2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 1

Structures of the Upper Respiratory System

Nose Nasal cavity – space behind the nose

Vestibular region Olfactory region Respiratory region

Nasal septum – cartilage that divides the nose into right and left sides

Turbinates – scroll-like bones in the respiratory region

Cilia – nose hairs

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 2

Structures of the Upper Respiratory System

Sinuses - Cavities in the skull. Ducts connect sinuses to the nasal cavity

Lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air

Provide resonance to the voice

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 3

Structures of the Upper Respiratory System Pharynx

Throat Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

About 5” long

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 4

Structures of the Upper Respiratory System

Epiglottis

A flap or lid that closes over the opening to the larynx when food is swallowed

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 5

Structures of the Upper Respiratory System

Larynx Voice Box

Triangular chamber below pharynx

Within the larynx are vocal cords, the glottis

Also called the Adam’s Apple

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 6

Structures of the Lower Respiratory System

Trachea Windpipe

Approximately 4 ½” long The walls are composed of

alternate bands of membrane and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.

Lined with ciliated mucous membrane

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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System At the lower end of trachea,

the bronchus divide into right and left branches.

As they enter the lungs, the bronchus subdivide into bronchial tubes and into bronchioles.

At the end of the bronchioles are alveolar ducts and clusters of alveoli.

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 8

Structures of the Lower Respiratory System

Bronchi Ciliated mucous membrane

and hyaline cartilage

Bronchial tubes Cartilaginous plates

Bronchioles Thinner walls of smooth

muscle Lined with ciliated

epithelium

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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System

Alveoli Composed of a single layer

of epithelial tissue

Contain surfactant …fatty substance that keeps the alveoli from collapsing

Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries

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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity

Apex Base

Fit snugly over diaphragm. Lung tissue is porous and spongy.

Right lung Larger and shorter than the left lung Displaced by the liver 3 lobes

Left lung Smaller than the right side Displaced by the heart 2 lobes

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 11

Structures of the Lower Respiratory System

Pleura

Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers lungs…serous membrane

Double-walled sac

Space is pleural cavity – filled with pleural fluid

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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System

Mediastinum A septum or cavity between

two principal portions of an organ. Contains the heart and its

large vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, and connective tissue

Also called the interpleural space

Located between the lungs Contains the thoracic viscera

2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 13

Structures of the Lower Respiratory System

Diaphragm from the muscular system!

2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory

system 14

Breathing External respiration- gas

exchange in the lungs occurs between the blood and air in the atmosphere

Internal respiration - gas exchange at the cellular level where oxygen goes from the blood stream to the cells

Inhalation

Exhalation

Inspiration

The part of respiration that involves air being taken into the lungs.

The intercostal muscle lifts ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward - this increases the volume of the lungs and air rushes in.

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Expiration

Opposite action takes place

Exhalation is a passive process

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Breathing1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration

How many times does a normal adult breath per minute?

Normal # of breaths an adult takes each minute-14-20

Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain diseases.

Changes with age – newborn = 40-60/min

Sleep = respirations ↓

Emotion can ↑ or ↓ respiratory rate

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Respiratory Movements

Compare respiratory movements.

Coughing

Hiccups

Sneezing

Yawning

Why do they occur?

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Control of breathing

Neural Factors

Respiratory center located in MEDULLA OBLONGATA

PHRENIC NERVE – stimulates the diaphragm

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Control of breathing

Chemical Factors CO2 and O2 levels in

the blood is sensed by the brain (respiratory center in brain)

Chemoreceptor in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood O2

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Types of breathing

Apnea Dyspnea Eupnea Hyperpnea Orthopnea Tachypnea Hyperventilation

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Lung capacity and volume

Tidal volume

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

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Lung capacity and volume

Vital lung capacity

Residual volume

Functional residual capacity

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Lung capacity and volume

Total lung capacity Tidal volume Inspiratory reserve Expiratory reserve Residual air

Sample

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Respiratory disorders

COMMON COLD What is it? What causes it? Hand-washing – best

preventative measure

COMMON COLD

Contagious viral respiratory infection

Indirect causes – chilling, fatigue, lack of proper food, and not enough sleep

Rx – Rest, drink warm liquids and fruit juice, good nutrition

Also called an Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)

Hand washing – best preventative measure

LARYNGITIS Inflammation of larynx or

voice box

Often secondary to other respiratory infections

Symptoms – sore throat, hoarseness or loss of voice, dysphasia (difficulty swallowing)…treatment = no talking!

RESPIRATORY DISORDERS SINUSITIS Infection of mucous

membrane that lines sinus cavities

Caused by bacteria or virus

Symptoms – headache or pressure, thick nasal discharge, loss of voice resonance

Rx – symptomatic, surgery for chronic sinusitis

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Respiratory disorders

Asthma

ASTHMA Inflammatory airway obstruction

Caused by allergen or psychological stress

5% of Americans have asthma

Symptoms = difficulty exhaling, dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in chest

Rx: anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled bronchodilator

BRONCHITIS

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchial tubes, producing excessive mucous

May be acute or chronic

Acute bronchitis characterized by cough, fever, substernal pain and RALES (raspy sound)

Chronic bronchitis – middle or old age, cigarette smoking most common cause

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Respiratory disorders

Bronchitis

REPIRATORY DISORDERS

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) – Describes chronic lung conditions, especially emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Rx – alleviate the symptoms, decrease exposure to respiratory irritants, prevent infections, restructure activities to prevent need for O2

EMPHYSEMA Alveoli becomes over

dilated, lose their elasticity.

May eventually rupture

Air becomes trapped, can’t exhale – forced

exhalation required

Reduced exchange of O2 and CO2

Dyspnea increases as disease progresses

INFLUENZA (Flu) Viral infection (VIRUS)

causing inflammation of the mucous membrane of lungs

Fever, mucopurulent discharge, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion

Complications – pneumonia, neuritis, otitis media and pleuresy

Rx – treat the symptoms

PNEUMONIA Infection of the lung

Caused by bacteria or virus.

Alveoli fill with exudates (thick fluid)

Symptoms – chest pain, fever, chills dyspnea

Rx – O2 and antibiotics

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Respiratory disorders Pneumothorax –

collapsed lung due to air entering the pleural cavity

TUBERCULOSIS Illegal immigration, homelessness and AIDS has caused an

increase in US.

Tubercles (lesions) form in the lungs

Symptoms: cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weight loss, night sweats

Diagnosis – TB skin test If skin test positive – follow up with chest x-ray and sputum sample

Rx – antibiotic

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Relevance of nutrients to the respiratory system

The respiratory system plays a vital role in homeostasis