 Commercial fishingHSC - All 2247 Commercial and recreational tourismLaw enforcement 892 DiscardOther - All 2588 DiscardOther - Carrying DG, HS, or MP, IMO Hazard or pollutant category A 731 Large commercial vesselsOther - Carrying DG, HS, or MP, IMO Hazard or pollutant category B 679 Large commercial vesselsOther - No additional info 392 DiscardPassenger ship - All 5861 Commercial and recreational tourismPassenger ship - Carrying DG, HS, or MP, IMO Hazard or pollutant category D 323 Commercial and recreational tourismPassenger ship - No additional info 759 Commercial and recreational tourismPilot vessel 1152 Large commercial vesselsPleasure craft 5045 Commercial and recreational tourismPort tender 72 Large commercial vesselsReserved 1356 DiscardSailing 419 Commercial and recreational tourismSAR 112 DiscardTanker - All 3372 Large commercial vessels

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Type Number of observations CategoryTanker - Carrying DG, HS, or MP, IMO Hazard or pollutant category A 883 Large commercial vesselsTanker - Carrying DG, HS, or MP, IMO Hazard or pollutant category B 488 Large commercial vesselsTanker - Carrying DG, HS, or MP, IMO Hazard or pollutant category C 163 Large commercial vesselsTanker - Carrying DG, HS, or MP, IMO Hazard or pollutant category D 694 Large commercial vesselsTanker - No additional info 644 Large commercial vesselsTowing 3430 Large commercial vesselsTug 11965 Large commercial vesselsunknown code 0 4946 Discardunknown code 1 828 Discardunknown code 249 3 Discardunknown code 6 1593 Discardunknown code 9 163 DiscardWIG - All 40 Discard

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Table S1. Monitoring data for components of antifouling paints in the GBR and TS marine ecosystems, for (a) water samples (in µg L-1), (b) sediment samples (in mg kg-1 dry weight for metals, and μg kg-1 dry weight for biocides), and (c) biota samples (in mg kg-1 wet weight for metals, and ng kg-1 wet weight for biocides). Concentrations presented as single values, mean ± standard deviation (SD), and/or range, unless otherwise noted. Concentrations for tributyltin (TBT) in water, sediment and biota samples are µg Sn L-1, μg Sn kg-1 dry weight, and ng Sn kg-1 wet weight, respectively. N/A = not available, UCL = upper confidence limit; bold numbers indicate exceedances of Australia and New Zealand Default Guideline Values (DGV) for marine water quality and sediment quality (ANZG, 2018), and Generally Expected Levels for metal contaminants (Food Standards Australia New Zealand, 2015). Maximum residue limits (MRL) for seafood are not listed for booster biocides in the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code (Standard 1.4.2) (Food Standards Australia New Zealand, 2008).

(a)Main classes of contaminants of emerging concern

NRM region DGV

Torres Strait

Cape York

Wet Tropics Burdekin Mackay Whitsunday

Fitzroy Burnett Mary

95% 99%

Met

al o

xide

s

Copper N/A N/A Sudbury reef (193)a N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.3 0.3

Iron N/A N/A NA N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Zinc N/A N/A Sudbury reef (146)a N/A N/A N/A N/A 15 7

Bio

cide

s

Diuron N/A N/A Cairns Port (<0.005 μg L-1)b

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Tributyltin (TBT) N/A N/A Sudbury reef (43)a Cairns Port (95th UCL 2.5-26.3)b

Townsville Port (<0.005)c

N/A Port Curtis (mean <0.012*, max 0.02)d

N/A 0.006 0.0004

* Standard deviation or standard error not presented in original reference (Jones et al., 2005).a (Negri et al., 2002), b (Ports North, 2015), c (Port of Townsville Limited et al., 2013), d (Jones et al., 2005).

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6061626364656667

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6970

(b)Main classes of contaminants of emerging concern

NRM region Guideline value

Torres Strait

Cape York Wet Tropics Burdekin Mackay Whitsunday


DGV GV-high

Met

al o

xide

s

Copper N/A N/A Sudbury reef (972–21,700)a

Sudbury reef (1,180)b

Port Douglas Marina (9 ± 5)c

Low Isles (20 ± 1)c

Agincourt Reef (20 ± 2)c

Cairns Port (70 ± 61)c

Yorkeys Knob (33 ± 1)c

Fitzroy Island (20 ± 2)c

Michaelmas Reef (20 ± 1)c

Townsville Port (113 ± 105)c

Breakwater Marina (72 ±7)c

Magnetic Island (11 ± 8)c

Kelso Reef (22 ± 1)c

Abel Point Marina (95 ± 18)c

South Molle Island (12 ± 8)c

Bait Reef (21 ± 0)c

Douglas Shoal (<detection-152,300)f

N/A 65 270

Iron N/A N/A NA N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Zinc N/A N/A Sudbury reef (1,170–19,400)a


N/A N/A Douglas Shoal (<detection-22,000)f

N/A 200 410

Bio

cide

s

Diuron N/A N/A Cairns Port (95% UCL 1.24, max 3.84)h

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Tributyltin (TBT) N/A Heath Reef (7,500 - 340,000)c

Sudbury reef (<1-17,000)a


Port Douglas Marina (<1 )c

Low Isles (<1)c

Agincourt Reef (<1)c

Cairns Port (<1–1,275)c

Townsville Port (<1–18; <0.005)c

Townsville Port (<0.5-221.6)d

Breakwater Marina (<1–4.2)c

Magnetic Island (<1)c

Kelso Reef (<1)c

Abbot Point

Abel Point Marina (<1)c

South Molle Island (<1)c

Bait Reef (<1)c

Port of Hay Point (<0.05-36.32)j

Port Curtis (mean 50*, max 655)e

Douglas Shoal (<detection-545,000)f

Port Curtis (<0.5 – 2.0)g

Rosslyn Bay (1.8–5.0) **k

N/A 9.0*** 70

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Main classes of contaminants of emerging concern

NRM region Guideline value

Torres Strait



DGV GV-high

Cairns Port (95% UCL <0.5-40.8)**h

Cairns Port (72-470) **k

Yorkeys Knob (<1–5.5)c

Fitzroy Island (<1)c

Michaelmas Reef (<1)c

(<0.05-21.1)i Gladstone (<0.5-1.9)**k

*Standard deviation not presented in original reference (Jones et al., 2005); ** Normalised to 1% organic carbon (Ports North, 2015); ***Normalised to 1% organic carbon, dry weight (ANZG, 2018). a(Haynes et al., 2002), b(Negri et al., 2002), c(Haynes and Loong, 2002), d(Port of Townsville Limited et al., 2013), e(Jones et al., 2005), f(GBRMPA, 2011), g(Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, 2012), h(Ports North, 2015), i(GHD Pty Ltd, 2012b), j(GHD Pty Ltd, 2005), k(Mortimer, 2004)

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727374

(c)Main classes of contaminants of emerging concern

NRM region Generally Expected Levels (median)

Generally Expected Levels (90th percentile)Torres

StraitCape York

Wet Tropics Burdekin Mackay Whitsunday


Met

al o

xide

s Copper N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 5 30

Iron N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Zinc N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 130 290

Bio

cide

s

Irgarol 1051 N/A N/A Michaelmas Cay, green algae (0)a

Yule Pt, seagrass (0.3 ± 0.1)a

Ellie Pt, Trinity Bay, seagrass (6.6 ± 0.3)a

N/A Oyster Bay, South Molle Island, seagrass (20.3 ± 24.2, max 48)a

Hervey Bay, seagrass (3.2 ± 0.2)a

N/A N/A NA NA

Tributyltin (TBT)

N/A N/A Cairns Port, oysters (44-92)c

Townsville, fish/squid muscle (< 3.0-47), fish liver (1.2-570)b

N/A Rosslyn Bay, oysters (42-59)c

Gladstone, oysters (23-37)c

Clinton Coal Wharf and Fisherman’s Landing, oysters (300-700) d

Calliope River mouth, mud whelk (>500)d

N/A N/A N/A

a(Scarlett et al., 1999), b(Kannan et al., 1995), c(Mortimer, 2004), d(Jones et al., 2005)

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Table S2. Monitoring data for coal particles in the GBR and TS marine ecosystems, for sediment samples. N/A = not available.Main classes of contaminants of emerging concern

NRM regions Guideline value

Torres Strait

Cape York

Wet Tropics

Burdekin Mackay Whitsunday

Fitzroy

Burnett Mary

Coal particles N/A N/A N/A Abbot Point.

Coal particles can make up to 45% of sediment at coal ship berths. No coal particles reported > 800 m from jetty (cited as (WBM, 2005) in (Toki et al., 2012))

N/A N/A N/A N/A

Coal particles N/A N/A N/A Abbot Point.

Following Cyclone Debbie in 2017, coal particles were reported to make up trace to 10% of surface sediments in the Caley Valley Wetlands (Department of Science Information Technology and Innovation, 2017)

N/A N/A N/A N/A

Total suspended solids from coal stockpile

Abbot Point.

The concentrations of total suspended solids in stormwater runoff from coastal coal stockpiles into wetlands has been reported to be as high as 33 mg L-1 and 80 mg L-1 in separate events (Department of Science Information Technology and Innovation, 2017; Queensland Government, 2019a).

During a 2017 cyclone, concentrations as high as 800 mg L-1 have been reported entering coastal waters adjacent to the GBR (Department of Science Information Technology and Innovation, 2017; Queensland Government, 2018).

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Table S3. Monitoring data for heavy/trace metals and metalloids in the GBR and TS marine ecosystems, for (a) filtered surface water (µg L-1), (b) surface sediment (mg kg-1 dry weight), and (c) bivalve molluscs (mg kg-1 wet weight; unless stated otherwise). Concentrations presented as single values, mean ± standard deviation (SD), and/or range, unless otherwise noted. Bold text/yellow highlight indicates exceedance of Australia and New Zealand Default Guideline Values (DGVs) and Guideline Values-high (GV-high) for marine water quality and sediment quality (ANZG, 2018) and/or relevant guidelines. Orange highlight indicates reporting limit greater than DGV. CY = Cape York; MW = Mackay Whitsunday; BM = Burnett Mary; N/A = not available; ND = not detectable.

(a)NRM regions

TS CY WT Burdekin MW

Fitzroy BM

DGV


Thursday, Horn, Wednesday, Badu, Warraber, Erub, Saibai and Maizab Kaur Islands*

Northern TS and Gulf of Papua

Lizard I. Trinity Inlet‡

Trinity Bay‡

False Cape‡

Palm Beach‡

Yorkeys Knob‡

Cape Grafton‡

Orpheus I. Townsville Outer Harbour^

Inner Cleveland Bay^

Ross Creek estuary

Ross River estuary^

N/A Heron I. Port Curtis

Port Curtis, offshore

Port Curtis Harbour

The Narrows

Port Curtis Estuary

N/A

99% 95% Other

Met

als

Aluminium 4.82 (0.178–24.2)

N/A N/A 27.4 33.2 36.5 33 31.8 37.6 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.0–6.0 (one suspected outlier 334)

N/A N/A N/A 23 (max 46)

N/A

2.1 24

Cadmium 0.006 (0.001–0.017)

<0.0008–0.0292

<0.01–0.03 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.33 <0.01–0.06 <1 <1; 0.002–0.010

0.004–0.283

<1 N/A <0.01–0.02 <0.003–0.009

<0.0015 (<0.0015–0.004)

0.007 (0.002–0.015)

0.008 (0.003–0.0065)

<0.005 (max 0.013)

N/A

0.7 5.5

Chromium† 0.262 (0.141–0.491)

N/A N/A 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 1.43 N/A 3 2 N/A 4 N/A N/A <0.4 N/A N/A N/A <2 N/A

0.14 (CrVI)

4.4 (CrVI)

Cobalt 0.009 (ND–0.096)

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A <5 <5 N/A <5 N/A N/A 0.012–0.153

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

0.005 1

Copper 0.105 (0.004–0.608)

0.032–0.986

0.13 (0.11–0.15)

3.93 3.33 2.81 2.55 3.01 3.07 0.18 (0.16–0.24)

<5 <5 N/A <5 N/A 0.14 (0.12–0.16)

0.078–1.06

0.040 (<0.019–0.085)

0.510 (0.410–0.620)

0.530 (0.520–0.640)

0.34 (max 1.18)

N/A

0.3 1.3

Gallium N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

- -

Iron N/A N/A N/A 11.7 10.0 10.0 54.2 10.0 10.0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A <1.5–214

N/A N/A N/A 10 (max 15)

N/A

- -

Lead 0.018 (ND–0.084)

N/A <0.06 0.47 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.43 0.44 <0.06 1 <1 N/A 0.8 N/A <0.06 <0.016–0.085

N/A N/A N/A <0.1 (max 0.68)

N/A

2.2 4.4

Manganese 0.863 (0.182–6.32)

N/A N/A 55.7 4.97 2.93 2.84 3.65 4.03 N/A 10 16 N/A 36 N/A N/A <0.1–6.5

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

- 140#

Mercury N/A N/A N/A <0.1; one sample 0.4

<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

0.1 0.4

Molybdenum

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 15 15 N/A 19 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

- - 23

Nickel 0.143 (0.051–0.396)

0.094–0.460

0.09 (0.07–0.10)

1.4 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.37 1.43 0.12 (0.07–0.16)

5 <5 N/A 5 N/A 0.08 (0.06–0.10)

0.163–0.746

0.150 (0.011–0.190)

0.340 (0.280–0.470)

0.650 (0.470–0.910)

<0.28 (max 0.66)

N/A

7 70

Silver N/A N/A N/A 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 N/A <5 <5 N/A <5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

0.8 1.4

Vanadium 2.14 (1.28–3.67)

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

50 100

Zinc 1.33 (0.016–4.91)

N/A 0.08 (0.03–0.21)

16.6 13.6 14.1 12.6 10.3 14.3 0.14 (0.04–0.27)

7 <5 N/A 3 N/A 0.17 (0.09–0.35)

0.018–1.62

0.040 <0.030–0.140

0.170 (0.130–0.230)

0.110 (0.060–0.210)

<0.33 (max 1.03)

N/A

7 15

Antimony† N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

- - 270 (SbIII)

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78

8283

Arsenic† 1.07 (0.272–2.46)

N/A N/A 2.26 2.32 2.4 2.32 2.32 2.4 N/A 2 0.5 N/A 2 N/A N/A 0.79–1.27

N/A N/A N/A 1.9 (max 10)

N/A

- - 4.5 (AsV)

Selenium N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.1 (max 0.4)

N/A

- - 2

References (O’Brien et al., 2015)

(Apte and Day, 1998)

(Denton and Burdonjones, 1986)

(Ports North, 2015)

(Ports North, 2015)

(Ports North, 2015)

(Ports North, 2015)

(Ports North, 2015)

(Ports North, 2015)


(Port of Townsville Limited et al., 2013)

(da Silva et al., 2004; Port of Townsville Limited et al., 2013)

(da Silva et al., 2004)



(Angel et al., 2012)




(Jones et al., 2005)

(ANZG, 2018; Golding et al., 2015)

(ANZG, 2018; Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership, 2015; Golding et al., 2015)

(ANZG, 2018; Ministry of Environment Water Protection & Sustainability Branch, 2015)

*TS data collected with diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) passive sampler rather than discrete water sample; † Data for total concentrations for antimony, arsenic and chromium – no elemental speciation data; ‡ 95th percentile of monitoring data collected from July 2013 to July 2014; ^ 95th percentile of monitoring data 2004 to 2010; # Manganese trigger for 95% species protection and corals present cited in Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership (2015).

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(b) NRM regions

TS CY WT Burdekin MW Fitzroy BM


Cape York–Gulf of Papua Transect

Annan River estuary

Walker Bay

Endeavour River Estuary

Port of Cairns – Inner Port‡

Port of Cairns – Outer Channel‡

Townsville Outer Harbour‡

Townsville Port Berth 11‡

Townsville Port Rock Wall‡

Townsville Port Sea Channel‡

Townsville Port Platypus Channel‡

Ross River Estuary

Abbot Point Port dredge area‡

Abbot Point Port dredged material relocation area‡

Hay Point Port Apron Area‡

Hay Point Port Departure Path‡

Port Curtis

Port Curtis

N/A DGV GV-high

Met

als

Aluminium 3,400–96,800

N/A 3,270–9,910

N/A 17,600 18,500 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 9,040 (3,100–22,900)

13,400 (11,700–15,700)

N/A N/A 1,720–26,900

N/A N/A - -

Cadmium 0.02–0.11 <1 <1 <1 NA NA 0.06 0.17 <0.1 0.15 0.12 <0.2 <0.1 <0.1 0.05 0.05 0.08–0.44

0.10 (<0.10–0.24)

N/A 1.5 10

Chromium 12–128 20–32 9–23 6–26 35.6 35.0 23.9 37.2 11.2 23.1 24.3 9–30 13.5 (4.9–22)

27.6 (24.0–31.9)

16.3 13.1 5–32 50 (13–85)

N/A 80 370

Cobalt <6–21 N/A N/A N/A 11.3 9.5 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3–11 4.8 (2.1–16.1)

5.74 (5.00–6.60)

N/A N/A 3–31 N/A N/A - -

Copper <8–29 5–23 <5–14 <5–12 14.3 11.3 13.7 20.9 3.41 10.5 15.4 6–18 3.7 (1.3–5.4)

5.53 (4.70–6.30)

6.87 4.66 0.1–22 18 (4–44)

N/A 65 270

Gallium N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1–10 N/A N/A - -Iron 1,200–

57,500N/A <50 N/A 30,300 29,300 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 10,700

(3,770–16,500)

14,800 (12,600–17,200)

16,400 11,900 4,970–62,600

N/A N/A - -

Lead <4–34 7–11 <5–9 <5–56 20.2 18.1 16.7 78.4 7.91 17.5 18.4 7–28 4.4 (2.2–9.6)

6.34 (5.60–7.30)

5.81 4.63 2–13 30 (5–18)

N/A 50 220

Manganese 109–1,363

N/A 97–228 N/A 705 672 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 250 (66–684)

275 (241–312)

333 181 74–1,330

N/A N/A - -

Mercury N/A <0.1 <0.1 <0.1–1.1 0.196 0.033 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.005 (<0.01–0.01)

0.01 (<0.01–0.02)

0.01 0.01 <0.02–0.05

0.01 (0.001–0.055)

N/A 0.15 1

Molybdenum N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.1–2 N/A N/A - -Nickel <10–42 7–11 3–10 3–10 16.2 16.3 15.5 44.9 7.43 14.9 17.5 4–17 5.2 (1.1–

10)10.1 (9.0–11.7)

9.60 6.64 2–16 14 (4–33)

N/A 21 52

Silver N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.1 - 0.28 0.65 0.45 0.42 0.41 <0.1 0.06 (<0.1–0.2)

<0.1 N/A N/A 0.01–0.07

N/A N/A 1 4.0

Vanadium N/A N/A N/A N/A 46.0 44.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA 18.3 (8.8–26.6)

24.6 (21.0–28.4)

N/A N/A 11–114 N/A N/A - -

Zinc <12–113 16–34 9–31 8–56 48.1 44.8 63.9 79.9 27.8 39.2 49 23–76 13.1 (4.4–38.4)

25.6 (22.0–29.2)

21.3 10.8 6–57 32 (11–113)

N/A 200 410

Met

allo

ids

Antimony N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.05 <0.5 <0.5 0.63 0.47 0.05–0.35

N/A N/A 2 25

Arsenic 3–32.3 10 <5–10 7–16* 20.4 19.0 10.9 14.2 6.89 9.68 10.2 <5–7 5.8 (2.5–29.6)

3.23 (2.82–3.80)

5.13 5.44 6–54 18 (6–36)

N/A 20 70

Selenium N/A N/A <5 N/A 3.2 2.8 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A <1 0.4 (<0.1–0.7)

0.56 (<0.1–0.60)

N/A N/A 0.02–0.51

N/A N/A 2^ -

References (Haynes and Kwan, 2002)

(Howley, 2012)

(Howley, 2012)

(Howley, 2012)

(Ports North, 2015)

(Ports North, 2015)






(Butler, 2008)

(GHD Pty Ltd, 2012a)

(GHD Pty Ltd, 2012a)

(GHD Pty Ltd, 2005)

(GHD Pty Ltd, 2005)



(ANZG, 2018; Ministry of Environment Water Protection & Sustainability Branch, 2015)

(ANZG, 2018)

* Max value may be higher – low As recovery in spike sample; ‡ Monitoring data = 95% upper confidence limit; ^ Alert concentration (Ministry of Environment Water Protection & Sustainability Branch, 2015)

18

86

87

(c)NRM regionsTS CY WT Burdekin MW Fitzroy BM


Torres Strait Islands†

Olive River Endeavour River Johnstone River Herbert River Townsville Harbour Breakwater

Ross Estuary Magnetic I Orpheus I NA Port Curtis Port Curtis Reference

N/A Food Code Standards

Met

als

Aluminium 2.83–19.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 26–248 10–37 NA -Cadmium 0.05–0.46 2.88 ± 1.20* 0.63 ± 0.19* 0.77 ± 0.41* 1.20 ± 0.44* NA NA NA 2.41 ± 0.73* NA 0.14–0.42 0.14–0.26 NA 2#

Chromium 0.47–1.00 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.2–9.4 <0.1–1.5 NA -Cobalt 0.12–0.59 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -Copper 1.93–5.37 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 114–363 93–186 NA 30^Gallium NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -Iron 50.5–463 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 35–252 26–56 NA -Lead 0.21–4.16 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA <0.04–0.09 <0.04–0.18 NA 2#

Manganese 0.74–9.04 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -Mercury 0.01–0.56 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.03–0.09 0.03–0.07 NA 1.0–1.5#‡

Molybdenum NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -Nickel 0.67–3.79 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA <0.2–9.3 <0.2–0.9 NA -Silver 0.02–0.04 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -Vanadium NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -Zinc 65.6–112 1093 ± 589* 3030 ± 1200* 1303 ±430* N/A 2080 ± 453;

3000–42001273 ± 389 876 ± 404 2547 ± 799;

2560 ± 800*NA 463–1400 187–388 NA 290^

Met

allo

ids Antimony NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -

Arsenic 3.03–9.07 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.3–6.9 11.2–15.7 NA 1#

Selenium 1.65–7.75 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.3–1.5 0.4–0.7 NA 1^

References (Gladstone, 1996)

(Olivier et al., 2002)




(Jones, 1992; Jones et al., 2000)



(Jones et al., 2000; Olivier et al., 2002)



(Food Standards Australia New Zealand, 2015)

† dry weight; * dry weight; divide by 5.5 to convert to wet weight (Olivier et al., 2002); ^ Generally expected level = 90th percentile; # Maximum level; ‡ 1.0 mg kg-1 if insufficient samples; Green highlight = dry weight concentration exceeds benchmark; may not be the case for wet weight concentration.

19

88

89

Table S4. Monitoring data for heavy/trace metals and metalloids in Port Curtis (November 2012 – August 2015) for concentrations (mean (standard error, SE) [range]) in (a) filtered surface water (µg L-1) and (b) surface sediment (mg kg-1 dry weight) (Port Curtis Integrated Monitoring Program Inc., 2016). Bold text/yellow highlight indicates exceedance of Australia and New Zealand Default Guideline Values (DGVs) and Guideline Values-high (GV-high) for marine water quality and sediment quality (ANZG, 2018) and/or relevant guidelines.

(a)PCIMP Monitoring Zones

Element Auckland Inlet

Boat Creek Lower Boyne Estuary

Mid Boyne Estuary

Lower Calliope Estuary

Mid Calliope Estuary

Inner Harbour

Mid Harbour

The Narrows

Graham Creek (Lower)

Outer Harbour (Open Coastal Reference)

Rodds Bay (Estuarine Reference)

Colosseum Inlet (Estuarine Reference)

South Trees Inlet (Lower)

Western Basin

Port Curtis (all sites)

DGV* (95%)

Aluminium 17 (4) [2.5–210]

17 (5) [2.5–130]

31 (16) [2.5–180]

40 (23) [2.5–560]

28 (12) [2.5–390]

64 (44) [2.5–510]

6.9 (0.8) [2.5–16]

11 (2) [2.5–100]

16 (3) [2.5–190]

6.9 (1.2) [2.5–23]

15 (6) [2.5–260] 6.6 (1.2) [2.5–31]

5.6 (0.6) [2.5–16]

10 (2) [2.5–150]

12 (1) [2.5–47]

15 (2) [2.5–560]

24

Arsenic† 1.1 (0.1) [0.1–2.9]

0.86 (0.08) [0.1–1.6]

1.2 (0.2) [0.1–2.1]

1.5 (0.1) [0.1–2.7]

0.88 (0.08) [0.1–1.7]

1 (0.1) [0.1–1.5]

1.1 (0.1) [0.1–1.7]

1.1 (0.1) [0.1–2.2]

0.87 (0.06) [0.1–1.9]

0.67 (0.08) [0.1–1.4]

1.2 (0.1) [0.1–2] 1.2 (0.1) [0.1–2.2]

1.1 (0.1) [0.1–2.3]

1.1 (0.1) [0.1–4.7]

1 (0.1) [0.1–1.9]

1.1 (0) [0.1–4.7]

4.5 (AsV)

Cadmium 0.09 (0.02) [0.1–0.5]

0.1 (0.02) [0.1–0.5]

0.13 (0.05) [0.1–0.5]

0.1 (0.03) [0.1–0.5]

0.09 (0.02) [0.1–0.5]

0.09 (0.04) [0.1–0.5]

0.08 (0.02) [0.1–0.5]

0.09 (0.01) [0.1–0.5]

0.1 (0.02) [0.1–0.5]

0.1 (0.03) [0.1–0.5]

0.1 (0.02) [0.1–0.5]

0.09 (0.02) [0.1–0.5]

0.09 (0.02) [0.1–0.5]

0.09 (0.01) [0.1–0.5]

0.1 (0.02) [0.1–0.6]

0.09 (0.01) [0.1–0.6]

0.7

Chromium† 0.57 (0.05) [0.5–3.1]

0.63 (0.08) [0.5–2.9]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.78 (0.13) [0.5–2.5]

0.52 (0.02) [0.5–1.3]

0.58 (0.08) [0.5–1.4]

0.55 (0.03) [0.5–1.3]

0.57 (0.03) [0.5–2.4]

0.55 (0.03) [0.5–2.6]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.52 (0.02) [0.5–1.4]

0.54 (0.03) [0.5–1.3]

0.53 (0.03) [0.5–1.7]

0.53 (0.02) [0.5–1.4]

0.53 (0.01) [0.5–1.2]

0.55 (0.01) [0.5–3.1]

4.4 (CrVI)

Cobalt 0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.52 (0.02) [0.5–1.1]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.52 (0.02) [0.5–1.1]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.51 (0.01) [0.5–1.1]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.51 (0.01) [0.5–1]

0.52 (0.02) [0.5–1.3]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–1.3]

1

Copper 0.68 (0.06) [0.1–2.1]

0.76 (0.12) [0.1–3.6]

0.65 (0.14) [0.1–1.8]

0.93 (0.28) [0.1–6.9]

0.74 (0.1) [0.1–2.3]

1.1 (0.2) [0.1–2.6]

0.52 (0.04) [0.1–1.2]

0.49 (0.02) [0.1–1.5]

0.57 (0.04) [0.1–1.6]

0.59 (0.07) [0.1–1.3]

0.46 (0.02) [0.1–0.5]

0.46 (0.02) [0.1–0.5]

0.46 (0.02) [0.1–0.5]

0.49 (0.02) [0.1–1.5]

0.67 (0.06) [0.1–3]

0.59 (0.02) [0.1–6.9]

1.3

Gallium 0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

1 (0.2) [0.5–4.3]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5] 0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.55 (0.03) [0.5–1.9]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.52 (0.01) [0.5–4.3]

-

Iron 21 (9) [0.5–380]

16 (8) [0.5–250]

8.7 (5.9) [0.5–73]

21 (13) [0.5–320]

29 (13) [0.5–380]

62 (40) [0.5–370]

3.5 (0.5) [0.5–12]

4.2 (1.2) [0.5–83]

4.6 (0.7) [0.5–43]

3.2 (0.6) [0.5–13]

11 (7) [0.5–310] 2.8 (0.3) [0.5–9.5]

3.3 (0.4) [0.5–12]

4.9 (1.5) [0.5–110]

6.4 (1.1) [0.5–48]

10 (2) [0.5–380]

-

Lead 0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.56 (0.06) [0.5–1.1]

0.58 (0.08) [0.5–2.3]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.52 (0.02) [0.5–1.8]

0.52 (0.02) [0.5–1.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5] 0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.51 (0.01) [0.5–1.3]

0.51 (0.01) [0.5–1.4]

0.51 (0) [0.5–2.3]

4.4

Manganese 23 (4) [1.3–200]

61 (17) [2.4–400]

18 (12) [1.4–150]

24 (7) [0.5–160]

16 (7) [1.9–250]

10 (2) [1.8–22]

8.6 (3.4) [0.5–82]

6.2 (2) [0.3–87]

10 (3) [0.5–200]

21 (6) [1.7–140]

2.4 (0.6) [0.3–17]

7.1 (0.8) [0.3–21]

6.9 (1.1) [0.5–44]

17 (3) [0.5–160]

10 (2) [0.5–110]

15 (1) [0.3–400]

140

Mercury 0.05 (0) [0.03–0.05]

0.05 (0) [0.03–0.05]

0.05 (0) [0.03–0.05]

0.05 (0) [0.03–0.05]

0.05 (0) [0.03–0.05]

0.05 (0) [0.03–0.05]

0.05 (0) [0.03–0.05]

0.05 (0) [0.03–0.11]

0.05 (0) [0.03–0.05]

0.05 (0) [0.03–0.05]

0.05 (0) [0.03–0.05]

0.05 (0) [0.03–0.05]

0.05 (0) [0.03–0.05]

0.05 (0) [0.03–0.05]

0.05 (0) [0.03–0.05]

0.05 (0) [0.03–0.11]

0.1

Molybdenum 9.3 (0.5) [0.5–14]

9.1 (0.7) [0.5–15]

12 (2) [0.5–24]

17 (2) [0.5–41]

8.8 (0.7) [0.5–13]

6.8 (1.2) [0.5–11]

10 (1) [0.5–14]

10.3 (0.4) [0.5–14]

10.1 (0.4) [0.5–14]

9.9 (0.7) [1.1–14]

10.2 (0.5) [0.5–13]

9.8 (0.5) [0.5–12]

9.9 (0.5) [0.5–13]

12 (1) [0.5–23]

9.9 (0.4) [0.5–15]

10.3 (0.2) [0.5–41]

23

Nickel 0.62 (0.06) [0.5–2.8]

0.65 (0.09) [0.5–3.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.53 (0.03) [0.5–1.3]

0.57 (0.04) [0.5–1.6]

0.7 (0.1) [0.5–1.2]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.51 (0.01) [0.5–1]

0.62 (0.05) [0.5–3.6]

0.63 (0.13) [0.5–3.4]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5] 0.62 (0.07) [0.5–2.8]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.53 (0.02) [0.5–2.1]

0.55 (0.03) [0.5–2.4]

0.56 (0.01) [0.5–3.6]

7

Selenium 0.72 (0.06) [0.5–2]

0.79 (0.15) [0.5–5]

0.61 (0.07) [0.5–1.2]

0.53 (0.03) [0.5–1.1]

0.68 (0.08) [0.5–2.1]

0.55 (0.05) [0.5–1]

0.55 (0.04) [0.5–1.2]

0.56 (0.03) [0.5–2]

0.71 (0.09) [0.5–6]

0.7 (0.1) [0.5–2]

0.61 (0.05) [0.5–1.9]

0.58 (0.04) [0.5–1.3]

0.59 (0.05) [0.5–2]

0.86 (0.08) [0.5–3]

0.68 (0.05) [0.5–3]

0.67 (0.02) [0.5–6]

2

Silver 0.56 (0.08) [0.3–5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.48 (0.02) [0.3–0.5]

0.48 (0.02) [0.3–0.5]

0.48 (0.01) [0.3–0.5]

0.48 (0.02) [0.3–0.5]

0.48 (0.01) [0.3–0.5]

0.48 (0.01) [0.3–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.3–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.48 (0.01) [0.3–0.5]

0.48 (0.01) [0.3–0.5]

0.48 (0.01) [0.3–0.5]

0.48 (0.01) [0.3–0.5]

0.48 (0.01) [0.3–0.5]

0.49 (0.01) [0.3–5]

1.4

Tin 0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5] 0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.5 (0) [0.5–0.5]

0.54 (0.04) [0.5–3.5]

0.51 (0.01) [0.5–3.5]

10

Uranium 2.7 (0.1) [0.5–3.9]

2.9 (0.2) [0.5–4]

2.7 (0.4) [0.5–5.1]

2.2 (0.2) [0.5–3.8]

2.5 (0.2) [0.5–4]

2 (0.3) [0.5–3.2]

2.9 (0.2) [0.5–3.7]

3 (0.1) [0.5–4]

3.5 (0.1) [1.1–5.6]

3.3 (0.2) [1.9–5.4]

3 (0.1) [0.5–4] 3 (0.1) [0.5–4.6]

2.9 (0.1) [0.5–3.6]

2.9 (0.1) [0.5–3.7]

2.9 (0.1) [0.5–4]

2.9 (0) [0.5–5.6]

-

Vanadium 2 (0.1) [0.5–4]

2.2 (0.2) [0.5–4.1]

2 (0.4) [0.5–5]

2.6 (0.4) [0.5–9.8]

2.4 (0.2) [0.5–4.2]

3 (0.3) [0.5–4.8]

2 (0.1) [0.5–3.2]

1.8 (0.1) [0.5–3.9]

2 (0.1) [0.5–3.8]

1.9 (0.2) [0.5–3.7]

1.7 (0.1) [0.5–3.4]

1.7 (0.1) [0.5–4]

1.7 (0.1) [0.5–3.6]

2.4 (0.2) [0.5–11]

2.3 (0.1) [0.5–4.2]

2.1 (0) [0.5–11]

100

Zinc 1.7 (0.2) [0.5–7.7]

2.1 (0.3) [0.5–6.1]

2.2 (1.3) [0.5–15]

2.2 (0.7) [0.5–10]

1.5 (0.2) [0.5–4.1]

2.3 (0.6) [0.5–5.6]

1.1 (0.3) [0.5–5]

1 (0.2) [0.5–9.2]

2.2 (0.4) [0.5–24]

2.1 (0.6) [0.5–12]

1.5 (0.3) [0.5–11]

1.2 (0.3) [0.5–6.1]

1.1 (0.2) [0.5–10]

1.3 (0.2) [0.5–10]

1.7 (0.2) [0.5–8.1]

1.6 (0.1) [0.5–24]

15

^ To calculate means, half the detection limit was substituted for non-detectable values in the dataset; † Data for total concentrations for arsenic and chromium – no elemental speciation data; * Sourced from ANZG (2018), Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership (2015), Golding et al. (2015), Ministry of Environment Water Protection & Sustainability Branch (2015)

20

9091929394

9596

9798

99

100

(b)PCIMP Monitoring Zones

Element Auckland Inlet

Boat Creek Boyne Estuary

Lower Boyne Estuary

Mid Boyne Estuary

Calliope Estuary

Lower Calliope Estuary

Mid Calliope Estuary

Inner Harbour

Mid Harbour The Narrows Graham Creek (Lower)

Outer Harbour (Open Coastal Reference)

Rodds Bay (Estuarine Reference)

Colosseum Inlet (Estuarine Reference)

South Trees Inlet (Lower)

Western Basin

All Sites DGV*

GV-high*

Aluminium 27500 (1500) [17700–35900]

23500 (4400) [4300–38600]

9100 (1200) [4300–14700]

8600 (1200) [6400–10700]

9400 (1800) [4300–14700]

8700 (2600) [2700–34100]

9300 (3400) [2700–34100]

7200 (2600) [3900–12200]

20800 (2500) [11000–28200]

9300 (1400) [2100–25800]

20200 (1900) [2300–30800]

17100 (4700) [1600–28500]

3800 (400) [2600–7100]

7000 (500) [4500–9600]

7000 (1200) [1100–13200]

18700 (2000) [2700–35100]

12600 (1600) [1900–24000]

14500 (800) [1100–38600]

- -

Arsenic 11.7 (0.4) [9.3–15]

12 (1.3) [6–18]

8.5 (0.7) [6.2–13]

8.9 (1.1) [7.5–11]

8.3 (1) [6.2–13]

4.6 (0.8) [2.5–13]

4.9 (1.1) [2.5–13]

3.8 (0.6) [2.6–4.8]

15.6 (2.3) [10–27]

13.5 (1.2) [8.2–24]

13.5 (1.1) [7.7–25]

10.9 (1.6) [6.7–17]

13.7 (2.4) [8.2–34]

15.7 (2.3) [4.3–27]

7.6 (0.9) [4.1–14]

14.1 (1.7) [6.4–33]

10.7 (0.8) [4.5–17]

11.8 (0.4) [2.5–34]

20 70

Cadmium 0.25 (0) [0.3–0.3]

0.25 (0) [0.3–0.3]

0.25 (0) [0.3–0.3]

0.25 (0) [0.3–0.3]

0.25 (0) [0.3–0.3]

0.25 (0) [0.3–0.3]

0.25 (0) [0.3–0.3]

0.25 (0) [0.3–0.3]

0.25 (0) [0.3–0.3]

0.25 (0) [0.3–0.3]

0.44 (0.19) [0.3–3.7]

0.25 (0) [0.3–0.3]

0.25 (0) [0.3–0.3]

0.25 (0) [0.3–0.3]

0.25 (0) [0.3–0.3]

0.25 (0) [0.3–0.3]

0.25 (0) [0.3–0.3]

0.27 (0.02) [0.3–3.7]

1.5 10

Chromium 32 (1) [24–43]

27 (4) [9–40] 15 (2) [7–23] 13 (3) [8–18] 15 (3) [7–23] 12 (2) [5–36] 13 (3) [5–36] 10 (1) [8–12] 26 (2) [19–35]

15 (2) [6–32] 31 (2) [9–45] 22 (5) [4–35] 10 (1) [5–15] 11 (1) [8–18] 13 (2) [4–24] 25 (2) [6–40] 17 (2) [4–28] 20 (1) [4–45] 80 370

Cobalt 12 (0) [8–15] 13 (1) [6–17] 6 (1) [4–10] 5 (1) [4–6] 6 (1) [4–10] 7 (1) [4–14] 7 (1) [4–14] 6 (1) [5–9] 12 (1) [10–15]

10 (1) [3–18] 12 (1) [5–20] 9 (2) [3–13] 4 (0) [3–5] 5 (0) [4–6] 4 (0) [2–6] 10 (1) [3–16] 12 (1) [6–25] 9 (0) [2–25] - -

Copper 35 (3) [19–52]

25 (4) [6–38] 9 (1) [5–16] 7 (1) [6–8] 10 (2) [5–16] 11 (3) [4–40] 12 (4) [4–40] 8 (2) [6–11] 19 (2) [12–26]

8 (2) [1–26] 17 (2) [4–31] 17 (4) [3–27] 2 (0) [1–4] 3 (0) [1–4] 3 (1) [1–7] 17 (2) [2–31] 14 (2) [4–23] 14 (1) [1–52] 65 270

Gallium 8.2 (0.7) [3.8–13]

7.1 (1.5) [0.5–13]

6.1 (1) [1.8–11]

3.9 (1.2) [1.8–5.9]

7.2 (1.3) [4.4–11]

2.8 (0.9) [0.3–12]

2.9 (1.2) [0.3–12]

2.3 (0.6) [1.6–3.4]

6.4 (0.9) [2.9–9.1]

2.9 (0.5) [0.3–7.8]

5.5 (0.7) [0.3–9.9]

4.7 (1.3) [0.3–9.4]

1 (0.2) [0.3–2]

1.8 (0.4) [0.3–3.8]

1.8 (0.4) [0.3–3.8]

7.7 (1.1) [0.5–17]

3.8 (0.5) [0.3–8.1]

4.7 (0.3) [0.3–17]

- -

Iron 32800 (1400) [23800–42700]

32500 (2800) [15000–40500]

18400 (1300) [13600–23800]

16600 (1000) [15200–18500]

19300 (1800) [13600–23800]

16300 (2300) [7900–36200]

16500 (2900) [7900–36200]

15800 (3200) [11100–22000]

29200 (1500) [23500–36500]

17200 (1500) [5700–28800]

27100 (1400) [15600–34900]

20700 (4300) [6400–33400]

10800 (1200) [6800–21300]

14100 (1500) [7300–22800]

10300 (1400) [3800–18900]

26300 (2000) [9400–42200]

21100 (1600) [8200–30900]

21600 (800) [3800–42700]

- -

Lead 12.2 (1) [8.6–26]

9.6 (1) [4.4–13]

5.4 (0.7) [3.3–9.1]

4.7 (0.9) [3.3–6.3]

5.8 (1.1) [3.3–9.1]

3.1 (0.9) [1.2–12]

3.4 (1.1) [1.2–12]

2.1 (0.4) [1.5–2.9]

8.4 (0.6) [6.4–10]

4.6 (0.5) [1.9–9.2]

8.9 (0.6) [3.9–12]

7.8 (1.8) [2–13]

3.1 (0.4) [2.1–6.3]

4.9 (0.3) [3.8–6]

4 (0.5) [1.1–6]

8.7 (0.7) [2.9–14]

5.4 (0.6) [1.4–9.4]

6.7 (0.3) [1.1–26]

50 220

Manganese 371 (35) [170–670]

517 (96) [200–1030]

317 (34) [180–460]

313 (58) [250–430]

318 (46) [180–460]

240 (23) [120–410]

236 (19) [180–310]

253 (85) [120–410]

357 (52) [210–590]

510 (53) [230–930]

251 (24) [120–470]

130 (12) [93–160]

279 (16) [180–350]

210 (29) [82–330]

98 (15) [21–200]

283 (19) [160–420]

459 (80) [150–1330]

324 (16) [21–1330]

- -

Mercury 0.1 (0) [0.1–0.1]

0.1 (0) [0.1–0.1]

0.1 (0) [0.1–0.1]

0.1 (0) [0.1–0.1]

0.1 (0) [0.1–0.1]

0.1 (0) [0.1–0.1]

0.1 (0) [0.1–0.1]

0.1 (0) [0.1–0.1]

0.1 (0) [0.1–0.1]

0.1 (0) [0.1–0.1]

0.1 (0) [0.1–0.1]

0.1 (0) [0.1–0.1]

0.1 (0) [0.1–0.1]

0.1 (0) [0.1–0.1]

0.1 (0) [0.1–0.1]

0.1 (0) [0.1–0.1]

0.1 (0) [0.1–0.1]

0.1 (0) [0.1–0.1]

0.15 1

Molybdenum 0.73 (0.06) [0.5–1.5]

1.23 (0.15) [0.7–2.1]

0.52 (0.17) [0.25–1.8]

0.77 (0.52) [0.25–1.8]

0.4 (0.1) [0.25–0.78]

0.3 (0.05) [0.25–0.86]

0.32 (0.07) [0.25–0.86]

0.25 (0) [0.25–0.25]

0.39 (0.09) [0.25–0.81]

0.25 (0) [0.25–0.25]

0.72 (0.08) [0.25–1.3]

1.28 (0.31) [0.25–2]

0.32 (0.07) [0.25–0.97]

0.32 (0.05) [0.25–0.58]

0.6 (0.16) [0.25–1.8]

1.21 (0.28) [0.25–5.4]

0.43 (0.06) [0.25–1]

0.62 (0.05) [0.25–5.4]

- -

Nickel 17 (1) [12–21]

14 (2) [4–21] 9 (1) [5–14] 8 (0) [7–8] 10 (1) [5–14] 7 (1) [3–19] 7 (2) [3–19] 6 (1) [5–7] 14 (1) [12–17]

8 (1) [2–16] 18 (2) [4–31] 12 (3) [2–19] 5 (0) [4–7] 5 (0) [3–8] 5 (1) [1–10] 12 (1) [4–20] 10 (1) [3–17] 11 (0) [1–31] 21 52

Selenium 0.88 (0.09) [0.52–1.5]

0.63 (0.16) [0.25–1.6]

0.42 (0.07) [0.25–0.78]

0.43 (0.18) [0.25–0.78]

0.42 (0.08) [0.25–0.74]

0.37 (0.05) [0.25–0.7]

0.38 (0.06) [0.25–0.7]

0.33 (0.08) [0.25–0.5]

0.52 (0.13) [0.25–1]

0.36 (0.04) [0.25–0.78]

0.57 (0.05) [0.25–0.95]

0.67 (0.16) [0.25–1.1]

0.36 (0.04) [0.25–0.61]

0.38 (0.07) [0.25–0.88]

0.4 (0.06) [0.25–0.75]

0.67 (0.08) [0.25–1.5]

0.45 (0.05) [0.25–0.91]

0.52 (0.02) [0.25–1.6]

2^ -

Silver 0.33 (0.03) [0.25–0.5]

0.33 (0.04) [0.25–0.5]

0.33 (0.04) [0.25–0.5]

0.33 (0.08) [0.25–0.5]

0.33 (0.05) [0.25–0.5]

0.33 (0.04) [0.25–0.5]

0.33 (0.04) [0.25–0.5]

0.33 (0.08) [0.25–0.5]

0.32 (0.05) [0.25–0.5]

0.33 (0.03) [0.25–0.5]

0.33 (0.03) [0.25–0.5]

0.33 (0.05) [0.25–0.5]

0.34 (0.04) [0.25–0.5]

0.33 (0.04) [0.25–0.5]

0.33 (0.04) [0.25–0.5]

0.33 (0.03) [0.25–0.5]

0.33 (0.03) [0.25–0.5]

0.33 (0.01) [0.25–0.5]

1 4

Tin 1.01 (0.08) [0.63–2]

0.7 (0.12) [0.25–1.1]

0.43 (0.06) [0.25–0.76]

0.42 (0.09) [0.25–0.51]

0.44 (0.09) [0.25–0.76]

0.43 (0.07) [0.25–1]

0.47 (0.09) [0.25–1]

0.33 (0.08) [0.25–0.5]

0.65 (0.08) [0.25–0.83]

0.35 (0.04) [0.25–0.82]

0.69 (0.05) [0.25–0.97]

0.59 (0.12) [0.25–0.9]

0.34 (0.04) [0.25–0.5]

0.33 (0.04) [0.25–0.5]

0.34 (0.04) [0.25–0.54]

0.68 (0.05) [0.25–1.1]

0.43 (0.04) [0.25–0.75]

0.54 (0.02) [0.25–2]

- -

Uranium 1.1 (0) [0.9–1.4]

1.1 (0.2) [0.3–1.8]

0.5 (0.1) [0.3–0.9]

0.6 (0.2) [0.3–0.8]

0.5 (0.1) [0.3–0.9]

0.5 (0.1) [0.3–1.2]

0.5 (0.1) [0.3–1.2]

0.4 (0.1) [0.3–0.5]

1.3 (0.1) [0.9–2.1]

0.6 (0.1) [0.3–1]

1.3 (0.1) [0.5–2]

1.5 (0.4) [0.3–2.5]

0.5 (0.1) [0.3–0.8]

0.6 (0.1) [0.3–0.8]

1 (0.2) [0.3–2.8]

1.2 (0.2) [0.3–3.3]

0.7 (0.1) [0.3–1.5]

0.9 (0) [0.3–3.3]

- -

Vanadium 61 (3) [40–82]

69 (6) [38–94]

33 (5) [21–64]

26 (3) [21–29]

36 (7) [23–64]

36 (4) [18–74]

36 (6) [18–74]

34 (3) [29–39]

56 (3) [47–66]

34 (3) [12–63]

52 (3) [30–85]

44 (8) [14–65]

21 (3) [12–44]

25 (3) [14–40]

19 (2) [11–31]

50 (4) [18–76]

42 (3) [17–56]

42 (1) [11–94]

- -

Zinc 70 (4) [47–100]

49 (8) [12–75]

27 (3) [20–41]

23 (2) [20–25]

30 (4) [20–41]

23 (5) [10–75]

24 (7) [10–75]

22 (7) [12–36]

46 (3) [33–55]

24 (3) [7–52] 45 (4) [10–84]

35 (8) [7–56] 11 (1) [8–17] 13 (1) [10–21]

13 (2) [3–22] 40 (4) [10–70]

33 (3) [8–54] 34 (2) [3–100]

200 410

*Sourced from ANZG (2018), Ministry of Environment Water Protection & Sustainability Branch (2015).

21

101

102

Table S5. Monitoring data for heavy/trace metals and metalloids in the Torres Strait marine environment, for mean concentrations (µg L-1; range in parenthesis) determined using DGT passive samplers (O’Brien et al., 2015). Bold text/yellow highlight indicates exceedance of Australia and New Zealand Default Guideline Values (DGVs) for marine water quality (ANZG, 2018) and/or relevant guidelines.

TS Monitoring Locations DGV*

Element Thursday I Horn I Wednesday I Badu I Warraber I Erub I Saibai I Maizab Kaur I All sites 99% 95% Indicative interim working level¶

Aluminium 4.5 (4.01–4.99) 8.93 (5.43–14.4) 9.79 (2.37–17.2) 10.8 (4.19–17.4) ND 0.79 (0.178–2.18) 6.31 (0.437–24.2) 1.28 (0.273–2.87) 4.8 (0.178–24.2) 2.1 24

Arsenic 1.95 (1.81–2.13) 0.99 (0.869–1.13) 1.87 (1.33–2.46) 1 (0.935–1.06) 0.636 (0.384–0.823) 0.837 (0.272–1.12) 1.25 (0.875–1.57) 0.962 (0.692–1.2) 1.07 (0.272–2.46) - - 4.5 (AsV)

Cadmium 0.005 (0.003–0.006) 0.008 (0.007–0.01) 0.002 (0.001–0.003)

0.007 (0.004–0.011) 0.002 (0.001–0.003) 0.005 (0.002–0.008) 0.011 (0.007–0.017) 0.006 (0.004–0.009)

0.006 (0.001–0.017) 0.7 5.5

Chromium 0.411 (0.26–0.491) 0.26 (0.173–0.339) 0.184 (0.141–0.242)

0.194 (0.15–0.261) ND ND ND ND 0.262 (ND–0.491) 0.14 (CrVI) 4.4 (CrVI)

Cobalt 0.017 (0.003–0.041) 0.011 (0–0.025) 0.009 (0.002–0.019)

0.009 (0.003–0.017) 0.003 (0.002–0.005) 0.003 (ND–0.013) 0.019 (0.004–0.096) 0.004 (0.002–0.007)

0.009 (ND–0.096) 0.005 1

Copper 0.054 (0.008–0.086) 0.068 (0.039–0.093) 0.076 (0.032–0.238)

0.074 (0.053–0.1) 0.012 (0.004–0.018) 0.055 (0.027–0.089) 0.251 (0.129–0.608) 0.133 (0.063–0.249)

0.105 (0.004–0.608) 0.3 1.3

Lead 0.035 (0.005–0.084) 0.029 (0.012–0.051) 0.022 (0.005–0.046)

0.027 (0.013–0.059) 0.003 (0.001–0.006) 0.008 (ND–0.015) 0.021 (0.007–0.082) 0.008 (0.003–0.016)

0.018 (ND–0.084) 2.2 4.4

Manganese 1.64 (0.642–3.81) 0.983 (0.201–2.01) 0.9 (0.371–1.69) 0.733 (0.441–1.1) 0.246 (0.182–0.336) 0.359 (0.196–0.546) 1.57 (0.749–6.32) 0.518 (0.352–0.767)

0.86 (0.182–6.315) - 140

Nickel 0.178 (0.099–0.291) 0.179 (0.118–0.262) 0.154 (0.098–0.242)

0.178 (0.115–0.241) 0.065 (0.051–0.085) 0.092 (0.071–0.117) 0.211 (0.153–0.396) 0.103 (0.089–0.124)

0.143 (0.051–0.396) 7 70

Vanadium 2.23 (1.99–2.48) 1.63 (1.54–1.76) 2.41 (1.81–3.36) 1.71 (1.65–1.77) 1.72 (1.28–2.22) 2.33 (1.51–3.09) 2.58 (1.69–3.67) 2.07 (1.76–3.1) 2.14 (1.28–3.67) 50 100

Zinc ND 2.79 (1.16–4.91) 3.31 (3.2–3.41) 1.18 (0.556–1.5) 0.016 (0.016–0.016) 0.935 (0.1–2.4) 0.938 (0.215–3.55) 0.591 (0.189–1.25) 1.33 (ND–4.91) 7 15

* Sourced from ANZG (2018), Gladstone Healthy Harbour Partnership (2015), Golding et al. (2015); ND: Not detectable; ¶ indication of a low reliability marine guideline trigger value following ANZG (2018).

22

103104105

106

Table S6. Monitoring data for main classes of marine debris in the GBR and TS marine ecosystems, measured in beach clean-ups and in (sub-)surface water tows. Abundance or concentrations presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), and/or range, unless otherwise noted.


NRM region

Torres Strait Cape York Wet Tropics Burdekin Mackay Whitsunday Fitzroy Burnett Mary

Macroplastics

(e.g. fishing nets, plastic packaging)

Beach clean-ups (78 items ± 91 per 100 m; 59% of total items; n=43)e

Sand cays and continental islands (8 ± 10 per 100 m; 20% of total items; n=15)a

Beach clean-ups (398 ± 1,037 per 100 m; 84% of total items; n=60)e

Beach clean-ups (69 ± 185 per 100 m; 69% of total items; n=365)e

Beach clean-ups (597 ± 1,385 per 100 m; 87% of total items; n=25)e

Beach clean-ups (1,558 ± 2,219 per 100 m; 91% of total items; n=80)e



Other marine debris

(glass, metal, cloth)


Sand cays and continental islands (2 ± 1 per 100 m; 6% of total items; n=15)a

Beach clean-ups (mean 25 ± 79 SD 100 m; 5% of total items; n=60)e






Microplastics

(i.e. items < 5mm diameter)

Surface waters* (20,000 - 40,000 pieces km-2)b, (1,500 - 3,500 pieces km-2)c



Surface waters (1,000 - 80,000 pieces km-2)b, sub-surface waters (2 fragments ~11,000 L-1)d

Surface waters (40,000 - 80,000 pieces km-2)b

Surface waters (5,000 - 20,000 pieces km-2)b

NA

* different concentrations reported for same surveys in associated reports; reported particles predominantly small fragments < 5mm diameter. a(Haynes, 1997), b(Hardesty et al., 2014), c(Reisser et al., 2013), d(Hall et al., 2015), e(Tangaroa Blue Foundation, 2015); data from a and e have been standardized to 100 m beach length for all beaches (a), and beach clean-ups covering lengths of 100 to 1,000 m (e).

23

107108

109110111

Table S7. Monitoring data for pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the GBR and TS marine ecosystems, measured in effluent from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and in rivers discharging into the GBR and TS, and other areas in Australia (ng L-1). Concentrations presented as single values or range, unless otherwise noted. Bold compounds were identified as potential risks based on calculated hazard quotients (HQs ≥ 1) (Kroon et al., 2015).


NRM regions Other areas in AustraliaTorres Strait

Cape York

Wet Tropics Burdekin Mackay

Whitsunday Fitzroy Burnett Mary WWTP effluent Rivers Harbours

AnalgesicCodeine N/A N/A 150-310a N/A N/A N/A N/A 400c 9.5 (max)q

Diclofenac N/A N/A 60-260a N/A N/A N/A N/A 10-90c; 38-272d; 550 (max)e

Ibuprofen N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 20-457d; 1660 (max)e; 4.6-12f 44 (max)b

Indomethacin N/A N/A 20-40a N/A N/A N/A N/A 20c

Ketoprofen N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 20-104d; 630 (max)e; 3.1-20.7f

Naproxen N/A N/A 95-270a; 5b N/A N/A N/A N/A 500c; 36-483d; 1910

(max)e; 1.6-179f 347 (max)b

Oxycodone N/A N/A 50-90a N/A N/A N/A N/A 10c

Paracetamol N/A N/A 38b 6b N/A 4060b N/A 17000c; 8.2-102d 7150 (max)b 67 (max)q

Salicylic acid N/A N/A 31-47b 20-42b N/A 22-31b N/A 16-46d 1530 (max)b

Sulfasalazine N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 150 (max)g; 10 (max)h 30 (max)g

Tramadol N/A N/A 420-2000a N/A N/A N/A N/A 80-270c 5.8 (max)q

AnthelminticPraziquantel N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 10c

AntibioticAmoxicillin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 500 (max)g; 30 (max)h 200 (max)g

Cefaclor N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 1800 (max)g; 60 (max)h 200 (max)g Cephalexin N/A N/A 190-450a N/A N/A N/A N/A 210c; 250 (max)g 100 (max)g

Chlortetracycline N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 250 (max)g; 5 (max)h 600 (max)g Ciprofloxacin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 720 (max)h 1300 (max)g Clindamycin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 70 (max)g; 5 (max)h 10 (max)g

Cloxacillin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 700 (max)g N/Dg

24

112113114115



Cape York



Doxycycline N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 150 (max)g; 40 (max)h 400 (max)g Enrofloxacin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 50 (max)g; 10 (max)h 300 (max)g 20c

Erythromycin N/A N/A 40-180a N/A N/A N/A N/A 20c det.g

Lincomycin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 40c; 300 (max)g; 60 (max)h 50 (max)g

Monensin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 20 (max)g 150 (max)g

Nalidixic acid N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 450 (max)g 750 (max)g

Norfloxacin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 250 (max)g; 40 (max)h 1150 (max)g

Oleandomycin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 150 (max)g 20 (max)g

Oxytetracycline N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 70 (max)g; 20 (max)h 100 (max)g

Penicillin G N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 300 (max)g 250 (max)g

Penicillin V N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2000 (max)g; 80 (max)h 10 (max)g

Roxithromycin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 40c; 500 (max)g;100 (max)h 350 (max)g

Salinomycin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/Dg 150 (max)g

Sulfamethoxazole N/A N/A 170-380a 22-67b N/A N/A N/A 10-80c; 200 (max)g; 320 (max)h 2000 (max)g

Sulfathiazole N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 600 (max)g; 5 (max)h 40 (max)g

Sulfasalazine N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 150 (max)g 30 (max)g

Tetracycline N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 20 (max)g; 30 (max)h 80 (max)g

Trimethoprim N/A N/A 32-130a N/A N/A N/A N/A 20-120c; 45-313d; 250 (max)g; 70 (max)h

657 (max)b; 150 (max)g

Tylosin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3400 (max)g; 65 (max)h 60 (max)g

Anticonvulsant

Carbamazepine N/A N/A 380-860a 17-569b N/A N/A N/A 80-550c; 288-676d; 1970 (max)e; 158-3205i 682 (max)b 2.7 (max)q

Gabapentin N/A N/A 1000-1800a N/A N/A N/A N/A 50-3900c

Phenytoin N/A N/A 40-73a; 5b 53-57b N/A N/A N/A 10-120c; 47-146d 145 (max)b

Primidone N/A N/A 30-180a 14b N/A N/A N/A 20c; 54-205d 259 (max)b

AnticorrosiveBenzotriazole N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3,900 (max)c

25



Cape York



AntidiabeticMetformin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 486-3710d

AntimicrobialBenzalkonium chloride N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A <LOR-865j

Propylparaben N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 218 (max)b

Triclosan N/A N/A <LOR-30a N/A N/A N/A N/A 23-434k, 5,000-27,000

(sed)l

Artificial sweetener

Acesulfame N/A N/A <LOR-4400a N/A N/A N/A N/A 20,000 (max)c

Beta-blockerAtenolol N/A N/A 140-360a N/A N/A N/A N/A 300-600c; 94-695d 133 (max)b

Metoprolol N/A N/A 90-160a N/A N/A N/A N/A 50-230c

Propranolol N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 10c 8.9 (max)q

Calcium channel blockerVerapamil N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 36 (max)b

Contrast media

Iopromide N/A N/A <LOR-2300a N/A N/A N/A N/A 7600 (max)c 10 (max)q

DiureticFrusemide (Furosemide) N/A N/A 40-280a N/A N/A N/A N/A 60c

Hydrochlorothiazide N/A N/A 350-1100a N/A N/A N/A N/A 30-140c

Triamterene N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 5.1-51d

Fibrate

Gemfibrozil N/A N/A 20-70a 5b N/A N/A N/A 120-450c; 20-342d; 2860 (max)e 213 (max)b

Insect repellent

DEET N/A N/A <LOR-72.5a N/A N/A N/A N/A 490m

Musks and fragrancesGalaxolide N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2,000 (max)c

26



Cape York



PlasticizersBisphenol A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 40±17n

Diethylhexylphthalate N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 644±253n

Proton pump inhibitorsOmeprazole N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 5.2-9d 5 (max)b

PsychotropicAmitriptyline N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 6.1-74d 62 (max)b

Citalopram N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 20-80c

Clozapine N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 12-59d 90 (max)b Desmethyl diazepam N/A N/A 10-20a N/A N/A N/A N/A

Diazepam N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 6.1d 8 (max)b

Fluoxetine N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 12-20d 22 (max)b 36 (max)q

Meprobamate N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 8.2d

Oxazepam N/A N/A 230-440a N/A N/A N/A N/A 50-80c

Temazepam N/A N/A 110-240a N/A N/A N/A N/A 30-110c

Venlafaxine N/A N/A 330-1200a N/A N/A N/A N/A 100-270c 32 (max)q

StimulantCaffeine N/A N/A <LORa N/A N/A N/A N/A 130±28b

StatinAtorvastatin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 20c; 5.4–85d

Simvastatin N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 31d

Surfactant

Nonylphenol N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 335±96n, 48±7n, 614-2,991o, 287-2,058o

UV filtersBenzophenone N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.5-175p

N/A = not available; N/D = not detected’ det. = detected, quantification not possible; LOR = limit of reporting. a(O’Brien et al., 2014), b(Scott et al., 2014), c(French et al., 2015), d(Leusch et al., 2014), e(Ying et al., 2009a), f(Hashim and Khan, 2011), g(Watkinson et al., 2009), h(Watkinson et al., 2007), i(Allinson et al., 2012), j(Williams et al., 2011), k(Kookana et al., 2011), l(Fernandes et al., 2011), m(Costanzo et al., 2007), n(Tan et al., 2007), o(Ying et al., 2009b), p(Brausch and Rand, 2011), q(Birch et al., 2015).

27

116117118

Table S8. Monitoring data for petroleum hydrocarbons in the GBR and TS marine ecosystems, for (a) water samples (in total polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons (PAHs) µg L-1, mean ± standard error (SE) or maximum, unless otherwise noted), (b) sediment samples (in total PAHs µg kg sediment-1, mean ± SE or maximum, unless otherwise noted), and (c) biota samples (in µg kg-1 wet weight). N/A = not available; ND = not detected. Bold numbers indicate exceedance of Australia and New Zealand Default Guideline Values (DGVs) and Guideline Values-high (GV-high) for marine water quality and sediment quality (ANZG, 2018). Maximum residue limits (MRL) for seafood are not listed for PAHs or metabolites in the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code (Standard 1.4.2) (Food Standards Australia New Zealand, 2008).

(a)Main classes of contaminants of emerging concern

NRM regions DGVTorres Strait


Fitzroy

Burnett Mary

95%* 99%*

Petroleum hydrocarbons

(chronic contamination of water)

N/A All below detection limit in Endeavour R., Pascoe R., and Lockhart R. b

All below detection limit in coastal rivers and marine waters a

Johnstone R. (10 ± 6) and Herbert R. (2.5 ± 1.3)b

Green Island, anthracene (0.025), phenanthrene (0.03), pyrene (0.053), chrysene (0.14), benzo(a)pyrene (0.006), and benzo(ghi)pyrene (0.016)c

N/A N/A N/A N/A Naphthalene 70 µg L-1

Anthracene 0.4 µg L-1

Phenanthrene 2.0 µg L-1

Fluoranthene 1.4 µg L-1

Benzo(a)pyrene 0.2 µg L-1

Naphthalene 50 µg L-1

Anthracene 0.01 µg L-1

Phenanthrene 0.6 µg L-1

Fluoranthene 1 µg L-1

Benzo(a)pyrene 0.1 µg L-1


(large spills from ships)

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

* 95% and 99% protection for marine water quality (ANZG, 2018). These DGVs have a low reliability, except the naphthalene 95% DGV which has moderate reliability.a PAHs examined were acenapthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, indeno[123cd]pyrene andbenzo[ghi]perylene), in water using passive samplers, at Double Island, Fitzroy Is., High Is., Normanby Is., Russell Mulgrave R., Johnstone R., South Barnard Is., Dunk Is. (Shaw and Muller, 2005).b Total PAHs detected in water grab samples (Humphrey et al., 2007).c PAHs examined were phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, chrysene, benz(a)anthracene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, and benzo(ghi)pyrene. Measurable concentrations were detected in water grab samples at three out of seven locations at Green Island (Smith et al., 1987).

28

119120121122123124

125

126127128129130131132

(b)


NRM regions Guideline valueTorres Strait



DGV* GV-high*


(chronic contamination of sediments)

N/A Endeavour R. (37 ± 37), Pascoe R.(6.4 ± 3.9), Lockhart R. (< 2)a

Johnson R. (187 ± 171), Herbert R. (11 ± 6)a

Hinchinbrook Is (up to 35)b

Green Island (up to 32)c

Townsville Harbour (up to 13,400)b

Ross R. (up to 184)b

Burdekin R.(up to 54)b

All below detection limit at John Brewer Reefb

Abbot Point (<10d; <5e; up to 83f)

Mackay, coast to shelf (26.0 – 304)g

Heron Is. (up to 21)b

Gladstone Harbour (up to 1,500)b

Port Curtis(up to 176h,up to 266i, up to 1,660j)

N/A 10,000 50,000



N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Gladstone Harbour (9,805 ± 1,557; <105 – 9,800)k

N/A

* DGVs and GV-high for sediment quality are normalized to 1% organic carbon (ANZG, 2018).a(Humphrey et al., 2007), b(Smith et al., 1985), c(Smith et al., 1987), d(WBM, 2005), e(GHD Pty Ltd, 2009b), f(CDM Smith Australia Pty Ltd, 2013), g(Burns and Brinkman, 2011), h(Department of Environment and Heritage Protection, 2012), i(Vicente-Beckett et al., 2006) , j(GHD Pty Ltd, 2009a), k(Melville et al., 2009).

29

133

134135136

(c)


NRM regions Food Code StandardsTorres

StraitFood Code Standards Food Code Standards Burdekin Mackay

WhitsundayFitzroy Burnett

Mary


(chronic contamination of biota)

N/A Clam (in µg PAHs kg-

1 wet weight): Lizard Isl. (up to 6.8), Carter Reef (0.2)c

Barramundi bile (FAC, in µg mg protein-1): Endeavour R. (31.0 ± 5.46), Pascoe R.(20.7 ± 3.31), Lockhart R. (28.1 ± 2.97)a

Mudcrab urine (in µg mg-1 protein) Normanby R. (NPH: 5.4 ± 0.95; BAP: 0.83 ± 0.25, max 3.35)d

Clam (in µg PAHs kg-1 wet weight): Orpheus Isl. (ND)c

Barramundi bile (FAC, in µg mg protein-1): JohnstoneR. (45.1 ± 4.24), Herbert R. (14.0 ± 2.42)a

Mudcrab hepatopancreas (in µg PAHs kg lipid -1): North Johnstone R. (220)b

Mudcrab urine (in µg mg-1 protein) Herbert R. (NPH: 7.2 ± 1.6; BAP: 0.90 ± 0.15)d

Mudcrab urine (in µg mg-1 protein) Burdekin R. (NPH: 8.4 ± 1.8, max 25.3; BAP: 0.47 ± 0.04)d

Mudcrab hepatopancreas (in µg PAHs kg lipid -1): Pioneer R. (16)b

Clam (in µg PAHs kg-1 wet weight): Heron Isl. (up to 3.14), Polmaise Reef (0.2), Masthead Isl (0.8), Wistari Reef (ND), One Tree Isl (0.1), Wreck Isl (0.2)c

Mudcrab urine (in µg mg-1 protein) Fitzroy R. (NPH: 8.0 ± 0.9; BAP: 1.1 ± 0.1)d

N/A -

Samples pooled from locations across GBR (total hydrocarbons, in µg g-1 wet weight): Tridacna maxima and T. crocea (muscle: 0.1 ± 0.07; kidney: 0.7 ± 0.4); Holothuria atra (2.3 ± 2.4), Acropora sp (1.4 ± 1.1); Fungia sp (0.25 ± 0.12); Chlorodesmis fastigiata (12 ± 81), Plectropoma maculatum (0.29 ± 0.12); and Scarus sp. (0.24 ± 0.12)e



N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

aLates calcarifer, FAC = fluorescent aromatic compounds (Humphrey et al., 2007), bScylla serrata (Negri et al., 2009), cTridacna maxima (Smith et al., 1984), dScylla serrata, NPH = naphthalene metabolites, BAP = benzo-a-pyrene metabolites (van Oosterom et al., 2010), eTridacna maxima and T. crocea (clams bearing symbiotic zooxanthellae); Holothuria atra (a deposit-feeding holothuroid), Acropora sp (staghorn coral); Fungia sp (mushroom corals); Chlorodesmis fastigiata (a filamentous green algae); Plectropoma maculatum (a predatory fish); and Scarus sp. (a herbivorous fish) (Coates et al., 1986).

30

137

138139140141

Table S9: Contributors to the Australian Marine Debris Initiative, hosted by the Tangaroa Blue Foundation.

Individual community volunteers Fitzroy River and Coastal Catchments Port Douglas State School1770 Liquid Adventures Friends of Parks, QLD Government Poruma Island Land & Sea RangersAbsolute North Charters Gidarjil Development Corporation Poruma School CampusAgnes Water State School Gidarjil Land & Sea Rangers Queens Beach Action Group

Apudthama Land and Sea Rangers Girringun Aboriginal Rangers Queensland Acid Sulfate Soils Investigation Team (QASSIT)

Australian Institute of Marine Science Girringun Aboriginal Rangers - Junior Ranger Program Queensland Boating and Fishing Patrol

Australian Navy Gladstone Regional Council Queensland Parks & Wildlife Service (QPWS)Australian Quarantine Inspection Service (AQIS) Glenmore State High School Queensland Trust for NatureAyton Butcher Gordonvale High School Queensland Turtle ResearchBadu Island Land & Sea Rangers Gordonvale State School Redlynch State College

Barron Catchment Care Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) Reef Check Australia

Bgwcolman State School Green Cross Australia Reef Connections

Blackwater State High School Greening Australia Reef Guardian School's Future Leaders Eco Challenge (FLEC)

Bloomfield River School Gudjuda Aboriginal Rangers Responsible Runners QLDBluff State School Gudjuda Reference Group Aboriginal Corporation Rockhampton Grammar School

Boigu Island Land & Sea Rangers Gumlu State School Rockhampton North Side Family Church Youth group

Boot Camp Fitness Crew Gundoo Indigenous Junior Rangers Rockhampton Youth JusticeBreakthru People Solutions Gunggandji Traditional Owner Group Rollingstone State SchoolBT Financial Hambledon State School Sacred Heart School Thursday IslandBundaberg Regional Council Haymanis School Sea Turtle FoundationBurdekin Christian College Hikers on Hinchinbrook Island Smithfield Shopping Centre Corporate GroupBurdekin Shire Council Holloways Beach Environmental Education Centre South Cape York Catchments (SCYC)Burnett Mary Regional Group (BMRG) Holy Cross Catholic Primary School South Tully State SchoolBusby Contracting Home Hill State School St Andrews Catholic CollegeCairns & Hinterland Steiner School Hopevale Aboriginal Council St Anthony's Catholic Primary School

31

142

Cairns Local Marine Advisory Committee Hopevale Congress Rangers St Augustines School MossmanCairns Turtle Rehabilitation Centre Hopevale State School St Benedicts Catholic Primary SchoolCairns Youth Justice Service Centre Iamalgal Rangers St Brendan's College, YeppoonCannonvale State School Ice Works St Francis School - Tannum SandsCape York marine Advisory Group Ignatins Park College St Gerard Majella SchoolCape York NRM Isabella State School St Michaels Catholic CollegeCapricorn Coast Outriggers Jabalbina Yalanji Aboriginal Corporation St Michaels SchoolCapricornia Catchments Jabalbina Yalanji Rangers State University of New York at BrockportCardwell State School James Cook University (JCU) Study Abroad in Oceania (AUIP)Cassowary Coast Regional Council Kawadji Kanidji Land & Sea Rangers Sunshine Breeze GuidesCatherines School Keppel Bay Sailing Club Surfrider Foundation Australia QLDClean Coast Collective Keppel Coast Girl Guides Tagai State College - Badu Island CampusCoast Guard - Port Douglas Keppel Island Conservation Community Tagai State College - Erub Island CampusCommonwealth Bank Koala Camping Tagai State College - Horn Island CampusConservation Volunteers Australia QLD (CVA) Koiranah Ranger Guides Tagai State College - Mer Island CampusCook Shire Kuuku Ya'u Traditional Owners Tagai State College - Saibai Island CampusCooktown Bakery Lady Elliot Island Eco Resort Tagai State College - St Pauls CampusCooktown Chemist Lama Aboriginal Rangers Tagai State College - Thursday Island CampusCooktown Coast Guard Lions Yeppoon Tropical Pinefest Tangaroa Blue FoundationCooktown Hardware Liquid Adventures Tannum Sands State High SchoolCooktown Hospital Livingstone Shire Council Tarangba State SchoolCooktown IGA Lizard Island Resort The Bowls Club

Cooktown Landcare Lizard Island Social Club Torres Strait Regional Authority - Land & Sea Management Unit (TSRA - LSMU)

Cooktown Local Marine Advisory Committee (LMAC) Lockhart River Aboriginal Council Townsville City Council

Cooktown Police & Citizens Youth Club Lockhart River Land and Sea Rangers Transpac and Adams WasteCooktown Primary School Lockhart River State School Trinity Anglican SchoolCooktown Women's Association Low Isles Preservation Society Trinity Anglican School Kewarra BeachCQ Offroad Club Lower Burdekin Landcare Association Tropical North Queensland TAFECQ University, Indigenous Land and Sea Program Mabuiag Island land & Sea Rangers Virginia Tech

32

Daintree State School Mackay Regional Council Wangetti Recovery GroupDarumbal Traditional Owners and Elders Magnetic Island State School Warraber Island Land & Sea RangersDepartment of Environment and Heritage Protection (QLD) Maidvale State School Warraber Ngurpay Lag

Department Of Justice and Attorney-General QLD Marlborough State School Weary Bay CommunityDepartment of National Parks, Recreation, Sport and Racing - Marine Parks Masig Land & Sea Rangers Wet Tropics NRM

Dharumbal Traditional Owners Mercy College Mackay Wild MobDingo State School Miallo State School Wildlands Studies AustraliaDiscovery Coast Environment Group Mission Beach State School Wildlands Studies Program - USADjunbunji Junior Rangers Moa Island Land & Sea Rangers Wonga Beach State SchoolDjunbunji Ltd Land and Sea Program Mossman Elders Justice Group Woree State SchoolDouglas Shire Council Mossman Senior High School Worimi Local Aboriginal Land Council

Earth Smart Science Program Mossman State School Wujal Aboriginal Community & Traditional Owners

Eastern Kuku Yalanji Community My Pathway Wunjunga Progress AssociationEco Barge Clean Seas Inc NAILSMA Yarrabah Aboriginal Shire CouncilEdge Hill State School Network for Sustainable Fishing Douglas Region Yarrabah Police-Citizens Youth Club

Emerald Marist College North Keppel Island Environmental Education Centre Yarrabah State School

Evoke Eco Yoga North Mackay State High School Yeppoon State SchoolFarnborough State School North Queensland Bulk Ports Corporation Yintjingga Aboriginal CorporationFeluga State School NQ Dry Tropics Yirrganydji Traditional OwnersFitzroy Basin Association NQ Dry Tropics NRM Yongala DiveFitzroy Basin Elders Committee Inc Oceanwatch Australia Ltd QLD Yorkeys Knob State School Parley for the Oceans Yuku-Baja-Muliku Rangers

33

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