study on strength properties of sand by...

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International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 10, Issue 01, January 2019, pp. 2770-2785. Article ID: IJCIET_10_01_249

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=01

ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

STUDY ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF SAND

BY BIOCEMENTATION WITH EGGSHELL

*P. Dayakar

Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

Bharath Institute of Science & Technology,

Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Bharath University, Chennai

K. Venkat Raman, Arunya. A

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

Bharath Institute of Science & Technology,

Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Bharath University, Chennai

Dr. R. Venkatakrishnaiah

Professor, Dept of Civil Engineering,

Department of Civil Engineering, Bharath Institute of Science & Technology,

Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research (BIHER), Bharath University, Chennai.

*Corresponding Author

ABSTRACT

A method to generate bio-cementation in sand using calcium source as eggshell is

presented in this paper. Instead of using calcium chloride or other calcium salts,

soluble calcium was produced by mixing eggshell with vinegar and used for the ESV

process. The compressive strength and permeability of sand treated using this method

were measured using unconfined compression and permeability tests. A comparative

study between sand samples treated using calcium produced from eggshell and those

using calcium chloride with the same concentration of calcium was carried out. The

study shows that the effect of the MICP process using calcium produced from eggshell

is just as good as that using calcium chloride. The optimum ratio of eggshell and

vinegar are established.

Keywords: Eggshell, vinegar, ESVS (Egg Shell Vinegar Solution).

Cite this Article: P. Dayakar, K. Venkat Raman, Arunya. A and Dr. R.

Venkatakrishnaiah, Study on Strength Properties of Sand by Biocementation with

Eggshell, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 10(1), 2019, pp.

2770-2785.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=01

Study on Strength Properties of Sand by Biocementation with Eggshell


1. INTRODUCTION

In situ improvement of sand properties using additives is commonly referred to as sand

stabilization, which is often used with fine soils. In this project an attempt is made to stabilize

the fine grained sand by a natural process called bio cementation. Bio cementation is a process

of extraction of calcium using eggshell and organic acids here eggshell is broken into pieces

and put in the vinegar for calcium extraction, then that solution mixed with sand to improve

the strength after certain curing period the advantage bring the use of waste eggshell and

causing no harm to the soil stabilized. In this project sand stabilization is a process whereby

natural or synthetic materials (Vinegar) are added to improve sand properties. The aim of this

project is to study the improvement on sand properties with bio-cementation of sand and

Vinegar solution at varying percentage of 0%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% and to increase the strength

properties of sand. The process of soil stabilization helps to achieve the required properties in

sand needed for the construction work. From the literature, it is observed that the eggshell

powder is added with the combination of vinegar to improve sand properties.

2. MATERIALS & METHODOLOGY

The test for the materials is conducted as per the specification given in the Indian standards.

The stabilization of sand by biocementation process is attempted in this study by mixing

eggshell vinegar solution (ESV) in sand in varying percentage of 5%, 7.5% and 10%. The

solution mixed sand, is cured for 5, 10 and 15 days for improvement in the bonding of calcium

with sand grains. To determine the improvement in the strength of sand by biocementation

process, the plate load test is conducted on the cured sand kept in container. For conducting

the Plate load test the plate of size 9 cm x 9 cm is used. The improvement in the strength is

determined by testing the load v/s settlement of soil with 0% ESV solution, 5% ESV solution,

7.5% ESV solution and 10% ESV solution cured for 5 days, 10 days and 15 days respectively

2.1. Sand

Sand was collected from a construction site. It was basically a low soil strength area and also

one of the religious and neighborhood spot in Chennai. So there is a need for improvement of

such sand. The degree of expensiveness of the soil was moderate.

Table 1 Properties of Sand

Description Values

Sieve Analysis

D10 – 0.36

D30 – 0.6

D 60 – 1.7

Cu – 4.72

Cc – 0.59

Specific Gravity 2.62

Max. dry

density(g/cc) 1.95

OMC (%) 11

Classification SP

P. Dayakar, K. Venkat Raman, Arunya. A and Dr. R. Venkatakrishnaiah


Figure 1 Particle size distribution curve

Figure 1 describes the size of the sieve and percentage finer. From the above graph the D10,

D30 and D60 values as well as Coefficient of curvature and uniformity coefficient results are

displayed.

2.2. Compaction Test

2.2.1. Compaction test on sand (IS:2720 Part-7-1980)

Compaction is a method of densifying the soil by a short term static or dynamic load so as to

remove the voids of the soil and increase its other properties such as dry density or bulk density,

safe bearing capacity etc. At construction this is a significant part of the building process.

From compaction test the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of sand is

found. The values are shown below in fig 2.

Figure 2 Compaction curve

2.3. Vinegar

Vinegar is a commercially available organic acid. Its main component is acetic acid, an organic

acid with the formula CH3COOH. Acetic acid is a colorless liquid with a molar mass of 60.05

grams per mole and a density of 1.049 grams per mole. It has a recognizable, pungent smell.

In this vinegar is used to dissolve broken eggshells.



Table 2 Properties of Vinegar

Properties Values

Color Colorless

pH 2.4

Odour Pungent

Density 0.149

2.4. Egg Shell

For this project the broken eggshell is collected from locally available hotel which produces

broken egg from 150 eggshells daily. An average-sized eggshell weighs approximately 57

grams (about 2 ounces). The shell constitutes 11 percent white, 58 percent, and the yolk 31

percent. Eggshells are spread and air dried for 2 days to facilitate easy milling. After air drying

the eggshells are manually broken and collected in bags.

The eggshell contains 99.83% of CaO and remaining consists of Al2O3, SiO2, Cl. Table 3

shows the properties of eggshells.

Figure 3 Egg shell

Table 3 Properties of eggshell

Description Values

Acid value 0.48

Water content % 0.2

CaO % 95

Al2O3, SiO2, Cl, Cr2O3, MnO

and CuO % 5

2.5. Eggshell Vinegar Solution

The eggshell vinegar solution is prepared by adding a known weight apprx.500 g in 700 ml of

vinegar solution. The solution is kept for extraction of calcium for 24 hours. Then the mixture

is filtered and eggshell vinegar solution is obtained. The acidity of this solution is tested by

determining the pH by conventional method of Litmus paper. pH is found to be 5. This solution

is used for bio cementation in sandy soil. The process of calcination is shown in fig 4.



Figure 4 Calcination process

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1. Plate Load Test

Plate load test is to determine the probable settlement under a given loading. The test essentially

consists in loading a rigid plate at the foundation level and determining the settlement

corresponding to each load increment. In this study laboratory plate load test is conducted by

having a plate of size 9cm x 9cm on sand mixed with ESV solution in a container of size 20cm

x 20cm x 20cm. Care is taken to avoid the influence of side walls of the container in load

carrying capacity of the sand sample. The same procedure is adopted for the samples prepared

by adding in 0%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% ESV solution in sand and cured for 5 days, 10 days and

15 days respectively.

From the plate load test the ultimate load corresponding to maximum settlement is

determined and tabulated. Also, care is taken to apply the load axially on the plate so that

uniform settlement of the plate is ensured. Fig 5 shows the experimental setup of the plate load

test conducted. In this test the load is applied by load cell and the settlement is recorded by

using LVDT, which is connected to a data logger. The data logger values are video-graphed

and exact values of load intensity and settlement are tabulated.

Figure 5 Plate load Test setup

3.2. Plate load test on virgin soil

The plate load test carried out on virgin soil 0% (ESV) solution, compacted at optimum

moisture content is tabulated in table 4.1 The plate load test is also conducted on the sand

loosely compacted soil and tabulated in table 4.2



Table 4 Test values of virgin soil (with OMC)

Load Intensity,

kN/m2

Settlement,

mm

0 0

0.37 0.03

1.04 0.06

1.35 0.08

1.54 0.1

1.97 0.22

2.16 0.62

2.18 1.05

From the tabulated values relationship between load intensity and settlement is drawn as

shown in fig 6. From the curve the ultimate load intensity is found to be 2.18kN/m2.

Figure 6 Plate load with OMC

3.3. Plate load test on Maximum void Ratio

The Figure 7 shows the settlement in maximum void ratio, this experiment is carried out

without OMC value.

Table 5 Test values of plate load test on loose sand

Load

Intensity,

kN/m2

Settlement,

mm

0 0

0.123 0.03

0.37 0.28

0.55 1.35





Figure 7 plate load test on loose sand

3.4. Plate load test –sand with 5% ESV solution - 5days curing.

The test results 5% of solution is added to the sand and mixed well. It tightly compacted with

respected to emin value. Then 5 days curing has gone through.

Table 6 Test values of plate load of 5% (ESV) solution.

load Intensity,

kN/m2

Settlement,

mm 0 0

0.45 0.12

0.854 0.2

1.15 0.33

1.3 0.45

1.35 0.75

1.4 1.66



Figure 8 Plate load test –sand with 5% ESV solution - 5days curing.

3.5. Plate load test –sand with 7.5% ESV solution - 5days curing

7.5% of solution is added to the sand and mixed well. It tightly compacted with respected to e

min value. Then 5 days curing has gone through.



Table 7 Test values of plate load of 7.5% (ESV) solution.

load Intensity kN/m2 Settlement,

mm

0 0

0.45 0.1

0.854 0.18

1.32 0.25

1.68 0.32

1.85 0.37

1.95 0.51

2 1.14


shown in fig 9. From the curve the ultimate load intensity is found to be 2.0 kN/m2.

Figure 9 Plate load test –sand with 7.5% ESV solution - 5days curing.

3.6. Plate load test – sand with 10% ESV solution - 5days curing

10% of solution is added to the sand and mixed well. It tightly compacted with respected to e


Table 8 Test values of plate load of 10% (ESV) solution

load Intensity kN/m2 Settlement mm

0 0

0.2 0.05

0.67 0.12

0.98 0.18

1.38 0.22

1.98 0.35

2.45 0.55

2.55 0.88

2.6 1.11





Figure 10 Plate load test –sand with 10% ESV solution - 5days curing.

3.7. Plate load test –sand with 5% ESV solution - 10days curing




load intensity kN/m2 Settlement, mm

0 0

0.5 0.2

1 0.4

1.3 0.9

1.5 2.8



Figure 11 Plate load test –sand with 5% ESV solution – 10 days curing

3.8 Plate load test –sand with 7.5% ESV solution - 10days curing





Table 10 Test values of plate load of 7.5% (ESV) solution


0 0

0.555 0.08

1.049 0.15

1.543 0.2

2.2 0.5

2.4 1.1

2.5 2



Figure 12 Plate load test –sand with 7.5% ESV solution - 10days curing

3.9. Plate load test –sand with 10% ESV solution - 10 days curing





0 0

0.06 0.01

1.05 0.13

2.5 0.3

3 0.5

3.22 1.2

3.33 1.9





Figure 13 Plate load test –sand with 10% ESV solution - 10days curing

3.10. Plate load test – sand with 5% ESV solution - 15 days curing





0 0

0.493 0.1

0.802 0.2

1.29 0.48

1.52 1.12




3.11. Plate load test – sand with 7.5% ESV solution - 15days curing





Table 13 Test values of plate load of 7.5% (ESV) solution


0 0

0.246 0.02

0.925 0.05

1.29 0.09

1.6 0.16

2 0.26

2.35 0.45

2.5 0.9



Figure 15 Plate load test –sand with 7.5% ESV solution - 15days curing

3.12. Plate load test – sand with 10% ESV solution - 15days curing





0 0

0.432 0.01

1.48 0.04

2.46 0.06

3.11 0.15

3.45 0.5

3.55 0.75






4. DISCUSSIONS

A method to produce soluble calcium using eggshell and vinegar and to use it for soil

improvement is presented in this paper. The use of soluble calcium from eggshell for soil

improvement is feasible. It is seen that increasing load carrying capacity of solution for 5, 10,

15 days of curing.

Figure 17 shows the relationship between the Load and settlement, for 5 days curing

Figure 17 Load v/s Settlement 5 days curing

In fig 18, the relationship between load and settlement for 10 days curing period is shown.


Figure 19 shows the Load v/s Settlement 15 days curing




Table 15 Ultimate load with percentage

Percentage

of solution

Ultimate load

kN/m,2 5 days

Ultimate load kN/m2

10 days

Ultimate

load kN/m,2

15 days

0% 0.55 0.55 0.55

5% 1.44 1.50 1.52

7.5% 2 2.50 2.57

10% 2.60 3.30 3.55

Figure 20 shows the relationship between the load and period of curing.

Figure 20 Load v/s cured days

Table 16 Percentage increased in load bearing capacity

Percentage of

Solution

Percentage Increase

in Strength 5 Days

Curing

Percentage Increased

in Strength 10 Days

Curing

Percentage Increased

in Strength 15 Days

Curing

0% 0 0 0

5% 61 63 63.8

7.5% 72 78 80.8

10% 78.8 83.3 84.5



Figure 21 Variation of load with various % of solution

5. CONCLUSION

The following conclusions are drawn from the results obtained in the plate load tests conducted

on sand stabilization by bio-cementation with eggshell vinegar solution.

1. The ultimate load intensity is found to be 3.55 kN/m² corresponding to 10% of ESV

solution mixed with soil cured for 15days curing. where as the load intensity is only

2.57 kN/m² in case of 7.5% of eggshell solution and 1.52 kN/m² of 5% of eggshell

solution for the same 15 days curing.

2. When compared with the virgin soil in loose state, the increase in load bearing capacity

is found to be as follows:

3. For 5 % -15 Days curing - 68.8 % increase in strength.

4. For 7.5 % -15 Days curing - 80.8 % increase in strength.

5. For 10 % -15 Days curing - 84.5 % increase in strength.

6. From the above discussion it can be seen 10% ESV solution gives maximum increase

for a period of 15 days curing.

7. From the above discussion it can be seen that increase in strength increases with the

increase of ESV solution added to the soil.

8. Curing period also Increases the strength improvement.

9. Further increase in percentage ESV solution and in curing period increase the strength.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Authors acknowledges the under Graduates Students namely Abishake.S, Sabdhagiri

vasan.S, Siddarth.C, and Sudharsan.R for their support in conducting the experimental tests for

the above research project.

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