Status of Wheat Stripe in CWANA: Analysis of Current Outbreaks

Kumarse Nazari

k.nazari@cgiar.org

INTERNATIONAL WHEAT STRIPE RUST SYMPOSIUM, ICARDA, ALEPPO, SYRIA, 18-20, APRIL 2011

More than 50 m ha of wheat production in CWANA25% of the total global wheat areas fall in CWANA

Stripe (Yellow Rust) Stem (Black) Rust Leaf (Brown Rust)

Stripe (yellow rust) local names in CWANAArabic: Shakiran" ران ق! األصفر " ,meaning reddish حميرة "meaning blond, and "Hummaira ش# الصدأ

(Yellow rust); "Sadaa Mokhatat" المخطط البرتقالي "Sadaa Burtokali" ; (Stripe rust) الصدأ الصدأ(orange rust) B. Baya,

Persian: زرد .Zardi, Zang, Sorkhi, J. Kamali K ,(rustic) زنگال ;(reddish) سرخه ,(yellow Rust) زنگNazari

Georgia called “Kviteli Zhanga” ( ყვითელი რუსტი ) Z. Sikharulidze

Nepal: Pahelo Sindure or Dharse Sindure S. Sharma

Pakistan Zard or Dhari Dhar Kungi (Urdo) Atiq Rattu

In Hindi is called “Pila Ratua” (  पी�ला� ज�ग) M. Prashar

Morocco: Bouzadagh but in SAIS area (meknès – Fès); Berber language, Ramdani, Amri

In Turkish and Azeri: Sarı Pas (farmers call Kinacik; means henna)

Kazakhstan; Sary Tat Alma Kokhmetova

Russian: Zheltoi Rzhavchin желтой ржавчине K. Aslanova

Ethiopia , Amharic name: Bitcha wag Bedada Girma

Pathogen NomenclaturePathogen Common

Name P. striiformis sensu stricto Stripe rust P. striiformoides (P. striiformis f.sp. dactylidis) Cocksfoot

stripe rust P. pseudostriiformis (P. striiformis f.sp. poae) Bluegrass

stripe rust P. gansensis

Liu, M. and Hambleton, S. (2010). "Taxonomic study of stripe rust, Puccinia striiformis sensu lato, based on molecular and morphological evidence.", Fungal Genetics and Biology, 114(10), pp. 881-899

Country/ Year Crop loss/ fungicide use million $Turkey

1992199620002009-10

26.5% (Gereck > 10 m ha)1.2 mt (Cekurova)3% Gereck 79?

5685310 (>1.5 mh)

Iran1992-42007 and 092010

25 million tones2000,0000 ha infection650,000 ha spray

158100?

Uzbekistan199820092010

35% yield lossesYellow rust outbreak

13525-30% 30%

Pakistan1993-42005

Yr9 Outbreaks (Pak 81)Inquilab 91

??

Morocco2009-10 Akhtar 25-35%

Azerbaijan, Tajikistan ? 30%

Syria 2010 Cham 8 fully susceptible 40-50%

Ethiopia, Kenya, SA 2010 ? ?

China 2011 2.67 m ha

Important Epidemiological Factors in CWANA & CAC

Conducive climatic conditionsSimilarity of wheat genotypes Mean of transportation: West-East wind movement,

Overlapping crop calendar eCo-evolution of host pathogens Vide range of host plants

Mega-cultivar: Genetic similarity 1980-1997: The Yr9-Outbreak

▪ Syria and Lebanon: Mexipak▪ Ethiopia: Dashen▪ Iran: Falat▪ Pakistan: Pak 81▪ Turkey: Seri 82

2000-2010: Yr27 virulent outbreak▪ Syria: Cham 8▪ Kubsa▪ Chamran & Shiroudi▪ Pakistan and India: Inquilab 91 & PBW343

Susceptible mega cultivarsSardari (Iran), Gerek (Turkey), Akhtar (Morocco), Bezostaya (CAC), …..

Earth Rotation and easterly trade winds

Risk of Accidental Transfer (the “747 route”)

A small world: A Single Airline Flight Map!

Plus – Very long distance natural “rare” events can occur!

We can also transfer the rust spore if….

Crop calendar “Green Bridge” & Continues cropping system

Country Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug

East Africa

Near East

Egypt

Sudan

Oman

Saudi Arabia

North Africa

West Asia

Yemen-off-season

Yemen-main season

Planting

Growing

Harvesting

No crop

A. Yahyaoui

Historical Example of regional yellow rust epidemic1980’s in CWANA

classical example of transboundary wheat rusts

Yr27 Pst pt; A New Threat to wheat production in CWANA

Mega-cultivarsInqualab-91 5 million ha in PakistanPBW343 6 million ha in India

Yr27 Pst pt

Syria, Morocco, Uzbekistan (2009)

India, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan

Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran - Inqualab-91, MH97, Chamran, Imam and Kubsa :

Yr27

- PBW343, Shiroudi, Bakhtawar and WH542 : Yr9 and Yr27

Wide spread of new Yr race: Yr27 virulence race in southern partCool and humid weather in warm areaYellow rust epidemic, Darab, Dezful and Ilam, 2007

Early infection foci

Yellow rust epidemic Akhtar cv-Morocco 2009 (75% of wheat growing areas) (Ezzahiri et al., 4th RYRC-Turkey)

Yellow rust high infection Uzbekistan, 2009Bezostaja become susceptible (R. Sharma)

Early Yr infection March 17, 2010, Aleppo

Syria 2010, Hassakeh, March 17Cham 8

Early infection foci

Syria 2010, Cham6

Yellow rust outbreak Ethiopia 2010

Early infection on Tetraplois wheat genotypes

Number of freezing days at Tel Hadya between November-January, 2006-2010

2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-20100

10

20

30

40

50

60

Years

Nu

mb

er

of

freezin

g d

ays

Oct

No

v

Dec

Jan

Feb

Marc

h

Ap

ril

May

2006-7

-100

10203040506070

Mean Temp. (ºC) Maximum Temp. (ºC)Minimum Temp. (ºC) Prec. (mm)

Oct

No

v

Dec

Jan

Feb

Marc

h

Ap

ril

May

2007-8

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Mean Temp. (ºC) Maximum Temp. (ºC)Minimum Temp. (ºC) Prec. (mm)

Oct

No

v

Dec

Jan

Feb

Marc

h

Ap

ril

May

2009-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Oct

No

v

Dec

Jan

Feb

Marc

h

Ap

ril

May

2008-9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Yr race analysis of Pst in CWANASyria: Yr1, Yr(2), Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr(8), Yr9,

Yr10, Yr27, Yr25, Yr(Sd)Morocco: Yr(2), Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr27,

Yr(Sd)Afghanistan: Yr1, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr27,

Yr (Sd), YrSuKenya: Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr25,

Yr27Ethiopia: Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr27Tajikistan: Yr1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 25, 32 Iraq: Y2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr25, Yr27Turkey: ? IRAN: Y2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr25, Yr27

Testet/ cultivar Yr-GENE

2009 2010

Tel Hadya HASSAKEH MALKIEH ALEPPO DIRE AL ZOR

YR1/6*Avocet S Yr1 R S S S S

YR6/6*Avocet S Yr6 S S S S S

YR7/6*Avocet S Yr7 S S S S S

YR8/6*Avocet S Yr8 R S S S S

YR9/6*Avocet S Yr9 S S S S S

YR27/6*Avocet S Yr27 R S S S S

Ciano 79 Yr27 R S S S S

ATTILA-50Y Yr27+? R S S S S

OPATA 85 Yr27+Yr18 R S S S S

Cham 1 DW R R R R R

Cham 4 BW R S S S S

Cham 6 BW R S S S S

Cham 8 BW R S S S S

Morocco BW S S S S S

Challenges ahead1.Regional and international rust laboratory2.Expanding current rust surveillance3.Capacity building4.Reactivation rust networks5.Exchanging/ sharing information6.New platform toward understanding pathogenic

variability at farmer field7.Revision differential cultivars8.Standardization of rust laboratory protocols and

Revision differential cultivars9.Characterization and filed assessment of adult-

plant resistance genes10.Breeding for resistance (long lasting resistance)

He was happy when he had a bread

but when he didn’t !?