Structures, Specialties, & Pathology

Urinary system Ch 9

Structures

• Kidneys– 2 layers that surround the renal pelvis

• Renal cortex– the outer layer–Contains over one million nephrons

• Renal medulla– Inner layer–Contains most of the urine-collecting

tubules

Structures

• Nephrons– Glomerulus– Renal pelvis

• Ureters– Carry urine from kidneys to bladder– 10 to 12 inches long

• Bladder – Hollow muscular organ– Located in the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity– Holds about one pint of urine

Structures

• Urethra – Two urinary sphincters, one at each end– Urethral meatus or urinary meatus is the external

opening of the urethra– Female urethra is about 1.5 inches long– Male urethra is about 8 inches

Specialties

• Nephrologist– Specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and

disorders of the kidneys• Urologist

– Specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males

Pathology

• Renal failure– Acute renal failure– Chronic renal failure– Anuria – End-stage renal disease– Uremia

• Uremic poisoning• A toxic condition caused by excessive amount

of urea and other waste products in the bloodstream

Pathology

• Nephrotic syndrome– Edema– Hyperlipidemia– Hypoproteinuria– Hyperproteinuria

• Abnormally high concentration of protein in the urine

Pathology

• Kidneys– Glomerulonephritis– Hydronephrosis

• Dilation of the renal pelvis of one or both kidneys.

• The result of an obstruction of the flow of urine– Nephrectasis

• Distention of a kidney

Pathology

– Nephritis– Nephroptosis– Nephropyosis– Pyelitis– Pyelonephritis

• Inflammation of the renal pelvis and of the kidney

– Renal colic

Pathology

• Stones – Calculus

• Nephrolithiasis– Kidney stone

• Cystolith – Stone found in the bladder

Pathology

• Ureters – Hydroureter– Ureterectasis

• The distention of a ureter– Ureterorrhagia– Ureteralgia

• Pain in the ureter– Ureterostenosis

Pathology

• Urinary bladder– Cystalgia

• Bladder pain– Cystitis– Interstitial cystitis– Cystocele– Cystorrhagia

• Bleeding from the bladder– UTI– Vesicovaginal fissure

Pathology

• Urethra – Reflux– Urethralgia– Urethritis– Urethrorrhagia– Urethrorrhea– urethrostenosis

Pathology

• Urethra continued– Abnormal openings

• Epispadias• Hypospadias• Paraspadias

–A congenital abnormality in males in which the urethral opening is on one side of the penis

Pathology

• Urination – Diuresis

• The increased excretion of urine– Dysuria

• Difficult or painful urination– Enuresis

• Involuntary discharge of urine• Nocturnal enuresis also known as bed-wetting

– Nocturia• Excessive urination during the night

– Oliguria– Polyuria

• Excessive urination– Urinary retention– Incontinence

• Stress incontinence• Urge incontinence