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Summary of Fuel/Energy Costs for NREL Evaluation Projects
Leslie Eudy, NRELZEB Technology Showcase and SymposiumFebruary 6, 2019
NREL | 2
NREL Role in ZEB Evaluation
• 3rd Party evaluation of advanced technology in real-world service– Performance– Cost
• Established evaluation protocol provides consistent data collection and analysis for comparison
• Provide feedback to government (federal, state, local) to understand status and continue funding necessary R&D
• Share information with the transit industry that will aid in purchase decisions on the technology– Unbiased data in common format– Comparison to baseline technology
NREL | 3
NREL Zero Emission Bus EvaluationsBus 2018 2019 2020
Length 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4ZEBA Demonstration CA Oakland 40 13 AC Transit
CA Thousand Palms 40 1 SunLineCA Orange County 40 1 OCTAOH Canton, Cleveland 40 2 SARTA/GCRTA/OSUCA Irvine 40 1 UCI
AFCB (TIGGER) CA Thousand Palms 40 3 SunLineBattery Dominant AFCB (NFCBP) CA Thousand Palms 40 1 SunLine
CA Thousand Palms 40 5 SunLineOH Canton 40 5 SARTA
New Flyer FCEB (AQIP) CA Thousand Palms 40 5 SunLineAdvanced Generation FCEB (NFCBP CA Oakland 60 1 AC TransitOn-route Charge BEB (TIGGER) CA West Covina 35, 40 14 Foothill TransitPlug-in Charge BEB CA West Covina 40 14 Foothill TransitPlug-in Charge BEB (Low-No) CA Concord 29 4 County ConnectionPlug-in Charge BEB (TIGGER) CA Long Beach 40 10 Long Beach TransitPlug-in Charge BEB (Low-No) MN Duluth 40 6 Duluth TransitPlug-in Charge BEB (Low-No) PA Philadelphia 40 25 SEPTA
Color coded by Technology: Fuel cell dominant electric
Battery dominant fuel cell electric
Fast-charge battery electric
Plug-in battery electric
AFCB (Low-No)
Demonstration State City #
Buses
American Fuel Cell Bus (AFCB)
NREL Planned Zero Emission Bus Evaluations
Funding for NREL evaluations from: DOE, DOT’s Federal Transit Administration, California Air Resources Board.
NREL | 4
Recent FCEB Evaluation Sites
Transit Agency Location Bus OEM # Buses/ Length Data Period Station Description
AC Transit Oakland, CA Van Hool 13 /40 ft
Feb 2013-Jul 2017 2 stations, liquid H2 delivery/ electrolysis
SunLine Transit Agency Thousand Palms, CA ENC 10 /40 ft
Mar 2012 –Oct 2018
On-site production with SMR (new station will be on-site electrolysis)
Orange County Transportation Authority Santa Ana, CA ENC 1 /
40 ftMar 2016 –Dec 2018
Purchase from local retail stations (on-site station being built)
Stark Area Regional Transit Authority Canton, OH ENC 7 /
40 ftOct 2017 –Dec 2018 Liquid H2 delivery
AC Transit SunLine OCTA SARTA
NREL | 5
Hydrogen Cost Data Summary
Agency AC Transit1 SunLine2 OCTA3 SARTA4
Data period 2/13-7/17 3/12-10/18 3/16-12/18 2/18-12/18Number of months 54 80 34 11Average H2 cost, $/kg 8.39 10.17 13.95 5.14Maximum H2 cost, $/kg 10.26 26.02 16.99 5.88Minimum H2 cost, $/kg 6.49 2.53 12.99 5.00Overall FCEB fuel cost, $/mile 1.41 1.82 1.47 1.03Baseline technology Diesel CNG CNG CNG/diesel hybridAverage fuel cost, $/gal or gge 2.43 0.96 1.15 1.89 / 2.30Overall baseline fuel cost, $/mile 0.57 0.32 0.32 0.45 / 0.51
1 Delivered cost2 Includes station O&M3 Retail cost from local public stations 4 Delivered cost
Overall cost Comparison to baseline
Fuel cost is based on data provided by agencies, not all are equal comparisons
NREL | 6
0.001.002.003.004.005.006.007.008.009.00
Fuel
Eco
nom
y, m
iles p
er d
geFCEB CNG Hybrid
0.001.002.003.004.005.006.007.008.009.00
Feb-
13
May
-13
Aug-
13
Nov-
13
Feb-
14
May
-14
Aug-
14
Nov-
14
Feb-
15
May
-15
Aug-
15
Nov-
15
Feb-
16
May
-16
Aug-
16
Nov-
16
Feb-
17
May
-17
Fuel
Eco
nom
y, m
iles p
er d
ge
FCEB Diesel
0.001.002.003.004.005.006.007.008.009.00
Mar
-12
Jul-1
2
Nov-
12
Mar
-13
Jul-1
3
Nov-
13
Mar
-14
Jul-1
4
Nov-
14
Mar
-15
Jul-1
5
Nov-
15
Mar
-16
Jul-1
6
Nov-
16
Mar
-17
Jul-1
7
Nov-
17
Mar
-18
Jul-1
8
Fuel
Eco
nom
y, m
iles p
er d
ge
FCEB CNG (2008) CNG (2016)
0.001.002.003.004.005.006.007.008.009.00
Fuel
Eco
nom
y, m
iles p
er d
ge
FCEB CNG
Fuel Economy, Miles/Diesel Gallon Equivalent
AC Transit SunLine
OCTA SARTA
FCEB: 6.47Diesel: 4.25
FCEB: 6.31CNG: 3.32 (2008), 3.84 (2016)
FCEB: 7.22CNG: 3.92
FCEB: 5.64CNG: 4.76Hybrid: 4.55
NREL | 7
0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.50
Cost
, $/m
ileFCEB CNG Hybrid
0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.50
Mar
-16
May
-16
Jul-1
6
Sep-
16
Nov
-16
Jan-
17
Mar
-17
May
-17
Jul-1
7
Sep-
17
Nov
-17
Jan-
18
Mar
-18
May
-18
Jul-1
8
Sep-
18
Nov
-18
Cost
, $/m
ile
FCEB CNG
0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.50
Mar
-12
Jul-1
2N
ov-1
2M
ar-1
3Ju
l-13
Nov
-13
Mar
-14
Jul-1
4N
ov-1
4M
ar-1
5Ju
l-15
Nov
-15
Mar
-16
Jul-1
6N
ov-1
6M
ar-1
7Ju
l-17
Nov
-17
Mar
-18
Jul-1
8
Cost
, $/m
ile
FCEB CNG
0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.50
Feb-
13
May
-13
Aug-
13
Nov
-13
Feb-
14
May
-14
Aug-
14
Nov
-14
Feb-
15
May
-15
Aug-
15
Nov
-15
Feb-
16
May
-16
Aug-
16
Nov
-16
Feb-
17
May
-17
Cost
, $/m
ile
FCEB Diesel
Hydrogen Cost Data Summary, $/Mile
AC Transit SunLine
OCTA SARTA
FCEB: 1.41Diesel: 0.57
FCEB: 1.82CNG: 0.32
FCEB: 1.47CNG: 0.32
FCEB: 1.03CNG: 0.45Hybrid: 0.51
NREL | 8
Hydrogen Station Considerations
• High capital cost to start, but easier to scale up with increasing fleet size‒ Determine best option for station type: on-site production, delivered
(proximity to H2 supply will affect cost)‒ Work with provider on design: meet initial requirements, facilitate scale up‒ Scale up: add storage, add dispensers, more frequent deliveries‒ Source of H2 affects cost: methane reformation, renewables
• Turn-key stations where fuel provider owns, operates, and maintains station can help with stabilizing cost for long term budget planning
• Long term fuel contracts can lock in lower cost• Station utilization – higher volumes can mean lower per unit cost• Maximize bus efficiency – design/ driver training
NREL | 9
Recent BEB Evaluation sites
Transit Agency Location Bus OEM # Buses/ Length Data Period Charging Description
King County Metro Seattle, WA Proterra 4 /40 ft
Apr 2016-Mar 2017 On-route, fast-charge
Foothill Transit West Covina, CA Proterra 12 /35 ft
Apr 2014 –Jun 2018 On-route, fast-charge
County Connection Concord, CA Gillig 4 /29 ft
Jun 2017 –May 2018
Plug-in overnight, on-route inductive charger
Foothill Transit County ConnectionKing County Metro
NREL | 10
Electric Cost Data Summary
Agency Foothill Transit
County Connection
King County Metro
Data period 4/14-7/18 6/17-5/18 4/16-3/17Number of months 51 12 12Average energy cost, $/kWh 0.18 0.22 0.20Summer cost, $/kWh 0.21 0.25 0.19Winter cost, $/kWh 0.16 0.20 0.21Overall BEB energy cost, $/mile 0.46 0.73 0.57Baseline technology CNG Diesel Diesel / HybridAverage fuel cost, $/gal or gge 0.95 2.02 1.59Overall baseline fuel cost, $/mile 0.24 0.54 0.30 / 0.25
Overall cost Comparison to baseline
NREL | 11
Apr-1
4M
ay-1
4
Jun-
14Ju
l-14
Aug-
14
Sep-
14O
ct-1
4
Nov
-14
Dec
-14
Jan-
15
Feb-
15M
ar-1
5
Apr-1
5M
ay-1
5
Jun-
15Ju
l-15
Aug-
15
Sep-
15O
ct-1
5
Nov
-15
Dec
-15
Jan-
16
Feb-
16M
ar-1
6
Apr-1
6M
ay-1
6
Jun-
16Ju
l-16
Aug-
16
Sep-
16O
ct-1
6
Nov
-16
Dec
-16
Jan-
17
Feb-
17M
ar-1
7
Apr-1
7M
ay-1
7
Jun-
17Ju
l-17
Aug-
17
Sep-
17O
ct-1
7
Nov
-17
Dec
-17
Jan-
18
Feb-
18M
ar-1
8
Apr-1
8M
ay-1
8
Jun-
18
Aver
age
Month
0
5
10
15
20
25
Fuel
Eco
nom
y (m
pdge
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Aver
age
Hig
h Te
mpe
ratu
re (
° F)
17.017.1
4.4
Apr-16May-16
Jun-16Jul-16
Aug-16Sep-16
Oct-16Nov-16
Dec-16Jan-17
Feb-17Mar-17
Average
Month
0
5
10
15
20
Fuel
Eco
nom
y (m
pdge
)
0
20
40
60
80
Aver
age
Hig
h Te
mpe
ratu
re (
° F)
15.9
14.7
6.35.3
Fuel Economy, Miles/Diesel Gallon EquivalentFoothill Transit
King County Metro County Connection
NREL | 12
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
Cost
, $/m
ile
BEB Diesel Hybrid
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20Ap
r-14
Jul-1
4
Oct
-14
Jan-
15
Apr-
15
Jul-1
5
Oct
-15
Jan-
16
Apr-
16
Jul-1
6
Oct
-16
Jan-
17
Apr-
17
Jul-1
7
Oct
-17
Jan-
18
Apr-
18
Cost
, $/m
ile
BEB (35 ft) CNG
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
Cost
, $/m
ile
BEB Diesel Trolley Diesel
Energy Cost Data Summary, $/Mile
Foothill Transit
King County Metro
County Connection
BEB: 0.46CNG: 0.24
BEB: 0.57Diesel: 0.30 Hybrid: 0.25
BEB: 0.73Diesel: 0.54
NREL | 13
Charging Cost Considerations
Understand electricity rate structure for better budget planning – does utility have special rates for EVs?
TOU-GS-1-A TOU-EV-4
Apr-1
4
May
-14
Jun-
14
Jul-1
4
Aug-
14
Sep-
14
Oct
-14
Nov
-14
Dec
-14
Jan-
15
Feb-
15M
ar-1
5
Apr-1
5
May
-15
Jun-
15
Jul-1
5
Aug-
15
Sep-
15
Oct
-15
Nov
-15
Dec
-15
Jan-
16
Feb-
16
Mar
-16
Apr-1
6
May
-16
Jun-
16
Jul-1
6
Aug-
16
Sep-
16
Oct
-16
Nov
-16
Dec
-16
Jan-
17
Feb-
17M
ar-1
7
Apr-1
7
May
-17
Jun-
17
Jul-1
7
Aug-
17
Sep-
17
Oct
-17
Nov
-17
Dec
-17
Jan-
18
Feb-
18M
ar-1
8
Apr-1
8
May
-18
Jun-
18
Month
$0.00
$0.05
$0.10
$0.15
$0.20
$0.25
$0.30
Elec
trici
ty C
ost p
er k
Wh
($/k
Wh)
On-Peak 1 Mid-Peak 1 Off-Peak 1 Demand 2 Taxes, Fees & Credits 3
1. On-Peak, Mid-Peak, and Off-Peak charge categories include respective costs for delivery and generation
2. Rate structure changed from TOU-GS-1-A to TOU-EV-4 February 2016, introducing demand charges
3. 'Taxes, Fees & Credits' category includes all remaining utility bill items (positive & negative charges)
Apr-16May-16
Jun-16Jul-16
Aug-16Sep-16
Oct-16Nov-16
Dec-16Jan-17
Feb-17Mar-17
Month
$0.00
$0.05
$0.10
$0.15
$0.20
$0.25
$0.30
Elec
trici
ty C
ost p
er k
Wh
($/k
Wh)
Tier 1 Charges 1 Tier 2 Charges 1 Demand Charges 2Taxes, Fees & Credits
3
1. Tier 1 electric rate is applied to the first 20,000 kWh used per month; Tier 2 rate is applied to all additional energy
2. Demand Charges are incurred for charging rates > 50 kW
3. 'Taxes, Fees & Credits' includes all remaining utility bill items (positive & negative charges)
NREL | 14
Charging Infrastructure Considerations• Infrastructure for BEBs is easier to introduce for small demonstrations but
challenging to scale up to larger fleets‒ Electrical upgrades to meet power requirements‒ Depot yard space and charger layout – may change traffic flow‒ Manpower to manage charging start/stop
• Work with utility to provide sufficient power for BEBs and plan for scale up• Incorporate smart charging solutions to mitigate time of use and demand
charges‒ Delayed charging time to avoid peak electric rates ‒ Manage bus charging: need sufficient time period to cycle through buses‒ Software to sync charging with planned service: buses with lower planned
operation for the day are not fully charged• Maximize bus efficiency – design/ driver training
NREL | 15
Initial ZEB Demonstration
Consider a short term demo of a ZEB to introduce the technology to the agency before making a commitment to purchase
• Many manufacturers are willing to schedule a short demo period– BYD– New Flyer– Proterra
• SARTA offers a borrow a bus program– Short term, no cost FCEB demo– Hydrogen fuel and technical support provided by ENC and BAE Systems– For more info: https://www.sartaonline.com/fuel-cell-powered-buses-can-
be-borrowed-from-sarta-at-no-charge
www.nrel.gov
Questions?Contact info: Email: [email protected]: 303-275-4412
Team members:Matt Post – FCEB evaluationsEmail: [email protected]: 303-275-3829
Matt Jeffers – BEB evaluations Email: [email protected]: 303-275-3778
Web site for reports: https://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/fuel-cell-bus-evaluation.html