Sub-Saharan Africa

In the 19th century, Europe’s industrial nations became interested in Africa’s raw materials

The European nations wanted to colonize and control parts of Africa to obtain those resources

Why Africa?Why Africa?

Europeans did not want to fight over AfricaTo prevent a war, the European nations

convened the Berlin ConferenceThe Berlin Conference met in 1884-1885

to lay down rules for dividing AfricaDecision: Any European country could

claim land in Africa by telling other nations of their claims and showing they could control the area

Scramble for Africa

No African ruler was invited to attend this conference, even though it concerned Africa’s land and people

European nations divided Africa without regard to where African ethnic or linguistic groups lived

They set boundaries that combined people who were traditional enemies and divided others who were not

Europe’s division of Africa is often cited as one of the root causes of the political violence and ethnic conflicts in Africa in the 20th century

Problems with the Conference

During colonial times, the European nations used the money from the resources and sent it to themselves rather than benefitting the African colonies

European nations also exploited many of the resources for many countries in Africa, leaving the future economies to suffer

Colonial Problems

After colonization ended, new African governments in the 1960s were then forced to govern a diverse population

Inexperienced leaders were often corrupt and abused their power

The Europeans did not prepare the African nations for independence, which led to the political and cultural turmoil

Independence and Problems

Video

http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=93276&title=South_Africa&ref

In 1948, the White minority government of South Africa issued a policy of apartheid – complete separation of races

Apartheid banned social contact between Blacks and Whites

Established segregated schools, hospitals, and neighborhoods

Blacks made up 75% of the population, but they received only a small percentage of the land – best land was for Whites

South Africa

ANC – African National Congress

Established in 1912 to fight for the rights of Blacks

In 1949, Nelson Mandela emerged as a leader of the ANC as he fought to end apartheid

He was thrown into prison for 28 years

ANC and Nelson Mandela

“He consistently refused to compromise his political position to

obtain his freedom.”

By the 1980s, nations around the world – including the U.S. – pressured South Africa to end apartheid

In 1989, F.W. de Klerk became the president and ended apartheid

He also released Nelson Mandela from prison, and in 1994, Mandela became president of South Africa

End to Apartheid

Follow the directions on the sheet for how to correctly label and color the map

Then answer the following questions:1. What was the decision in the Berlin

Conference?2. What were the problems with the

Berlin Conference?3. What was apartheid?4. Who was Nelson Mandela and what happened to him?5. Who ended apartheid and what happened in 1994?

Colonial Map