sudan: a new future presbyterian ministry at the united nations
TRANSCRIPT
Sudan: A New Future
Presbyterian Ministry at the United Nations
Ethnicity
African – 52%
Arab – 39%
Beja – 6% (a nomadic people living in the northeast)
Others – 3%
CIA World Factbook
Religion
Muslim – 70% (primarily in north)
Indigenous Beliefs or Animist – 25%
Christian – 5%
CIA World Factbook
Northern Sudan – desert – the Nile is the main water source
Central Sudan (East) – combination of desert grasslands and wooded grasslands
Southern Sudan – mostly forest and wooded grasslands, very fertile due to the White Nile and Sue Jer rivers
Central Sudan (West) – not as arid as the North, a combination of semi-desert grassland, grassland & forest
about 60,000 years ago
Earliest human records in region that became Sudan
about 8,000 b.c.
Earliest human settlements in region that became Sudan
about 640 a.d.
Islam and Arabs come to Egypt and gradually move southward into region
that became Sudan
1820
Turkish troops under Egyptian control invade region that became Sudan
1881-1885
Rebellion against Egyptian rule in Sudan
1898
Egyptians, aided by Britain, return
1898-1995
Condominium – a joint Anglo-Egyptian government rules Sudan
1901
United Presbyterian Church of North America missionaries to northern Sudan
Sudan Presbyterian Evangelical Church
1902
United Presbyterian Church of North America missionaries to southern Sudan
Presbyterian Church of Sudan
1956
Sudan granted independence
Troops from southern Sudan mutiny in 1955 before independence is granted
1955-1972
First civil war in Sudan
Ended by Addis Ababa agreement
Abyei
Blue
Nile
South
Kordofan
Darfur
1983-2005
Second civil war in Sudan
Sudanese Peoples’ Liberation Movement/Army
Dr. John GarangBy UN Photo/Evan Schneider
War in Darfur
1993-1994
2003-2009
President Lt. Gen. Omar Hassan Ahmad al-BashirDoha Photo/X
Human toll of two civil wars in Sudan
2.5 million deaths
4 million displacedmany more than once
Human toll in Darfur
300,000 – 330,000 deaths
2,850,000 displaced
51 peacekeepers killed
2002Machakos Protocol
Principles of governance
Transitional process and government structures
Right to self-determination for people of southern Sudan
State and religion
2004Wealth Sharing Agreement
Equitable sharing of common wealth and resources
Interstate commerce freedom
Shared commitment to both revenue and debt
2004Protocol on Power Sharing
Reaffirmed commitments in wealth sharing agreement
South Sudan to have power at state level
Recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms
2004United Nations Advance Mission
to SudanAuthorized by Security Council
Resolution 1547
To facilitate contacts with concerned parties
To prepare for the introduction of an envisaged UN peace support operation
Expansion into Darfur in 2006 (Security Council Resolution 1706)
UNMIS expansion failure
Government of Sudan opposed the creation of a UN-only peacekeeping
force
UNAMID – United Nations-African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur
Additional influences on Comprehensive Peace Agreement
(CPA)
Protocol on Resolution of the Conflict in Abyei Area
Protocol on Resolution of Conflict in Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile States
Agreement on Security Arrangements
Permanent Ceasefire and Security Arrangements Implementation Modalities and Appendices
Implementation Modalities and Global Implementation Matrix and Appendices
January 9, 2005Comprehensive Peace
AgreementDr. John Garang became First Vice-
President of the Republic of Sudan and President of the semi-autonomous
Government of Southern Sudan
Garang died in airplane accident on August 1, 2005 and was succeeded in
both offices by Lt. Gen. Salva Kiir
Comprehensive Peace Agreement
Southern Sudan semi-autonomous for six years
Referendum on self-determination for Southern Sudan - January 2011
Referendum on self-determination for Abyei
“Popular consultations” for South Kordofan and Blue Nile
October 2010
photo by Episcopal Life, used with permission
October 2010
photo by Episcopal Life, used with permission
January 9-15, 2011
Referendum on self-determination in Southern Sudan
UN Photo/ Paul Banks
February 7, 2011
Referendum certified
98.3% of voters favored independence
February – July 9, 2011
Transition to two states
The Republic ofSudan
The Republic of South Sudan
July 9, 2011
The Republic of South Sudan
18-21 months of transition
Lean government: maximum of 20 ministries
Power sharing government
PC(USA) and Sudan
Community Health Evangelism
RECONCILESudan Council of Churches
Across
Nile Theological College Giffen Bible School
Individuals
Pray
Learn
Meet our Sudanese neighbors
Advocate
Give
Challenges
Conflict in Darfur and border areas
Sudan destabilize South Sudan
Oil revenues
Inter-tribal conflict
Leadership
Hopes
Commitment to CPA
Khartoum has opened embassy in Juba
President al-Bashir’s statements
Oil
The people