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South Asian Primate C.A.M.P. Summary, Coimbatore, 2004

Summary of the Status of South Asian Primates

Compiled by Sally Walker and Sanjay Molur

Illustrations by Arnab Roy

Extracted from Status of South Asian Primates: Conservation Assessment andManagement Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report 2003


First Edition 2003Second Edition 2004

Summary taken from Status of South Asian Primates: Conservation Assessment andManagement Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report, 2003

Summary Compiled by : Sally Walker and Sanjay MolurPublished by: Zoo Outreach Organisation and Conservation Breeding

Specialist Group – South Asia in collaboration with WildlifeInformation & Liaison Development Society

Copyright: © Zoo Outreach Organisation 2003

This publication can be reproduced for educational and non-commercial purposes withoutprior permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged.

Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibitedwithout prior permission (in writing) of the copyright holder.

ISBN: 81-88722-07-3

Citation: Walker, S. & S. Molur (Compilers) 2004. Summary of theStatus of South Asian Primates. Extracted from the CAMP2003 Report. Zoo Outreach Organisation, CBSG-South Asiaand WILD, Coimbatore, India, 2nd Edition.

Cover design, layout and produced by: Zoo Outreach Organisation

Artwork by: Arnab Roy

The international boundaries of India reproduced in this book are neither purported to becorrect nor authentic by the Survey of India directives.

Report No. 24 (2004). Zoo Outreach Organisation / Conservation Breeding SpecialistGroup, South Asia, P.O.Box. 1683, 29/1 Bharathi Colony, Peelamedu, Coimbatore 641004,Tamil Nadu, India. Ph. +91 422 2561087, 2561743; Fax: 91 422 2563269Email: [email protected] / [email protected] / [email protected]: www.zooreach.org

Cover pictures: Illustrations from Noel Rowe. 1996. The Pictorial Guide to the LivingPrimates. Pogonias Press, Rhode Island, USA, 263pp.

The complete Report can be ordered from Zoo Outreach Organisation for Rs. 750.00including postage for Indians and other South Asians and $35.00 including postage forindividuals and institutions located outside South Asia. Write to ZOO, P.O.Box.1683,Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 004, India. Or contact by email:<[email protected]> or via website <www.zooreach.org>.

Credits

The workshop was facilitatedand coordinated by the IUCNSSC Conservation BreedingSpecialist Group’s regionalnetwork for South Asia (CBSG,South Asia).

The IUCN/SSC PrimateSpecialist Group wasrepresented by the Vice-chairfor Asia

Other organizers andcollaborators were :

Zoo Outreach Organisation(ZOO), Wildlife Information &Liaison Development Society(WILD), IUCN SSC PrimateSpecialist Group, Indo-USPrimate Project, SmithsonianInstitution & Institute ofFundamental Studies, and,Dept. of Psychology inUniversity of Mysore

The workshop was sponsoredby: ConservationInternational, PrimateConservation, Inc., ChesterZoo, North CarolinaZoological Park, Lincoln ParkZoo, Oklahoma City Zoo,European Association of Zoosand Aquaria, and AppenheulPrimate Park

The Primate EducationProgramme, of which thissummary is a part, is sponsoredby: Margot Marsh BiodiversityFund, Appenheul PrimatePark, Primate Conservation,Inc., Primate Society of GreatBritain, Flora and FaunaInternational

Artwork by Arnab Roy.


Status of South Asian Primates

Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.)Workshop for South Asian Primates held in Coimbatore, India,March 2002

IntroductionThe South Asian region (once called the Indian subsontinent) consists of sevencountries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka),which constitutes an area of very high biodiversity. This is attested by the fact thatMittermeier, et al. (1999) have identified two mainland “hotspots” within theregion, e.g. Western Ghats and Eastern Himalaya. The region’s biodiversity isthreatened by developmental enthusiasm adopted by South Asian governments,and also by intermittent ethnic and political clashes. Primates, among othertaxa, are facing varying degrees of extinction threats in the region. South Asiacan claim 43 primate taxa, of which 2 are endemic species, 28 are endemicsubspecies, 3 are endemic populations, 3 are non-endemic species and 7 arenon-endemic subspecies.

In 1997, a C.A.M.P. Workshop for Indian Mammals, including 15 primate specieswhich occur in India, was conducted as part of a larger project for India, theBiodiversity Conservation Prioritisation Project (BCPP). These assessments ofendemic Indian primates were accepted by the IUCN SSC Primate SpecialistGroup (PSG) which sent it to IUCN SSC to be included in the 2000 IUCN RedList. The mammal workshop, of necessity, could include only a few primatespecialists, as more than 400 mammals of India from all mammal groups hadto be assessed. Therefore, five years later it was decided to conduct an entirelyprimate-focused C.A.M.P. Review of the 1997 assessments of Indian primatesand a regional assessment of all primates of South Asia using IUCN Red ListCriteria and Catetories.

Primates form an integral part of biodiversity and a cognizable link betweenhumans and nature. In South Asia several Hindu epics and plays of ancienttimes feature primates as integral to the philosophy of these works. This bondof kinship still exists between primates and humans in the region, which can beused to benefit biodiversity conservation by focusing on primates as flagshipspecies. In addition, assessing the status of primates in this Workshop has notonly provided conservation focus for this important taxonomic group regionally,but will also assist participating nations with a national assessment of primatesfor their country’s biodiversity strategy.

Extensive efforts were made to contact all primate field biologists and forestersthrough their Chief Wildlife Wardens, and to collect information from othersources both published and unpublished. Primate field biologists and forestersfrom the range countries were prioritised for inclusion in the workshop.

The 2001 IUCN Red List Criteria(Version 3.1)

The C.A.M.P. workshop processemploys the IUCN Red List Criteria as

a tool in assessing species status in agroup of taxa. The structure of the

categories includes extinct,threatened, non-threatened, data

deficient and not evaluated divisions.

In the last decade IUCN has improvedthe method of assessment of species by

incorporating numerical valuesattached to the different criteria for

threat categories. The 2001 version ofthe Red List Threatened Categories

are derived through a set of 5 criteria

A. Population reduction;B. Restricted distribution, continuing

decline and fluctuation;C. Restricted population and

continuing decline;D. Very small population;

E. probability of extinction

based on which the threatenedcategory is assigned.

The term “threatened” according tothe 2001 IUCN categories means

Critically Endangered,Endangered or Vulnerable.

The "non-threatened" categoriesare Near Threatened and

Least Concern

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The C.A.M.P. ProcessThe C.A.M.P. Process was developed by the IUCN SSC Conservation BreedingSpecialist Group (CBSG). It includes assembling experts such as wildlifemanagers, SSC Specialist Group members, representatives of the academiccommunity or private sector, researchers, captive managers and otherstakeholders who provide the most current information in order to a) assignspecies and subspecies to IUCN Categories of Threat; b) formulate broad-based management recommendations, and c) develop more comprehensivemanagement and recovery programs in situ and/or ex situ. Extensive review iscarried out by participants who desire to do so before the final Report iscompiled and finalised.

The 2001 IUCN Red List Criteria (Version 3.1)C.A.M.P. workshops use the most recent version of the IUCN Red List Criteriaand Categories and, where appropriate, the IUCN SSC Guidelines forApplication of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional Levels, as tools in assessingthe status of a group of taxa. In the last decade IUCN has improved the methodof assessing taxa by incorporating numerical values attached to the differentcriteria for threat categories. The 2001 version of the Red List Criteria andCategories use a set of five criteria (population reduction; restricted distribution,continuing decline and fluctuation; restricted population and continuing decline;very small population; and probability of extinction) to determine the threatenedcategories, which are Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN) andVulnerable (VU). Other categories are Extinct (EX), Extinct in the Wild (EW), NearThreatened (NT), Least Concern (LC), Data Deficient (DD) and Not Evaluated(NE).

The WorkshopA Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshop for South AsianNon-human Primates was held during 5-9 March 2002 at the State ForestService College (SFSC) in Coimbatore, India. About 50 participants includingfield biologists and taxonomists from all over South Asia participated along withfour Indian zoo personnel and two members of the IUCN SSC Primate SpecialistGroup from USA and UK. The workshop could take advantage of newinformation from the Indo-US Primate Project in India (USFWS/MoEF), thePrimate Biology Program (Smithsonian Institution) in Sri Lanka and severalother, smaller projects.

The South Asian Primate C.A.M.P. was endorsed by the IUCN SSC PrimateSpecialist Group, the IUCN SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, theIUCN SSC Regional Biodiversity Programme (RBP), Asia and the Indo-USPrimate Project.

The primary focus of the workshop was endemic primate taxa of South Asiawhich number 33 in 2 families, e.g. Cercopithecidae (25 taxa) and Loridae (7taxa). These taxa were prioritised for first attention. Non-endemic primates werealso covered, using the Regional Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red ListCriteria at sub-global level. National assessments for species with distributionin more than one country were done.

The draft manuscript of the most recent taxonomic revisions by Brandon-Joneset al. (2002, recently published in Zoo's Print Journal, August 2004) as well asColin Groves (2001) publication, stimulated intensive discussion at theworkshop. The problem with both taxonomic systems was that some taxa, whichhad been considered as one species for some years and surveyed as such, hadbeen split into several species (in the case of Groves) and subspecies (in thecase of Brandon-Jones) and, on the other hand, some known subspecies hadbeen ignored. It was decided to use the most recent draft of the Brandon-Joneset al. work with a few modifications as the workshop taxa list. Agreement on thefinal workshop species and subspecies list was the result of a consensusamong taxonomists and a broad spectrum of field biologists that actually livedand worked in these species’ ranges and were familiar, in many cases throughclose study, with the primates under consideration.

The C.A.M.P. Process

The Conservation Assessment andManagement Plan (C.A.M.P.) Processwas developed by the IUCN SSCConservation Breeding SpecialistGroup (CBSG) initially to assist zoosto prioritise species for conservationbreeding.

Now C.A.M.P.s are tools for other usesas well, such as for assessing theconservation status of species and alsofor national biodiversity strategicactivities.

A C.A.M.P. workshop brings togethera variety of professional wildlifemanagers, biologists, academicians,non-governmental organisations, zoomanagers, etc. -- all "stakeholders"because their vocation or avocationconcerns the vital issues which comeup in such a workshop.

The "stakeholders" contribute severaltypes of information which is used bythe workshop to evaluate the currentstatus of species, populations andhabitats and make recommendationsfor specific conservation-orientedresearch, management and publiceducation.

C.A.M.P.s are run according to aphilosophy of sharing information,resolving conflict, puttingconservation of species first andachieving consensus to forwardconservation action. There is a set ofGroundrules (opposite page) whichpeople commit to follow so that theworkshop runs efficiently.

C.A.M.P.s are very different andexciting kinds of workshops.Participants often work long into thenight and agonise over minute detailsfor days, but generally feel that theyhave contributed to a very usefulproduct at the end.

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A selection of zoo directors wereexposed to the revised taxonomy forthe first time and deliberated on theeffect of these revisions on theirconservation strategy. The firststeps toward a Primate CaptiveAction Plan for the whole of SouthAsia was initiated.

Workshop objectives-- Networking of all South Asianprimatologists – academics,government agencies, non-governmental organizations andinstitutions, zoos, selectedindividuals and other stakeholders.-- Providing an opportunity for allstakeholders, particularly thosenative to South Asia, to activelyparticipate in a process that resultsin the derivation of the conservationstatus of primate taxa of the regionusing the IUCN Red List Criteria and Categories.-- Deriving an accurate IUCN category for all South Asian primate taxa based onavailable information – published or unpublished – as a rapid assessmentproviding adequate documentation as required by the IUCN Red List protocol.-- Drafting specific taxon-based and habitat-based action plans for the protectionof the primates and their habitat.-- Establishing research and management priorities for future action.-- Identifying immediate needs for practical conservation-oriented steps forfollow-up.

The Workshop drew upon the collective expertise of local primate researchersgathered in a large group, perhaps the most representative ever for the SouthAsian Region. The “regional” focus, in which field biologists from at least four ofthe South Asian countries were brought together, had the real advantage ofpermitting discussion on trans-national issues of taxa ranging betweencountries.

The output from the workshop was submitted to the PSG Vice Chair for Asia forsubmission to IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2003. This is a valuablepractical application of data from local field biologists and primate students fromSouth Asia and a credit to their work.

Methods for assessmentPrimates are relatively well-studied in some South Asian countries so aninnovation in this C.A.M.P. was to provide a separate spread sheet for listing allknown localities, instead of a few lines as normally is provided in the Taxon DataSheets. For some species such as Hoolock Gibbon, Golden Langur, Rhesusand Bonnet Macaques, and all Sri Lankan primates, participants filled more thanthree long pages with locality data. This very detailed locality data, which wascoordinated with maps, made it possible for participants to correctly identifysubspecies surveyed and assess them. Participants completed this demandingtask before filling out their Taxon Data Sheets.

Data forms called “Biological Information Sheets” were distributed to all inviteesand many who were not in a position to attend in person returned these formswith current information. Information from all sources was recorded in theC.A.M.P. Data Entry Programme for review by participants.

In a C.A.M.P., most of the work is done in working groups and reviewed in severalplenary sessions. In this workshop the groups were organised by region with aSouth India Group, a North-East Alliance (including northeastern India, Nepaland Bangladesh), a North-Central Group (also included Nepal), and a Sri LankaGroup.

C.A.M.P. Ground Rules forGroup Interaction

Participate ... don't dominate; giveall a chance to contribute

Set aside all special agendasexcept conserving the taxa under

assessment

Assume good intent of allparticipants. Treat otherparticipants with respect

Stick to the schedule... begin andend promptly

The primary work will beconducted in sub-groups

Facilitators of plenary sessions orworking groups can call 'time out'when discussions reach an impasse

or stray too far off the topic athand

Agreements or recommendationsare reached by consensus

Plan to complete and review ofdraft report by the end of the

meeting

Flexibility is the key. We adjustour process and schedule as

needed to achieve goals.

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EXTINCT (EX)A taxon is Extinct when there is noreasonable doubt that the lastindividual has died. A taxon ispresumed Extinct when exhaustivesurveys in known and/or expectedhabitat, at appropriate times (diurnal,seasonal, annual), throughout itshistoric range have failed to record anindividual. Surveys should be over atime frame appropriate to the taxon’slife cycle and life form.

EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW)A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it isknown only to survive in cultivation, incaptivity or as a naturalizedpopulation (or populations) welloutside the past range. A taxon ispresumed Extinct in the Wild whenexhaustive surveys in known and/orexpected habitat, at appropriate times(diurnal, seasonal, annual),throughout its historic range havefailed to record an individual. Surveysshould be over a time frameappropriate to the taxon’s life cycleand life form.

CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)A taxon is Critically Endangered whenthe best available evidence indicatesthat it meets any of the criteria A to Efor Critically Endangered (see insidefront and back cover pages), and it istherefore considered to be facing anextremely high risk of extinction in thewild.

ENDANGERED (EN)A taxon is Endangered when the bestavailable evidence indicates that itmeets any of the criteria A to E forEndangered (see inside front and backcover pages), and it is thereforeconsidered to be facing a very highrisk of extinction in the wild.

VULNERABLE (VU)A taxon is Vulnerable when the bestavailable evidence indicates that itmeets any of the criteria A to E forVulnerable (see inside front and backcover pages), and it is therefore

considered to be facing a high risk ofextinction in the wild.

NEAR THREATENED (NT)A taxon is Near Threatened when it hasbeen evaluated against the criteria butdoes not qualify for CriticallyEndangered, Endangered orVulnerable now, but is close toqualifying for or is likely to qualify fora threatened category in the nearfuture.

LEAST CONCERN (LC)A taxon is Least Concern when it hasbeen evaluated against the criteriaand does not qualify for CriticallyEndangered, Endangered, Vulnerableor Near Threatened. Widespread andabundant taxa are included in thiscategory.

DATA DEFICIENT (DD)A taxon is Data Deficient when there isinadequate information to make adirect, or indirect, assessment of its riskof extinction based on its distributionand/or population status. A taxon inthis category may be well studied, andits biology well known, butappropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. DataDeficient is therefore not a category ofthreat. Listing of taxa in this categoryindicates that more information isrequired and acknowledges thepossibility that future research willshow that threatened classification isappropriate. It is important to makepositive use of whatever data areavailable. In many cases great careshould be exercised in choosingbetween DD and a threatened status. Ifthe range of a taxon is suspected to berelatively circumscribed, and aconsiderable period of time haselapsed since the last record of thetaxon, threatened status may well bejustified.

NOT EVALUATED (NE)A taxon is Not Evaluated when it is hasnot yet been evaluated against thecriteria.

THE IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES, Ver. 3.1

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Status of South Asian Primates 2002Scientific Name Common Name StatusLoridae1. Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus Mysore Slender Loris Near Threatened2. Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus Malabar Slender Loris Near Threatened3. Loris tardigradus grandis Highland Slender Loris Endangered4. Loris tardigradus nordicus Dry Zone Slender Loris Endangered5. Loris tardigradus nycticeboides Highland Slender Loris Endangered6. Loris tardigradus tardigradus Red Slender Loris Endangered7. Nycticebus bengalensis Slow Loris Data Deficient (R)

Cercopithecidae8. Macaca arctoides Stump-tailed Macaque Critically Endangered (R)9. Macaca assamensis assamensis Eastern Assamese Macaque Endangered (R)10. Macaca assamensis, Nepal population Assamese Macaque Endangered11. Macaca assamensis pelops Western Assamese Macaque Endangered12. Macaca fascicularis aurea Long-tailed Macaque Critically Endangered (R)13. Macaca fascicularis umbrosa Nicobar Long-tailed Macaque Near Threatened14. Macaca leonina Northern Pig-tailed Macaque Endangered (R)15. Macaca mulatta mulatta Indian Rhesus Macaque Least Concern (R)16. Macaca radiata diluta Pale-bellied Bonnet Macaque Least Concern17. Macaca radiata radiata Dark-bellied Bonnet Macaque Least Concern18. Macaca silenus Lion-tailed Macaque Endangered19. Macaca sinica aurifrons Wetzone Toque Macaque Endangered20. Macaca sinica opisthomelas Hill Zone Toque Macaque Endangered21. Macaca sinica sinica Dryzone Toque Macaque Endangered22. Semnopithecus (Trachypithecus) johnii johnii Nilgiri Langur Vulnerable23. Semnopithecus entellus achates Western Hanuman Langur Least Concern24. Semnopithecus entellus ajax Himalayan Grey Langur Critically Endangered25. Semnopithecus entellus anchises Deccan Hanuman Langur Near Threatened26. Semnopithecus entellus entellus Bengal Hanuman Langur Near Threatened27. Semnopithecus entellus hector Lesser Hill Langur Endangered28. Semnopithecus entellus hypoleucos Dark-legged Malabar Langur Endangered29. Semnopithecus entellus schistaceus Central Himalayan Langur Near Threatened (R)30. Semnopithecus priam priam Coromandel Grey Langur Vulnerable31. Semnopithecus priam thersites1 Grey Langur Endangered32. Semnopithecus priam thersites2 Grey Langur Endangered33. Trachypithecus geei Golden Langur Endangered34. Trachypithecus obscurus phayrei Phayre’s Langur Endangered (R)35. Trachypithecus pileatus brahma Buff-bellied Langur Data Deficient36. Trachypithecus pileatus durga Orange-bellied Capped Leaf Monkey Endangered37. Trachypithecus pileatus pileatus Blonde-bellied Capped Leaf Monkey Endangered (R)38. Trachypithecus pileatus tenebricus Tenebrous Capped Leaf Monkey Endangered39. Trachypithecus vetulus monticola Montane Purple-faced Langur Endangered40. Trachypithecus vetulus nestor Western Purple-faced Langur Critically Endangered41. Trachypithecus vetulus philbricki Dry Zone Purple-faced Langur Endangered42. Trachypithecus vetulus vetulus Southern Lowland Wetzone Endangered

Purple-faced Langur

Hylobatidae43. Bunopithecus hoolock hoolock Hoolock Gibbon Endangered (R)

(R) - Regional Assessment for SouthAsia; the remaining species have beenassessed globally

1 Indian population;2 Sri Lankan population

Category Total #

Critically Endangered (CR) 4Endangered (EN) 25Vulnerable (VU) 2Near Threatened (NT) 6Least Concern (LC) 4Data Deficient (DD) 2Not Evaluated (NE) 0

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Status of South Asian primates with IUCN categories and criteria.

Scientific taxon name Status, 2002 Criteria

Loridae1. Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus Near Threatened -2. Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus Near Threatened -3. Loris tardigradus grandis Endangered A2cd+4cd;

B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+ 2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)4. Loris tardigradus nordicus Endangered A2cd+4cd5. Loris tardigradus nycticeboides Endangered A2cd+4cd; B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)6. Loris tardigradus tardigradus Endangered A2cd+4cd7. Nycticebus bengalensis Data Deficient in SA -

Cercopithecidae8. Macaca arctoides Critically Endangered in SA C2a(i)9. Macaca assamensis assamensis Endangered in SA C2a(i)10. Macaca assamensis (Nepal population) Endangered B1a+b(i,ii,iii,v); C2a(i)11. Macaca assamensis pelops Endangered B1ab(i,ii,iii)+2ab(i,ii,iii); C2a(i)12. Macaca fascicularis aurea Critically Endangered in SA A2c+3c+4c; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v);D13. Macaca fascicularis umbrosa Near Threatened -14. Macaca leonina Endangered in SA C2a(i)15. Macaca mulatta mulatta Least Concern in SA -16. Macaca radiata diluta Least Concern -17. Macaca radiata radiata Least Concern -18. Macaca silenus Endangered C2a(i)19. Macaca sinica aurifrons Endangered A2cd+4cd20. Macaca sinica opisthomelas Endangered A2cd+4cd; B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)

+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)21. Macaca sinica sinica Endangered A2cd+4cd22. Semnopithecus (T.) johnii johnii Vulnerable C2a(i)23. Semnopithecus entellus achates Least Concern -24. Semnopithecus entellus ajax Critically Endangered B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)25. Semnopithecus entellus anchises Near Threatened -26. Semnopithecus entellus entellus Near Threatened27. Semnopithecus entellus hector Endangered B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)28. Semnopithecus entellus hypoleucos Endangered B2ab(ii,iii)29. Semnopithecus entellus schistaceus Near Threatened in SA -30. Semnopithecus priam priam Vulnerable B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)31. Semnopithecus priam thersites (India) Endangered B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)32. Semnopithecus priam thersites (Sri Lanka) Endangered A2cd+4cd33. Trachypithecus geei Endangered B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C1+2a34. Trachypithecus obscurus phayrei Endangered in SA C1+2a(i)35. Trachypithecus pileatus brahma Data Deficient -36. Trachypithecus pileatus durga Endangered C1+2a(i)37. Trachypithecus pileatus pileatus Endangered in SA C1+2a(i); D38. Trachypithecus pileatus tenebricus Endangered C2a(i)39. Trachypithecus vetulus monticola Endangered A2cd+4cd; B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v)40. Trachypithecus vetulus nestor Critically Endangered A2cd+3cd+4cd41. Trachypithecus vetulus philbricki Endangered A2cd+4cd42. Trachypithecus vetulus vetulus Endangered A2cd+4cd

Hylobatidae43. Bunopithecus hoolock hoolock Endangered in SA A2abcd+3bcd; C1+2a(i)

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Loris tardigradus grandis, Endangered;Criteria: A2cd+4cd; B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v).Meaning: Population declined by more than50% over last three generations and continuingto decline at the same rate due to decline inarea, extent and/or quality of habitat, and due toexploitation; Restricted extent and area infragmented locations with continuing decline inextent, area, quality of habitat, locations orsubpopulations and mature individuals.

Loris tardigradus nordicus, Endangered;Criteria: A2cd+4cd.Meaning: Population declined by more than50% over last three generations and continuingto decline at the same rate due to decline inarea, extent and/or quality of habitat, and due toexploitation.

Loris tardigradus nycticeboides, Endangered;Criteria: A2cd+4cd; B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v).Meaning: Population declined by more than50% over last three generations and continuingto decline at the same rate due to decline inarea, extent and/or quality of habitat, and due toexploitation; Restricted extent in fragmentedlocations with continuing decline in extent, area,quality of habitat, locations or subpopulationsand mature individuals.

Loris tardigradus tardigradus, Endangered;Criteria A2cd+4cd.Meaning: Population declined by more than50% over last three generations and continuingto decline at the same rate due to decline inarea, extent and/or quality of habitat, and due toexploitation.

Macaca arctoides, Critically Endangered inSA; Criteria: C2a(i).Meaning: Small population with <50 matureindividuals in each subpopulation.

Macaca assamensis assamensis,Endangered in SA; Criteria: C2a(i).Meaning: Small population with <250 matureindividuals in each subpopulation.

Macaca assamensis Nepal population,Endangered; Criteria: B1ab(i,ii,iii,v); C2a(i).Meaning: Restricted extent in fragmentedlocations with continuing decline in extent, area,quality of habitat and mature individuals; Smallpopulation with <250 mature individuals in eachsubpopulation.

Macaca assamensis pelops, Endangered;Criteria: B1ab(i,ii,iii) +2ab(i,ii,iii); C2a(i).Meaning: Restricted extent and area infragmented locations with continuing decline inextent, area and quality of habitat; Smallpopulation with <250 mature individuals in eachsubpopulation.

Macaca fascicularis aurea, CriticallyEndangered in SA; Criteria: A2c+3c+4c;B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); D.D. Meaning: Population declined by more than80% over last three generations, continuing todecline at the same rate and predicted todecline at the same rate due to a decline inarea, extent and/or quality of habitat; Restrictedarea in fragmented locations with continuingdecline in extent, area, quality of habitat,locations or subpopulations and matureindividuals; Very small population.

Macaca leonina, Endangered in SA; Criteria:C2a(i).

IUCN Red List Criteria : What do those little letters and numbers mean ?Meaning: Small population with <250 matureindividuals in each subpopulation.

Macaca silenus, Endangered; Criteria: C2a(i).Meaning: Small population with <250 matureindividuals in each subpopulation.

Macaca sinica aurifrons, Endangered; Criteria:A2cd+4cd.Meaning: Population declined by more than50% over last three generations and continuingto decline at the same rate due to decline inarea, extent and/or quality of habitat, and due toexploitation.

Macaca sinica opisthomelas, Endangered;Criteria:A2cd+4cd;B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)Meaning: Population declined by more than50% over last three generations and continuingto decline at the same rate due to decline inarea, extent and/or quality of habitat, and due toexploitation; Restricted extent and area infragmented locations with continuing decline inextent, area, quality of habitat, locations orsubpopulations and mature individuals.

Macaca sinica sinica, Endangered; Criteria:A2cd+4cdMeaning: Population declined by more than50% over last three generations and continuingto decline at the same rate due to decline inarea, extent and/or quality of habitat, and due toexploitation.

Semnopithecus (T.) johnii johnii, Vulnerable;Criteria: C2a(i).Meaning: Small population with <1,000 matureindividuals in each subpopulation.

Semnopithecus entellus ajax, CriticallyEndangered; Criteria: B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v).Meaning: Restricted extent and area infragmented locations with continuing decline inextent, area and/or quality of habitat and matureindividuals.

Semnopithecus entellus hector, Endangered;Criteria: B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v).Meaning: Restricted area in fragmentedlocations with continuing decline in extent, area,quality of habitat, locations or subpopulationsand mature individuals.

Semnopithecus entellus hypoleucos,Endangered; Criteria: B2ab(ii,iii).Meaning: Restricted area in fragmentedlocations with continuing decline in area andquality of habitat.

Semnopithecus priam priam, Vulnerable;Criteria: B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)Meaning: Restricted area in fragmentedlocations with continuing decline in extent, area,quality of habitat, locations or subpopulationsand mature individuals.

Semnopithecus priam thersites (India),Endangered; Criteria: B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v).Meaning: Restricted area in fragmentedlocations with continuing decline in extent, area,quality of habitat, locations or subpopulationsand mature individuals.

Semnopithecus priam thersites (Sri Lanka),Endangered; Criteria: A2cd+4cd.Meaning: Population declined by more than50% over last three generations and continuingto decline at the same rate due to decline inarea, extent and/or quality of habitat, and due toexploitation.

Trachypithecus geei, Endangered; Criteria:B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v); C1+2a.Meaning: Restricted extent in fragmentedlocations with continuing decline in extent, area,quality of habitat, locations or subpopulationsand mature individuals; Small population with<250 mature individuals in each subpopulationdeclining at least 20% over two generations.

Trachypithecus obscurus phayrei,Endangered in SA; Criteria: C1+2a(i).Meaning: Small population with <250 matureindividuals in each subpopulation declining atleast 20% over two generations.

Trachypithecus pileatus durga, Endangered;Criteria: C1+2a(i)Meaning: Small population with <250 matureindividuals in each subpopulation declining atleast 20% over two generations.

Trachypithecus pileatus pileatus, Endangeredin SA; Criteria: C1+2a(i); D.Meaning: Small population with <250 matureindividuals in each subpopulation declining atleast 20% over two generations; Very smallpopulation of less than 250 mature individuals.

Trachypithecus pileatus tenebricus,Endangered; Criteria: C2a(i).Meaning: Small population with <250 matureindividuals in each subpopulation.

Trachypithecus vetulus monticola,Endangered; Criteria: A2cd+4cd; B1ab(ii,iii,iv,v).Meaning: Population declined by more than50% over last three generations and continuingto decline at the same rate due to decline inarea, extent and/or quality of habitat, and due toexploitation; Restricted extent in fragmentedlocations with continuing decline in extent, area,quality of habitat, locations or subpopulationsand mature individuals.

Trachypithecus vetulus nestor, CriticallyEndangered; Criteria: A2cd+3cd+4cd.Meaning: Population declined by more than80% over last three generations, continuing todecline at the same rate and predicted todecline at the same rate due to a decline inarea, extent and/or quality of habitat, and due toexploitation.

Trachypithecus vetulus philbricki,Endangered; Criteria: A2cd+4cd.Meaning: Population declined by more than50% over last three generations and continuingto decline at the same rate due to decline inarea, extent and/or quality of habitat, and due toexploitation.

Trachypithecus vetulus vetulus, Endangered;Criteria: A2cd+4cd.Meaning: Population declined by more than50% over last three generations and continuingto decline at the same rate due to decline inarea, extent and/or quality of habitat, and due toexploitation.Bunopithecus hoolock hoolock, Endangered inSA; Criteria: A2abcd+3bcd; C1+2a(i).Meaning: Observed population declined bymore than 50% over last three generations andcontinuing to decline at the same rate due todecline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat,and due to exploitation; Small population with<250 mature individuals in each subpopulationdeclining at least 20% over two generations.

7

* Refer to the inside front and back coversfor IUCN criteria


South Asian primate taxonomyHigher primate taxonomy remains unsettled and debatable. Extensive basictaxonomic research is still required. In the Asian Colobinae, for example, thenumber of genera and their species composition are disputed. Dissent overgeneric status influences the output of a C.A.M.P. workshop only in deciding thegeneric nomenclature adopted. Dissonance at lower taxonomic levels directlydictates the number of populations assessed and their geographic distribution.The C.A.M.P. workshop purpose was not to resolve these issues, but someparticipants possessed information which could clarify some of the problems.

One available classification was selected as the basis for the taxonomy followedby the workshop, so that the adopted generic arrangement would be apparent,and assessed taxa could be identified a precise definition of each taxon withoutincluding in the report. Where the workshop felt obliged to digress in any respectfrom the selected classification, this is specified and explained later in the report.

The objective of the C.A.M.P. workshop was not merely to assess theconservation status of primate species, but also that of the smallest primatepopulations considered potentially recognizable as distinct taxa. Suchpopulations are usually termed subspecies, but where their status is moreequivocal, the term “evolutionary significant unit” or “ESU" has been used. Tofacilitate this objective, it was appropriate to select a work which included anAsian primate subspecific classification. This unfortunately eliminated two majorworks: Corbet and Hill (1992) and Groves (1993), which otherwise would havesuited as widely known, recently published, reasonably consensualclassifications. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1966) does include a subspecificclassification, but its generic, specific and subspecific arrangement has beenlargely superseded by more recent research and therefore to employ it wouldhave involved a considerable amount of documented modification, effectivelycreating a new classification. The only remaining options seemed to be to followGroves (2001) or the species and subspecies list adopted by the C.A.M.P.participants based on Brandon-Jones et al. (2002,draft) and some older literature(like Hill, 1934).

Workshop participants decided to follow the work of Brandon-Jones et al. (2002,draft, when the C.A.M.P. was conducted) because two of the authors involved inthe compilation of that report (“Primate Taxonomy for the New Millennium”, held atthe Disney Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA, from 25-29 February 2000), DouglasBrandon-Jones and Ardith Eudey, were participants at the C.A.M.P. workshop andwere able to respond to questions about this compilation. This classification hadthe added advantage of already having been adopted by the IUCN/SSC PrimateSpecialist Group as the basis for the 2001 Asian Primate Red List, and will befollowed in the forthcoming list. Unlike Groves (2001), the Orlando workshopalso made a concerted effort to identify all populations potentially recognizable astaxa, bringing it more in line with the objectives of the C.A.M.P. workshop.

Concern was expressed over the adoption of the generic name Semnopithecusfor the Indian langurs. Some participants seemed to feel that, as there is stillcontroversy over whether Trachypithecus is generically separable fromSemnopithecus, the safer option would be to retain Presbytis, the generic nameemployed until recently. Brandon-Jones assured the workshop that, although aconsensus might eventually decide to retain Trachypithecus in Semnopithecus,there is no longer any likelihood that Semnopithecus will remain in Presbytis.Presbytis is now firmly established as the generic name denoting a distinctgroup of species, including Presbytis melalophos, restricted to the MalayPeninsula and archipelago.

The absence of taxonomic clarity related in particular to the Hanuman Langur, forexample, apart from explaining the motivation behind the Orlando report, andproviding general advice on Asian primate taxonomy, the chief task for Brandon-Jones was to overcome skepticism at the recognizability of Semnopithecusentellus subspecies. Most participants seemed unaware that the official tally, assanctioned by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1966), is fifteen subspecies.

List of primates listed in 2001Red List of ThreatenedSpeciesLoridaeLoris tardigradus lydekkerianusLoris tardigradus malabaricusLoris tardigradusLoris tardigradus nordicusLoris tardigradus nyctoceboidesLoris tardigradus tardigradusNycticebus bengalensis

CercopithecidaeMacaca arctoidesMacaca assamensisMacaca assamensis assamensisMacaca assamensis pelopsMacaca fascicularisMacaca fascicularis aureaMacaca fascicularis umbrosaMacaca leoninaMacaca mulattaMacaca radiataMacaca radiata dilutaMacaca radiata radiataMacaca silenusMacaca sinicaMacaca sinica aurifronsMacaca sinica sinicaSemnopithecus entellusSemnopithecus entellus ajaxSemnopithecus entellus anchisesSemnopithecus entellus dussumieriSemnopithecus entellus elissaSemnopithecus entellus entellusSemnopithecus entellus hectorSemnopithecus entellus hypoleucosSemnopithecus entellus priamSemnopithecus entellus schistaceusSemnopithecus entellus thersitesTrachypithecus geeiTrachypithecus johniiTrachypithecus phayreiTrachypithecus pileatusTrachypithecus pileatus brahmaTrachypithecus pileatus durgaTrachypithecus pileatus pileatusTrachypithecus pileatus tenebricusTrachypithecus vetulusTrachypithecus vetulus monticolaTrachypithecus vetulus nestorTrachypithecus vetulus philbrickiTrachypithecus vetulus vetulus

HylobatidaeBunipithecus hoolock hoolock

8


Some participants evidently doubted the existence of more than onesubspecies, and were under the misapprehension that recognized subspeciesare of recent inception. The reverse is actually the case and both Groves (2001)and the Orlando workshop have reduced the number of recognized Indianlangur taxa. Groves (2001) recognized seven, the Orlando workshop recognizedten. No subspecies have been described since 1928 and at present there is noindication that any more remain to be described. Those that exist are distinct.Their recognition by Groves (2001) as seven species is not unreasonable.There is no question that the conservation status of each one should beseparately assessed, and zoos should make efforts to avoid hybridizing them.Brandon-Jones had inadequate time to prepare a detailed report on Indianlangur subspecies before the C.A.M.P. workshop, but discussion withparticipants, field observations and a stop-over at Mumbai, allowing anexamination of the Bombay Natural History Society Asian colobine collection,enabled him to combine this with other information already in his possessionand a literature survey to produce a review of the subspecies, which ispublished in August 2004 Zoos’ Print Journal. This is the subspecificclassification followed in the C.A.M.P. report.

ResultsFrom the previous figure of 15 taxa recognized in South Asia (Molur et al., 1998),the current number of primate taxa stand at 43. The 2002 IUCN Red List ofThreatened Species lists almost the same number of taxa of primates asassessed in this workshop. However, the assessments differ due to better andmore current information available at the C.A.M.P. The overall status of primatesas a group in South Asia is that 31 of the 43 taxa (73%) are threatened! Two ofthe 12 non-threatened species lack any information for a meaningful statusassessment and therefore are classified as Data Deficient. A summary ofprimate status in South Asia is provided on pages 5 and 6 along with the criteriafor assessing the threatened taxa.

Thirty-three (77%) of the 43 primates are endemic to South Asia. Theirrepresentation in different countries within the region is indicated in page 14.India tops the list with 13 endemic taxa followed by Sri Lanka with 12 endemicprimate subspecies. Nepal has one endemic primate population, while 8primate taxa are distributed in more than one country within South Asia. Indiaand Sri Lanka have one common subspecies of Semnopithecus priamthersites, but are assessed separately as 2 endemic populations. Comparingthe status of endemics within India and Sri Lanka, all primates in Sri Lanka arethreatened while 59% of the Indian primate taxa are threatened. In all 24 of the33 endemic South Asian primates are threatened (73%). Restricted distributionand rapid habitat degradation are the main reasons for threatened endemicprimate taxa in Sri Lanka, while in other countries of South Asia, endemicprimates are mainly threatened due to restricted distribution.

Non-endemic primates taxa (10) were assessed for only the South Asianregion. Regional guidelines of the IUCN Red List Criteria were applied as perGärdenfors et al. (2001). Mainly distributed in the northeastern part of India andBangladesh, these taxa have a range extending into southeastern Asia.Bunopithecus hoolock (previously called Hylobates hoolock) has a distributionextending beyond Myanmar into Thailand. The nominate subspecies found inSouth Asia (Bangladesh, Bhutan and India) also extends into Myanmar, but onlyup to the western banks of Chindwin River. Similarly, Nycticebus bengalensis, 5Macaca taxa, 2 Trachypithecus subspecies and 1 Semnopithecus subspeciesoccur beyond South Asia. Since in most cases the distribution of the taxa isfragmented due to various reasons, the status in South Asia was derived usingthe regional guidelines, which either retained the global status for the taxa orincreased the level of threat category in case of the South Asia population beinga sink.

Endemic species by country

India1. Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus

2. Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus3. Macaca fascicularis umbrosa

4. Macaca radiata diluta5. Macaca radiata radiata

6. Macaca silenus7. Semnopithecus (Trachypithecus)

johnii johnii8. Semnopithecus entellus achates

9. Semnopithecus entellus anchises10. Semnopithecus entellus

hypoleucos11. Semnopithecus priam priam

12. Semnopithecus priam thersitesIndian population

13. Trachypithecus pileatus brahma

Nepal14. Macaca assamensis

Nepal population

Sri Lanka15. Loris tardigradus grandis

16. Loris tardigradus nordicus17. Loris tardigradus nycticeboides

18. Loris tardigradus tardigradus19. Macaca sinica aurifrons

20. Macac sinica opisthomelas21. Macaca sinica sinica

22. Semnopithecus priam thersitesSri Lankan population

23. Trachypithecus vetulus monticola24. Trachypithecus vetulus nestor

25. Trachypithecus vetulus philbricki26. Trachypithecus vetulus vetulus

Endemic primates were assessedaccording to the diagram below :

DD3%

EN61%

NT15%

VU6%

LC9%

CR6%

No. of Endemics by countryCountry Endemic Total sppBangladesh 0 10Bhutan 0 5India 13 29Maldives 0 0Nepal 1 5Pakistan 0 2Sri Lanka 12 12

9


ThreatsNo primate in South Asia is beyond threat. All the Critically Endangered,Endangered and Vulnerable taxa are under severe pressure due to differentthreats acting upon them, while the non-threatened taxa still face threats of somekind. The facing page lists all threats identified for the taxa at the workshop. Thelist for most taxa is similar with the exception of site-specific threats. Habitatloss is one major threat that affects primates throughout the region.

Habitat loss due to logging, agriculture, development, habitation, industry,commerce and fragmentation has resulted in many taxa being threatenedalmost beyond hope. A summary of threats is given in the adjacent column forprimates in South Asia. Seventy-six percent of the threats are habitat related and24% are population related. Primates are under tremendous pressure becauseof continuing decline in habitat, which is more obvious in some regions thanothers. Northeastern India and Bangladesh face a continuing crisis with loss ofhabitat for primates due to such factors as illegal encroachments, clear-fellingfor human settlements, logging for firewood and mining. This has resulted inmany forested areas becoming fragmented, discontinuous and inhospitable forprimate migration. In various cases, the degree of threat to the habitat isreflected in very small population counts in restricted areas of specializedprimates such as Hoolock Gibbons. Primates inherently are shy and require afair component of the habitat including canopy trees and food trees formaintaining a healthy group size and for dispersal. Lack of continuous forestssuch as in the northeast has disturbed the population dynamics and is now amajor threat.

Habitat loss in the past has resulted in reduced numbers of primates at present.Sri Lanka lost nearly half its forests in 40 years – forests that used to be homefor primates. This amount of loss has been used as a basis to calculatepopulation declines among primates there, which means that most of SriLankan primate taxa are threatened, usually Endangered.

Loss of habitat quality is another major threat identified for almost all primatetaxa, although the effects of change in quality is not reflected in threat perceptionof a taxon. Man-made fires, minor forest produce collections, eco-tourism,human settlements in and around forest, among other activities, can causechanges to the quality of habitat, which in turn have a negative effect on manyprimate taxa.

Population declines were of concern with respect to all Sri Lankan primates anda number of mainland primates in South Asia. Due to loss of habitat over manyyears in the past, population trends were assessed based on correlations withhabitat trends. Although no statistical interpretation was carried out to correlatethe two, an understanding of the extent of habitat available in the past to that inthe present gives an indication of the population trends.

Other threats to primates in the region are mainly from trade, accidental mortality,hunting/harvest. Primates are hunted for meat, medicine and in case of lorisesparticularly, as bad omen in different regions, a common significant threat to allprimates. Reasons for hunting vary by region. Primates in the northeast arehunted mainly for food and for medicinal purposes, while in other regions theyare hunted for reasons such as crop protection or as a taboo. Alreadyimpoverished populations of primates suffer from hunting, which couldeventually lead to early local extinctions. Trade is an issue for only a few taxa,which may be taken for biomedical research or the pet trade. A summary ofprimates hunted and in trade is provided on page 13.

Threats to South Asian Primates

DevelopmentEcological imbalanceExtraction of timberExploitationAgricultureAccidental mortalityHuman interferenceTradeNatural disastersIntrinsic factorsPollutionAlien invasivesOthersUnspecified causes

10


LoridaeLoris lydekkerianus lydekkerianusMysore Slender LorisHunting, traditional medicine, road kills,biomedical research, habitat loss, as badomen.

Loris lydekkerianus malabaricusMalabar Slender LorisHunting for trade, as bad omen, biomedicaland laboratory research, habitat loss.

Loris tardigradus grandisHighland Slender LorisClear-cutting, deliberate fires, trade, habitatloss by use of chemicals in agriculture.Koslanda, Thangamalai and Kotmalelocations are heavily clearcut for timberand for other plantations. Increasing visitorpressure.

Loris tardigradus nordicusDry Zone Slender LorisHunting for folk medicine, habitat loss.

Loris tardigradus nycticeboidesHighland Slender LorisLand and water pollution, habitat loss dueto agriculture, dairy husbandry, vegetablecultivation.

Loris tardigradus tardigradusRed Slender LorisDeforestation due to urbanisation.

Nycticebus bengalensisSlow LorisFisheries, habitat loss due to buildingroads, dams, power lines,fragmentation, soil loss/erosion, deliberatefires, hunting and trade for food, traditionalmedicine, and sport, accidental mortality,trapping, human interference, predators.

CercopithecidaeMacaca arctoidesStump-tailed MacaqueSelective logging, timber and firewoodcollection for charcoal, fisheries, buildingroads, dams, power lines, deliberate fires,fragmentation, soil loss/erosion, huntingand trade for food, sport and traditionalmedicine, accidental mortality due totrapping.

Macaca assamensis assamensisEastern Assamese MacaqueSelective logging, timber collection andfirewood for charcoal production,fisheries, building roads, dams, powerlines, deliberate fires, fragmentation, soilloss / erosion, hunting for sport, huntingand trade for food and traditional medicine,accidental mortality by trapping, alieninvasive species, predators, hybridization.

Threats affecting primates in South Asia, taxonby taxon

Macaca assamensisAssamese MacaquePast threats: Grazing, shifting agriculture,firewood and charcoal production, (Nepalpopulation) selective logging, habitat loss,jhuming. Present threats: Foddercollection, landslide.

Macaca assamensis pelopsWestern Assamese MacaquePast threats: Hunting, human settlement,habitat shrinkage, jhuming. Present andfuture threats: Agriculture, firewood andcharcoal production, selective logging,intentional poisoning (control), accidentalmortality, road kills, trapping, landslide,changing human attitudes, man-animalconflict.

Macaca fascicularis aureaLong-tailed MacaqueAquaculture, agriculture, mangroveremoval, human settlement,deforestation. Teknaf Peninsula populationis completely decimated due todevelopment activities (ship-building).

Macaca fascicularis umbrosaNIcobar Long-tailed MacaquePast threats: Human settlement, habitatlloss. Present and future threats:Construction of roads on Katchal island,Great Nicobar island, hunting.

Macaca leoninaNorthern Pig-tailed MacaqueSelective logging, firewood and charcoalproduction, fisheries, timber extraction,building roads, dams, power lines, forestfragmentation, soil loss / erosion, deliberatefires, hunting and trade for sport, food andmedicine cultural use, accidental mortality,deliberate fires, predators, habitat loss,jhuming, encroachment.

Macaca mulatta mulattaIndian Rhesus MacaquePast threats: Hunting, trade, accidentalmortality, road kills, trapping, ecologicalimbalance (changes in native speciesdynamics), habitat loss, forest fire.Present and future threats: Poisoning inHimachal Pradesh, human-animal conflict,wildfire, human settlement in Nepal terai.

Macaca radiata dilutaPale-bellied Bonnet MacaquePast threats: Hunting, trade, research,habitat loss. Present threats: Road kills.Future threats: Human interference.

Macaca radiata radiataDark-bellied Bonnet MacaquePast threats: Agriculture, hunting, trade,road kills. Present and future threats:Infrastructure, road kills, research,pathogens, parasites, storms/flooding.

11


Semnopithecus entellus hypoleucosDark-legged Malabar LangurPast threat: Timber plantations. Presentand future threats: Agriculture, humansettlement, fragmentation, habitat loss,mining, deforestation, hunting, deliberatefires.

Semnopithecus entellus schistaceusCentral Himalayan LangurTimber, firewood and charcoal production,habitat loss.

Semnopithecus priam priamCormandel Grey LangurHunting, habitat loss.

Semnopithecus priam thersitesGrey Langur (India population )Power lines, roads, human settlement,accidental mortality, habitat loss.

Semnopithecus priam thersitesGrey Langur (Sri Lanka population)Hunting for food, poisoning, trade, habitatloss, habitat fragmentation, loss ofecologically important species, increasedhuman animal conflict.

Trachypithecus geeiGolden LangurCrop plantations, grazing, harvesting non-woody vegetation for firewood andcharcoal production, selective logging,timber collection, human settlement,deforestation, fragmentation, trade, killedby domestic dogs, habitat loss, highjuvenile mortality, inbreeding.

Trachypithecus obscurus phayreiPhayre's LangurTimber plantations, livestock ranching,shifting agriculture, firewood collectionand charcoal production, infrastructure,human settlement, deforestation,fragmentation, collecting, illegal hunting forfood, habitat loss, pesticides / chemicalpollution, industrial pollution, inbreeding.

Trachypithecus pileatus brahmaBuff-bellied LangurNot known.

Trachypithecus pileatus durgaOrange-bellied Capped Leaf MonkeyCrop plantations, timber, selective logging,firewood and charcoal production, humansettlement, building roads, dams, powerlines, deliberate fires, soil loss / erosion,fragmentation, hunting for sport, meat and

Macaca silenusLion-tailed MacaqueRoads, dams, power lines, deforestation,fragmentation, crop plantations, agriculture,mining, hunting for food, trapping, habitatloss, changes in native species dynamics,pathogens/parasites, delayed sexualmaturity and long inter-birth interval,inbreeding. Landslide is a future threat. Inprivate forests and plantations, change inland use is a problem for the species.

Macaca sinica aurifronsWet Zone Toque MacaqueDeforestation and habitat loss (largeplantations and estates, that might haveharboured some pocketed populations, arebeing reduced into smaller holdingsunsuitable to support macaque groups orpopulations), shooting, snaring, poisoningas this animal is considered a pest.

Macaca sinica opisthomelasHill Zone Toque MacaqueHabitat loss due to agriculture (Coffee andtea plantation) in the past, fuelwood collection, vegetable plantations,encroachment, animal husbandry.

Macaca sinica sinicaDry Zone Toque MacaqueMortality by poisoning, habitat loss.

Semnopithecus (Trachypithecus)johnii johniiNilgiri LangurPast threats: Crop plantations, mining,dams, fragmentation, traditional medicine.Present and future threats: Humansettlement, hunting, road kills, deliberatefires, habitat loss, storms/flooding,landslide.

Semnopithecus entellus achatesWestern Hanuman LangurAgriculture, habitat loss, man-animalconflict.

Semnopithecus entellus ajaxHimalayan Grey LangurPast threats: Overgrazing, building roadsthrough forests, lopping, deforestation,agriculture, fire. Present and futurethreats: Agriculture and development.

Semnopithecus entellus anchisesDeccan Hanuman LangurAgriculture, habitat loss, man-animalconflict, wildfires.

Semnopithecus entellus entellusBengal Hanuman LangurAgriculture, habitat loss, man-animalconflict in Bangladesh.

Semnopithecus entellus hectorLesser Hill LangurMining, stone mining, firewood andcharcoal collection production, timbercollection, land distribution (resettlement)for landless people.

traditional medicine, trapping, humaninterference, predators.

Trachypithecus pileatus pileatusBlonde-bellied Capped Leaf MonkeyShifting agriculture, grazing, plantations,agriculture, timber, selective logging,firewood and charcoal production, humansettlement, building roads, dams,power lines, deliberate fires, soil loss /erosion, forest fragmentation, hunting forsport, food and traditional medicine,accidental mortality, trapping, humaninterference, predators, habitat loss, poorreproduction.

Trachypithecus pileatus tenebricusTenebricus Capped Leaf MonkeyCrop plantations, grazing, shiftingagriculture, timber, roads, soil loss /erosion, deforestation, hunting fortraditional medicine and food, poisoning,hooking, human interference, habitat loss.

Trachypithecus vetulus monticolaMontane Purple-faced LangurDeforestation, fragmentation and habitatloss (crop plantation, development, humansettlement) & hunting subsistence or smallscale cash.

Trachypithecus vetulus nestorWestern Purple-faced LangurCrop plantations, development(infrastructure, industry), humansettlement, deforestation, fragmentation,illegal trade for food, pylon collision, habitatloss.

Trachypithecus vetulus philbrickiDry Zone Purple-faced LangurShifting agriculture, deforestation, humansettlement, development, hunting for food,habitat loss, occasional cyclones in farnortheastern areas of range.

Trachypithecus vetulus vetulusSouthern Lowland Wet Zone Purple-faced LangurSelective logging (wet zone forests in1970s), human settlement, habitat loss(encroachment for agriculture/plantation/human habitation). Ill-conceivedgovernment organised translocationschemes of langur groups coming intoconflict with man, pose a threat to taxonsurvival and overall biodiversity.

HylobatidaeBunopithecus hoolock hoolockHoolock GibbonSelective logging, firewood and timbercollection, charcoal production, humansettlement, roads, dams, powerlines,fragmentation, soil loss / erosion, deliberatefires, cultural use, hunting for food, sportand traditional medicine, trapping(accidental mortality), unplanned tourism,predators (alien invasive species),habitat loss, poor reproduction.

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Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianusHunting, traditional medicine, biomedicalresearch. Local and commercial trade foreyes and as live animals for medicine, pet,zoos, road shows and research. Trade formedicine is a major threat.

Loris lydekkerianus malabaricusHunting as a taboo, for trade, biomedicaland laboratory. Local, commercial anddomestic trade for eyes, fur/skin, formedicinal purposes and live animal trade aspets for zoos,for road shows.

Loris tardigradus grandisHunting. Local (commercial) trade for eyesfor folk medicine, meat for food.

Loris tardigradus nordicusHunting for folk medicine. Local andcommercial trade for eyes, meat for foodand as an aphrodisiac.

Loris tardigradus nycticeboidesHunting. Local and commercial trade foreyes and meat by tea plantation workers.Possible village level trade for folkmedicine.

Loris tardigradus tardigradusHunting. Local, domestic, commercial tradefor meat.

Nycticebus bengalensisHunting and trade for food, traditionalmedicine, and sport. Local trade for meat,food and medicine, live animal as pets.

Macaca arctoidesHunting and trade for food, sport andtraditional medicine. Local trade for bones,meat for food, live animal as pets.

Macaca assamensis assamensisHunting for sport, hunting and trade forfood and traditional medicine. Local tradefor bones, meat for food and live animal aspets. Trade for meat is resulting inpopulation decline.

Macaca assamensis Nepal populationNot in trade.

Macaca assamensis pelopsHunting. Local trade as pets, domestictrade in bushmeat.

Macaca fascicularis aureaNot in trade.

Macaca fascicularis umbrosaNot known.

Macaca leoninaHunting and trade for sport, food andmedicine cultural use. Local trade forbones, meat for food and medicine, liveanimal as pets and for zoos.

Threats -- Hunting and Trade of Primates

Macaca mulatta mulattaHunting. Local trade for meat for food,whole animal for pets and road shows.Hunted for sustenance.

Macaca radiata dilutaHunting. Local trade in live animals forresearch and road shows.

Macaca radiata radiataHunting. Domestic and commercial tradefor research and road shows.

Macaca silenusHunting for food Local trade for wholeanimal for pets. The taxon is hunted forsustenance for food near Amarambalam.There are reports of LTM used in medicinealso.

Macaca sinica aurifronsNot in trade.

Macaca sinica opisthomelasProbably not in trade for meat.

Macaca sinica sinicaHunting. Highly localised.

Semnopithecus (Trachypithecus)johnii johniiHunting. Local trade for live animal forpets, meat for food and medicine.

Semnopithecus entellus achatesNot in trade.

Semnopithecus entellus ajaxNot in trade.

Semnopithecus entellus anchisesNot in trade.

Semnopithecus entellus entellusNot in trade.

Semnopithecus entellus hectorNot in trade.

Semnopithecus entellus hypoleucosHunting. Local trade for live animal, meatfor food and medicine.

Semnopithecus entellus schistaceusNot in trade.

Semnopithecus priam priamHunting. Local trade in meat and in liveanimal.

Semnopithecus priam thersitesIndia population.Not in trade.

Semnopithecus priam thersitesSri Lanka population.

Hunting for food. Local and commercialtrade for meat. Taxon hunted forsustenance/subsistence living for food,threat has recently increased throughcommercial trade in meat.

Trachypithecus geeiHunting. Local trade in live animals aspets, in road shows. Trade insignificant.

Trachypithecus obscurus phayreiIllegal hunting for food, habitat loss. Localtrade in live animal for zoos, meat for food.

Trachypithecus pileatus brahmaNot known.

Trachypithecus pileatus durgaHunting for sport, meat and traditionalmedicine. Local trade for meat, tail forfood, skin for knife covers and for fur, liveanimal as pets.

Trachypithecus pileatus pileatusHunting for sport, food and traditionalmedicine. Local, domestic and internationaltrade for fur, meat, tail for food, liveanimals for zoos.

Trachypithecus pileatus tenebricusHunting for traditional medicine and food.Local trade for fur, meat, tail for food andmedicine and whole animal for pets andzoos. Trade for food is resulting inpopulation decline.

Trachypithecus vetulus monticolaHunting subsistence or small scale cash.Local and domestic trade for meat andskin. Locally pocketed and isolated groupsare prone to extinction owed to village-level subsistence exploitation.

Trachypithecus vetulus nestorHunting. Local trade at village level formeat but not significant.

Trachypithecus vetulus philbrickiHunting for food. Local trade for meat andskin. Hunted mainly for subsistence livingand trade at local village level. Skin insome areas are used to make drums.

Trachypithecus vetulus vetulus Hunting. Local trade for meat for food andpelage for making drums at village level forsubsistence.

Bunopithecus hoolock hoolockHunting for food, sport, traditional medicineand cultural use. Local, commercial anddomestic trade for blood, bones, fur, meatand phalanges for food and medicine. Liveanimals are in trade for zoos and as pets.

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National Assessments Regional andNationalGuidelines

The Table on this pageis a status summary ofSouth Asian Primatescountry by country. Afterthe initial assessmentof the status in SouthAsia, national status forevery country wasderived based on theIUCN Red List CriteriaRegional Guidelines(Gärdenfors et al.,2001). Assessing taxanationally isadvantageous fornational conservationaction, such aslegislation andmanagement planning.

For most non-endemictaxa in India, thenational status is thesame as the status ofthe taxon in South Asiadue to the enormousarea of this countrywhich in most casesencompasses a largemeasure of the taxondistribution in theregion. The status isdifferent in othercountries such asBhutan, Nepal andBangladesh, whichhave a relativelysmaller area. In thisinstance, the status isbased on the threatsand the area occupied,along with the status ofthe species inneighbouring India,and therefore, different.

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Loridae Loris lydekkerianus lydekkerianus NT NT Loris lydekkerianus malabaricus NT NT Loris tardigradus grandis EN EN Loris tardigradus nordicus EN EN Loris tardigradus nycticeboides EN EN Loris tardigradus tardigradus EN EN Nycticebus bengalensis DD DD DD Cercopithecidae Macaca arctoides CR LE CR Macaca assamensis assamensis EN CR EN Macaca assamensis Nepal population EN EN Macaca assamensis pelops EN EN EN Macaca fascicularis aurea CR CR Macaca fascicularis umbrosa NT NT Macaca leonina EN CR EN Macaca mulatta mulatta LC NT NT LC NT NT Macaca radiata diluta LC LC Macaca radiata radiata LC LC Macaca silenus EN EN Macaca sinica aurifrons EN EN Macaca sinica opisthomelas EN EN Macaca sinica sinica EN EN Semnopithecus (Trachypithecus) j. johnii VU VU Semnopithecus entellus achates LC LC Semnopithecus entellus ajax CR CR CR Semnopithecus entellus anchises NT NT Semnopithecus entellus entellus NT EN NT Semnopithecus entellus hector EN EN ↑CR Semnopithecus entellus hypoleucos EN EN Semnopithecus entellus schistaceus NT NT NT NT NT Semnopithecus priam priam VU VU Semnopithecus priam thersites Indian pop EN EN Semnopithecus priam thersites SL Pop EN EN Trachypithecus geei EN EN ↑CR Trachypithecus obscurus phayrei EN CR EN Trachypithecus pileatus brahma DD DD Trachypithecus pileatus durga EN CR EN Trachypithecus pileatus pileatus EN EN Trachypithecus pileatus tenebricus EN EN ↑CR Trachypithecus vetulus monticola EN EN Trachypithecus vetulus nestor CR CR Trachypithecus vetulus philbricki EN EN Trachypithecus vetulus vetulus EN EN Hylobatidae Bunopithecus hoolock hoolock EN CR EN

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Locally Extinct 1 Critically Endangered 4 6 4 2 1 Endangered 25 1 3 11 1 11 Vulnerable 2 2 Near Threatened 6 1 2 6 2 2 Least Concern 4 4 Data Deficient 2 1 2 Total taxa 43 10 5 29 5 2 12


Loridae

1. Loris lydekkerianuslydekkerianusIndia -- Andhra Pradesh:Nellapattu WLS,Sri Venkateswara NPKarnataka: Biligiri RangaswamyTemple WLS

2. Loris lydekkerianusmalabaricusIndia -- Karnataka: BrahmagiriWLS, Someswara WLS,Kudremukh NPKerala: Aralam WLS, IdukkiWLS, Parambikulam WLS,Peechi-Vazhani WLS, PeriyarNP, Shendurney WLS,Thattakkad WLS,Wynaad WLSTamil Nadu: Indira GandhiWLS, Kalakkad-MundanthuraiWLS, Grizzled Giant SquirrelWLS

3. Loris tardigradus grandisSri Lanka -- Central Province:KnucklesUva Province: ThangamalaiWLS

4. Loris tardigradus nordicusSri Lanka -- Central Province:IFS arboretum, Menikdena FR,Sigiriya Sanctuary, Victoria-Randeniyagala-Rantambe San.Eastern Province: AmparaSanctuary, Kanthale FRNorth Central Province:Angamedilla NP, Flood PlainsNP, Giritale Sanctuary,Kaudulla NP, MihintaleSanctuary, Minneriya NP,Polonnaruwa Sanctuary,Somawathie NP, WasgamuwaNP, Wilpattu NPUva Province: ThangamalaiSanctuary

5. Loris tardigradusnycticeboidesSri Lanka -- Central Province:Siripagama WLSSabaragamuwa Province: PeakWilderness Sanctuary

6. Loris tardigradustardigradusSri Lanka -- Central Province:Gampola-AmbuluwelaBiodiversity Park,Udawattekele Sanctuary,Victoria-Randenigala-RantembeSanctuary, Walker EstateSabaragamuwa Province:Kurulukele Sanctuary, PeakWilderness Sanctuary; SinharajaWorld Heritage site, UdawalaweSanctuaryWestern Province: Attidiya-Belanwila Sanctuary, Ingiriya(Dombegaskande) FR,Muthurajawela Wetland Res.

WLSMeghalaya: Balpakhram NP,Nongkhyllem WLS, Siju WLSMizoram: Dampa WLS,Lengteng WLS, Murlen NP,Ngengpui WLS, PhawngpuiBlue Mountain NPNagaland: Fakim WLS, IntankiNPTripura: Gumti WLS, SepahijalaWLS, Trishna WLS

15. Macaca mulatta mulattaBangladesh -- Chittagong:Chunathi WLSSylhet: Rama Kalanga WLSIndia -- Andhra Pradesh:Coringa WLS, EturnagaramWLS, Kawal WLS, KinnerasaniWLS, Lanja Madugu Sivaram,Manjira WLS, Pakhal WLS,Pocharam WLS, Pranahita WLSArunachal Pradesh: Eagle NestWLS, Itanagar WLS, MehaoWLS, Mouling NP, NamdaphaNP, Pakhui WLS, Sessa OrchidSanctuary, Tale Valley WLSAssam: Bherjan WLS, ChakrasilaWLS, Gibbon WLS?, Manas NP,Nameri NP, Pabitora WLS,Padumani WLSBihar: Valmiki NPHaryana: Bir Sikargarh WLSHimachal Pradesh: Chail WLS,Great Himalayan NP, BandliWLS, Tirthan WLS, Sainj WLS,Naina Devi WLSGujarat: Jambughoda WLSJharkhand: Palamau WLSKarnataka: Kudremukh NPMaharashtra: Chaprala WLS,Bhamragarh WLSMeghalaya: Balphakram NP,Namdapha NP, Nokrek NP,Nongkhyllem NP, Siju WLSTripura: Sepahijala WLSOrissa: Bhitarkanika NPUttaranchal: Corbett NP,Sonanadi WLS, Binsar WLSRajasthan: Keoladeo NPNepal -- Central Province: LangTang NPEastern Province: Makalu BarunNPPakistan -- Islamabad:Margallah Hills NPNWFP: Ayubia NP

16. Macaca radiata dilutaIndia -- Kerala: Chimmony WLS,Chinnar WLS, Eravikulam NP,Idukki WLS, Neyyar WLS,Peechi-Vazhani WLS, PepparaWLS, Periyar NP, Periyar WLS,Parambikulam WLS, Shen-durney WLS, Thattekkad WLSTamil Nadu: Grizzled GiantSquirrel WLS, Indira GandhiWLS, Kalakkad-MundanthuraiTR; Mudumalai WLS, MukurthiNP, Point Calimere WLS

17. Macaca radiata radiata

IndiaAndhra Pradesh: EturnagaramWLS, Lanja Madugu SivaramWLS, Nellapattu WLS, SriVenkateswara NP, MahavirVarasthali NPArunachal Pradesh: Mehao WLSGoa: Bondla WLS, Mollem NP,Mollem WLS, Cotigaon WLSKarnataka: Bandipur NP,Bannerghatta NP, KudremukhNP, Nagerhole NPKerala: Aralam WLS, SilentValley NP, Wyanad WLS, PeriyarWLSMaharashtra: Radhanagari WLS;Sanjay Gandhi NP, Tansa WLS

18. Macaca silenusIndia -- Karnataka: BrahmagiriWLS, Kudremukh NP,Mookambika WLS, PushpagiriWLS, Sharavathi Valley WLS,Someshwara WLS, TalakaveriWLSKerala: Aralam WLS, ChimmonyWLS, Neyyar WLS,Peppara WLS, ParambikulamWLS, Periyar NP, Periyar WLS,Shendurney WLS, Silent ValleyNP, Wayanad WLSTamil Nadu: Indira Gandhi NP,Kalakkad WLS, MundanthuraiWLS, Grizzled GiantSquirrel WLS

19. Macaca sinica aurifronsSri Lanka -- Central Province:Gannoruwa, Knuckles,Menikdena,Udawattekele, VRR SanctuarySabaragamuwa Province:Kitulgala Sanctuary, KurulukelleSanctuary, Peak Wilderness,Samanalawewa, Sinharaja FR,Udawalawe NP?Southern Province:Rammalakande FRUva Province: ThangamalaiSanctuaryWestern Province: Attidiya-Belanwila Sanctuary, Dombagaskande FR,Muthurajawela Sanctuary

20. Macaca sinicaopisthomelasSri Lanka -- None in protectedareas

21. Macaca sinica sinicaSri Lanka -- Central Province:Dambulla (IFS arboretum),Menikdena. ArchelogicalReserve, Ritigala Strict NatureReserve, SirigiriyaSanctuary, VRR Sanctuary,Wasgamuwa NPEastern Province: BuddaragalaSanctuary, KanthaleNaval SanctuaryNorth Central Province: EleharaFR, Flood Plains NP,

7. Nycticebus bengalensisIndia -- Arunachal Pradesh:Itanagar WLS, Mehao NP,Namdapha NP, Pakhui WLSAssam: Chakrasila WLS, Dibru-Saikhowa WLS, Gibbon WLS,Kaziranga NP, Borajan WLS,Pobitora WLSMeghalaya: Balpakam NP,Nokrek NPMizoram: Dampa NP, NengpuiWLSTripura: Sepahijala WLS

Cercopithecidae

8. Macaca arctoidesIndia -- Arunachal Pradesh:Mehao WLS, Namdapha WLS?,Pakhui WLS?Assam: Gibbon WLSMeghalaya: Balpakram NPMizoram: Murlen NP

9. Macaca assamensisassamensisIndia -- Arunachal Pradesh:Namdapha NP, Pakhui WLSAssam: Bherjan WLS, BorajanWLS, Dibru-Saikhowa NP,Garampani WLS,Gibbon WLS,Kaziranga NP, Manas NPMeghalaya: Nokrek NP,Balpakram NP, Siju WLSMizoram: Dampa NP, NengpuiWLS, Phawngpui BlueMountain WLS

10. Macaca assamensisNepal -- Central Province:Langtang NPNepal populationE. Nepal: Makalu Barun NP

11. Macaca assamensispelopsIndia -- West Bengal: Buxa NP,Mahananda WLS

12. Macaca fascicularis aureaNone

13. Macaca fascicularisumbrosaIndia -- Andaman and Nicobar:Greater Nicobar: Campbell BayNP, Galathea NP

14. Macaca leoninaBangladesh -- Chittagong:Chunati WLSSylhet: Lawachara NP, Rema-Kelanga WLSIndia -- Andhra Pradesh:Mahavir Varasthali NPArunachal Pradesh: KamlangWLS, Mehao WLS,Namdapha NPAssam: Dibru-Saikhowa WLS,Garampani WLS, Gibbon WLS,Padumoni-Bherjan-BorajanWLS,Manipur: Yangoupokpi-Lokchao

Primates in Protected Areas

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Moragaswewa NP, Minneriya-Giritale NP, Kaudulla NP,Polonnaruwa Sanctuary,Somawathie NP, Wilpattu NPNorth Eastern Province:Kanthale Naval SanctuarySabaragamuwa Province:Udawalawe NPSouthern Province:Remmalakanda FR, Ruhuna NPUva Province: Madura Oya NP,Rendenigala Sanctuary,Thangamalai Sanctuary

22. Semnopithecus(Trachypithecus) johnii johniiIndia -- Karnataka: BrahmagiriWLSKerala: Aaralam WLS,Chimmony WLS, Chinnar WLS,Eravikulam NP, Idukki WLS,Neyyar WLS, ParambikulamWLS, Peechi WLS, PepparaWLS, Periyar NP, Periyar WLS,Shendurney WLS, Silent ValleyNP, Thattekadu WLS, WayanadWLSTamil Nadu: Indira GandhiWLS, Kalakad WLS, MudumalaiWLS,Mundanthurai WLS, MukurthiNP, Grizzled Giant Squirrel WLS

23. Semnopithecus entellusachatesIndiaGao: Bondla WLS?, MollemWLS?, Cotigao WLSGujarat: Gir WLS and NP,Jambughoda WLSKarnataka: Bandipur NP?Nagarhole NPMadhya Pradesh: Kanha NP?Maharashtra: Andhari WLS?,Bhamragarh WLS?,Chaprala WLS?, Melghat WLS,Radhanagiri WLS?, Pench NP?,Sanjay Gandhi NP,Tadoba NP?, Tansa WLSRajasthan: Sariska WLS?, MountAbu WLS, Kumbalgarh WLSTamil Nadu: Mudumalaij NP?,Mudumalai WLS?

24. Semnopithecus entellusajaxIndia -- Himachal Pradesh:Great Himalayan NP?, Kalatop-Khajjiar WLS?, Manali WLS?Jammu and Kashmir: Kistwar NPNepal -- Central Province: LangTang NP

25. Semnopithecus entellusanchisesIndia -- Andhra Pradesh:Eturnagaram WLS, Kawal WLS,KinnerasaniWLS, Lanja Madugu SiwaramWLS, Manjira WLS, PakhalWLS, Pocharam WLS, PranahitaWLS, Sri venkateswara WLSMaharashtra: BhimashankarWLS?Uttaranchal: Sonanadi WLS,Binsar WLS

26. Semnopithecus entellusentellusIndia -- Bihar: Valmiki NP,Valmiki WLS Chhatisgarh:Achanakmar WLS, GomardaWLSJharkhand: Palamau WLSMaharashtra: Andheri WLS?,Bhamragadh WLS?, ChapralaWLS?, Tadoba NP?Orissa: Chandaka-DamparaWLS, Bhitarkanika NP

27. Semnopithecus entellushectorIndia -- None in PA'sNepal-- None in protected areas

28. Semnopithecus entellushypoleucosIndia -- Goa: Bondla WLS?,Mollem WLS?, Cotigao WLSKarnataka: Brahmagiri WLS,Kudremukh NP, Pushpagiri WLS,Sharavathi Valley WLSKerala: Aralam WLS?, SilentValley NP?, Wayanad WLS?

29. Semnopithecus entellusschistaceusIndia -- Bihar: Valmiki WLSHimachal Pradesh: Chail WLS,Renuka WLS, Bandli WLS,Great Himalayan NP, TirthanWLS, Sainj WLS, Naina DeviWLSJammu and Kashmir:Changthang WLS, DachigamNP, Hemis NP,Karakoram WLSUttaranchal: Corbett NPNepal -- Central Province:Langtang NP, Royal Chitwan NPEastern Province: Makalu BarunNPMid-Western Province: RoyalBardia NPPakistan -- NWFP: Manshi WLS

30. Semnopithecus priampriamIndia -- Andhra Pradesh: SriVenkateswara NP, NellapattuWLSKarnataka: Bandipur NP, BiligiriRangaswamy Temple WLS,Nagarhole NP?Kerala: Wayanad WLS?, SilentValley NP?Tamil Nadu: Mudumalai NP &WLS

31. Semnopithecus priamthersitesIndia -- Kerala: Chinnar WLS,Neyyar WLS, Peppara WLS,India populationParambikulam WLS,Shendurney WLSTamil Nadu: Grizzled GiantSquirrel WLS, Indira Gandhi NP,Indira Gandhi WLS, KalakadWLS, Mundanthurai WLS

32. Semnopithecus priamthersites

Sri LankaCentral Province: VRRSanctuary, KnucklesSri Lanka populationEastern Province: AmparaSanctuary, BuddaragalaSanctuary, Kanthale NavalSanctuary North CentralProvince: Wilpattu, RitigalaStrict Nature Reserve,Angamedilla NP, Flood PlainsNP, Giritale NP, MoragaswaweNP, Somawathie NP,Wasgamuwa NP SabaragamuwaProvince: Udawalawe NPUva Province: Bundala NP,Lunugamvehera NP, MaduraOya NP, Ruhuna NP

33. Trachypithecus geeiBhutan -- Black Mountain NP,Phipsoo WLS, Royal Manas NP,Trumshingla NPIndia -- Assam: Chakrasila WLS,Manas NPTripura: Sepahijala WLS

34. Trachypithecus obscurusphayreiBangladesh -- Sylhet:Lawachara NP, Rama-KalengaWLSIndia -- Mizoram: Dampa WLSTripura: Gumti WLS, SepahijalaWLS, Trishna WLS

35. Trachypithecus pileatusbrahmaNone

36. Trachypithecus pileatusdurgaBangladesh -- Chittagong:Chunathi WLSSylhet: Ram-Kalenga WLSIndia -- Assam: Gibbon WLS,Kaziranga NP, Pabitora WLSMizoram: Dampa NP, MurlenNP, Nengpui WLSTripura: Gumti WLS, SepahijalaWLS, Trishna WLS

37. Trachypithecus pileatuspileatusIndia -- Arunachal Pradesh:Namdapha NPMeghalaya: Balphakram NP,Nokrek NP, Siju WLS

38. Trachypithecus pileatustenebricusBhutan -- Royal Manas NPIndiaArunachal Pradesh: Eagle NestWLS, Pakhui WLSAssam: Manas NP, Nameri NP

39. Trachypithecus vetulusmonticolaSri Lanka -- Central Province:Peak Wilderness Sanctuary,Horton Plains NP,Hakgala Nature Reserve,Victoria, Randenigala,Rantembe Sanctuary

40. Trachypithecus vetulusnestorSri Lanka -- SabaragamuwaProvince: Kitulgala WLS,Kurulukale SanctuaryWestern Province: Attidiya-Belanwila Forest, Ingiriya,Muthurajawala

41. Trachypithecus vetulusphilbrickiSri Lanka -- Central Province:Knuckles FR (east)North Central Province:Angamedilla NP, Anuradhapura Sanctuary, Flood Plains NP,Kaudulla NP, Minneriya-GiritaleNP, Mihintale Sanctuary,Moragaswewa NP, PolonnaruwaSanctuary,Ritigala Strict Nature Reserve,Somawathie NP, WasgamovaNP North Western Province:Wilpattu NPUva Province: Madura Oya NP

42. Trachypithecus vetulusvetulusSri Lanka -- SabaragamuwaProvince: Udawalawe NP, PeakWilderness (Ratnapura sector),Gilimale-Eratne ConservedForest, MorahelaConserved Forest, SinharajaConserved Forest (NWHS) ForestReserveSouthern Province:Dombaghakanda ForestReserve, KekunadaraConserved Forest (CF),Oliyagankale (CF), Heycodi(CF), Kombala-Kottawale (CF),Kauneliya (CF), Messava (CF),Nahiti-Mukalana (CF), Detwale(CF)

Hylobatidae

43. Bunopithecus hoolockhoolockBangladesh -- Chittagong:Chunati WLSSylhet: Lawachara WLSIndia Arunachal Pradesh:Kamlang WLS, Mehao WLS,Namdapha NPAssam: BherjanWLS, Borajan WLS, Dibru-Saikhowa NP, Garampani WLS,Gibbon WLS, Kaziranga NPMeghalaya: Balpakram NP,Nokrek NP, Nongkhylem WLS,Siju WLSMizoram: Dampa WLS,Khawnglung WLS, Murlen NP,NengpuiWLS, Phawangpui WLSNagaland: Intanki NPTripura: Gumti WLS, SepahijalaWLS, Trishna WLS

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Andaman & NicobarIslandsNote : there are 105protected areas in A&Nislands. Macacafascicularis umbrosa(Miller, 1902) is restrictedto three WLS, GreaterNicobar Island, KatchalIsland and Little NicobarIsland. Remainingislands, if there is aprimate presence, it isintroduced rhesus orbonnet macaques whichare not useful forassessments.Therefore this long listhas been left out to savespace.

Andhra PradeshMrugavani NPGundla BrahmeswaranWLSKaundinya WLSPapikonda WLSPulicat Lake WLSRollapadu WLSSro LankamalleswaranWLSSri Penusila NarasimhaWLS

Arunachal PradeshD’Ering Memorial (Lali)WLSDibang WLSKane WLS

AssamOrang NPBardoibum-BeelmukhWLSBarnodi WLSBurachapori WLSDiparbeel WLSLaokhowa WLSPanidihing WLSSonai Rupai WLS

BiharBarela S.A.Z.S. WLSBhimbandh WLSGautam Budha WLSKanwarjheel WLSKaimur WLSNagi Dam WLSNakti Dam WLSRajgir WLSUdaypur WLSVikramshila GangeticDolphin WLS

ChandigarhSukhna Lake WLS

ChhattishgarhIndravati NPKangerghati NP

Sanjay NPBadalkhol WLSBarnawapara WLSBhairamgarh WLSPamed WLSSemarsot WLSSitanadi WLSTamorpingla WLSUdanti WLS

Daman & DiuFudam WLS

DelhiIndira Priyadarshini WLS

GoaCharao Island WLSMadei WLSNetravali WLS

GujaratBansda NPMarine (Gulf ofKachchh) NPBlackbuck NPBalaram Ambaji WLSBarda WLSGaga Gt Indian BustardWLSHingolgarhNatureReserve WLSJessore WLSLala Great IndianBustard WLSKachchh Desert WLSKhijadiya WLSMarine (Gulf ofKachchh) WLSNal Sarovar WLSNarayan Sarovar WLSPaniya WLSPorbandar Lake WLSPurna WLSRampura Vidi WLSRatanmahal WLSShoolpaneswar(Dhumkhal) WLSThol Lake WLSWild Ass WLS

HaryanaSultanpur NPAbubshehar WLSBhindawas WLSBir Bara Ban WLSChhilchila WLSKalesar WLSKhaparwas WLSNahar WLSSaraswati PlantationWLS

Himachal PradeshPin valley NPChurdhar WLSDaranghati WLSDarlaghat WLSDhauladhar WLSGamgul Siahbehi WLSGovind Sagar WLS

The protected areaslisted on the previouspages are those forwhich, after an extensiveliterature search andinput from 50 primate fieldbiologists, foresters andother academics, there isrecorded presence.

An effort was made tocollect minimum"presence/absence"information from allprotected areas. A letterrequesting the followinginformation and a handyform was dispatched toover 400 protected areasin India:

1. Common name &Scientific name

2. Is this species foundin your Protected Area?

3. How may groups(estimated) in your P.A.?

4. How many individuals(estimated) in P.A.?

5. Is species found inareas adjacent to yourP.A.?

Only 35 out of the 400odd P.A. managersreplied. Their WLS andname is listed below.Many, Many thanks tothem ! Their informationis included in the list ofP.A.s with recordedprimates and they havebeen credited by name inSources of the completeReport.

1. S.D. Badgaiyan, WLSupt., AchanakmarSanctuary, Bilaspur Dist.,CH

2. P. Srivastava, DCF,Bhamragadh WLSGad-chiroli Dist., ChandrapurMH

3. Rashid Y. Naqash,Wildlife Warden (CentralDivision), Dachigam NP,Srinagar

4. B.J. Pathak, CF &B.P. Pati, DCFand Wildlife,Div.,Gir PA, Sasan, GJ

5. Gumin Santha, ACF,Jorhat, AS

6. S. Mahadev, DFOKinnerasani WLS,Khammam, AR

7. Mehao WLS,

Thanks to foresters who returned the primate survey forms

Lower Dibang Valley Dist.,AR

8. S.S. Chandiramani, Res.Off., Namdapha Proj. Tiger,Miao, AR

9. W.G. Momin, DFO,Nokrek NP & BiosphereReserve, East and WestGaro Hills, MG

10. B. Srinivas, DFO,Wildlife Management, PakhalWLS, Warangal Dist., AH

11. Chukhu Loma, DFO,Pakhui WLS, East Kameng,AR

12. S.P. Samant, ACF,Project Tiger Circle, PalamauTiger Reserve, Palamau, HP

13. Gigi K. Joseph, NatureEO, Periyar Tiger Reserve,Thekkady, KE

14. Mrigen Barua,Range Forest Officer,Pobitora WLS

15. A.D. Baruah, WLWarden, Point CalimereWLS, Kodikkarai,Nagapattinam, TN

16. T.U. Uthup, ShendurneyWLS, Shendurney WildlifeDivision, Thenmala, Kollam,KE

17. C. Sudhakar Rao, DFO,Wildlife Mgt. Division, SriVenkateswara National Park,Tirupathi, AH

18. Nitin H. Kakodkar, DCF,Tadoba NP and AudhariWLS, Chandrapur Dist., MH

19. Parashuram Ram, CF-cum-Field Director, ValmikiTiger Project, WestChamparan, Bettiah

20. Sada Ram,Inspector WL,Bir Sikargah WLS, PinjoreDist., Panchkula, HY

21. M.A. Parsa,Wildlife Warden, ChenabValley Division WLS,Kishtwar, Doda, JK

22. M.M. Raheem, ACFSupt., Gomarda WLS,Gomarda PA., Sarangarh(CG)

23. A. Shankaran, DFOMahavir Vanasthali NationalPark, Hyderabad, AH

24. Conservator of Forests,Great Himalayan NationalPark, Shamshi, Kullu, HP

25. S. Arekal, DCFKudremukh NP, KN

26. Anil Joshi, DFOHamipur, HP

27. C.L. Joshi, RFOBandli Wildlife Sanctuary,Mandi, HP

28. Dharajit Naik, RFOBondla Wildlife SanctuaryPanaji, GO

29. Mathew Manjunath,RFO, Mollem WildlifeSanctuary, Panaji, GO

30. RFO, Cotigao WildlifeSanctuaryPanaji, GO

31. DFO, BhitarkanikaNational ParkMangrove Forest Div. (WL)Rajnagar, AT/P.O. RajnagarDt., OR

32. G.V. Vadi, DCFJambughoda WL SanctuaryPanchmahal Taluka,Sankheda Dist.Vadodara, GJ

33. Amit KumarDCF, Gir East Division,Gir Wildlife Sanctuary,Dhari, GJ

34. S. Krishnaiah, DFOSri VenkateswaraSanctuary, Tirupati, AH

35. D.V.S. Khati, FDCorbett National ParkP.O. Ramnagar, Dist.Nainital 244 715, UT

This kind of primateinformation is still verymuch required. Anothereffort is being made tocollect this informationby post.

In fact, systematicsurveys by fieldbiologists need to becarried out for all theprotected areas andreserve forests in allthe countries of SouthAsia in order to get atrue picture of primatestatus.

Names of fieldbiologists capable ofcarrying out suchstudies are listed onpage 19 along with theiraddress and email.You may like toinvite some ofthem tocarry outstudies inyourprotectedarea.

Indian Protected Areas for which NOprimate presence was reported

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Vaduvoor WLSVedanthangal WLSVellanadu WLSVellode WLSVettangudi WLS

TripuraRowa WLS

UttaranchalGangotri NPGovind NPNanda Devi NPRajaji NPValley of Flowers NPAskot Musk Deer WLSGovind Pashu Vihar WLSKedarnath WLSMussoorie WLS

Uttar PradeshDudhwa NPBakhira WLSChandraprabha WLSHastinapur WLSKaimur WLSKaterniaghat WLSKishanpur WLSLake Bahosi WLSMahavir Swami WLSNational Chambal WLSNawabganj WLSOkhala WLSParvati Aranga WLSPatna WLSRanipur WLSSaman WLSSamaspur WLSSandi WLSSohagibarwa WLSSohelwa WLSSur Sarovar WLSSurha Tal WLSTurtle WLSVijai Sagar WLS

West BengalGorumara NPNeora Valley NPSinghalila NPSunderbans NPBallavpur NPBethuadahari WLSBibhutibhusan WLSBuxa WLSChapramari WLSHaliday Island WLSJaldapara WLSJorepokhri Salamander WLSLothian Island WLSNarendrapur WLSRaiganj WLSRamnabagan WLSSajnekhali WLSSenchal WLS

Chilka (Nalaban) WLSDebrigarh WLSGahirmatha (Marine) WLSHadgarh WLSKarlapat WLSKhalasuni WLSKotagarh WLSKuldiha WLSLakhari Valley WLSNandankanan WLSSatkosia Gorge WLSSimlipal WLSSunabeda WLS

PunjabAbohar WLSBir Aishvan WLSBir Bhadson WLSBir Bunerheri WLSBir Dosanjh WLSBir Gurdialpura WLSBir Mehaswala WLSBir Motibagh WLSHarike Lake WLSTakhni-Rehampur WLS

RajasthanDesert NPRanthambore NPSariska NPBandh Baratha WLSBassi WLSBhensrodgarh WLSDarrah WLSJaisamand WLSJamwa Ramgarh WLSJawahar Sagar WLSKela Devi WLSKesarbagh WLSNahargarh WLSNational Chambal WLSPhulwari Ki Nal WLSRamgarh Vishdhari WLSRamsagar WLSSajjangarh WLSSawai Man Singh WLSShergarh WLSSitamata WLSTal Chhapper WLSTadgarh Raoli WLSVan Vihar WLS

SikkimKhangchendzonga NPBarsey Rhododendron WLSFambong Lho WLSKyongnosla Alpine WLSMaenam WLSShingba (Rhododendron) WLS

Tamil NaduGuindy NPGulf of Mannar Marine NPChitrangudi WLSKanjirankulam WLSKaraivetti WLSKarikili WLSKilaselvanur – MelaselvanurWLSKuthankulam-Kadankulam WLSPulicat Lake WLSUdayamarthandapuram LakeWLS

Kais WLSKanawar WLSKhokhan WLSKibber WLSKugti WLSLippa Asrang WLSMajathal WLSNargu WLSPong Dam Lake WLSRupi Bhaba WLSSangla (Raksham Chitkul) WLSSechu Tuan Nala WLSShikari Devi WLSShilli WLSShimla Water Catchment WLSSimbalbara WLSTalra WLSTundah WLS

Jammu & KashmirCity Forest (Salim Ali) NPBaltal-Thajwas WLSGulmarg WLSHirapora WLSHokersar WLSJasrota WLSLachipora WLSLimber WLSNandini WLSOvera WLSOvera-Aru WLSRamnagar Rakha WLSSurinsar Mansar WLSTrikuta WLS

JharkhandBetla NPDalma WLSHazaribagh WLSKoderma WLSLawalong WLSMahauaduar WLSPalkot WLSParasnath WLSTopchanchi WLSUdhwa Lake WLS

KarnatakaAnshi NPAdichunchunagiri WLSArabithittu WLSBhadra WLSCauvery WLSDandeli WLSDoraji Bear WLSGhataprabha WLSGudavi WLSMelkote Temple WLSNugu WLSRanebennur WLSRanganathittu WLSShettihalli WLS

Madhya PradeshBandhavgarh NPFossil NPMadhav NPPanna NPPench (Priyadarshini) NPSanjay NPSatpura NPVan Vihar NPBagdara WLS

Bori WLSGandhi Sagar WLSGhatigaon WLSKarera WLSKen Gharial WLSKheoni WLSNational Chambal WLSNarsighgarh WLSNauradehi WLSOrcha WLSPachmarhi WLSPalpur-Kuno WLSPanna (Gangau) WLSPanpatha WLSPench WLSPhen WLSRalamandal WLSRatapani WLSSailana WLSSanjay Dubri WLSSardarpur WLSSinghori WLSSon Gharial WLSVeerangna Durgawati WLS

MaharashtraGugamal NPNawegaon NPAmba Barwa WLSAner Dam WLSBor WLSChandoli WLSDeolgaon-Rehkuri WLSDhyanganga WLSGautala WLSGreat Indian Bustard WLSJaikwadi WLSKalsubai WLSKarnala WLSKatepurna WLSKoyana WLSLonar WLSMarine (Malvan) WLSMayureswar Supe WLSNagzira WLSNaigaon Mayur WLSNandur Madhameshwar WLSNarnala WLSPainganga WLSPhansad WLSSagareshwar WLSTipeshwar WLSYawal WLSYedsi Ramlinghat WLSWan WLS

ManipurKeibul-Lamjao NP

MeghalayaBaghmara Pitcher Plant WLS

MizoramKhawnglung WLS

NagalandPuliebadze WLSRangapahar WLS

OrissaSimlipal NPBadrama WLSBaisipalli WLSBalukhand Konark WLS

18


Dr. Rauf AliAndaman Nicobar Environment Team(ANET)North Wandoor, AndamansTel: 03192 - 80081

Mr. Joydeep BoseField Officer, Wildlife Trust of India, DelhiEmail: [email protected] ;[email protected]

Dr. Mukesh K. ChaliseReg. Secretary for Asia / IPSNatural History Society of NepalGPO Box 8402, Kathmandu, NepalTel: 977-1-526893 Fax: 493854Email: [email protected]

Mr. Jihosuo BiswasEmail: [email protected]. Dilip ChetryEmail: [email protected]. Jayanta DasEmail: [email protected]. Rekha MedhiEmail : [email protected] Ecology & Wildlife Biology Lab,Department of ZoologyGuwahati UniversityGuwahati – 781014, Assam, IndiaTel: 0361 570294 Fax: 570133

Dr. Wolfgang Dittus140/12, Mapana Watura RoadKandy, Sri LankaTel: 94 8 223248 Fax: +94 8-223248Email: [email protected]

Dr. M. M. FeerozAssociate ProfessorDepartment of ZoologyJahangirnagar UniversitySavar, Dhaka, BangladeshEmail: [email protected]

Dr. Suvas Chandra GhimireKathmandu Model College, Bagbazar, GPOBox 4447, Kathmandu, NEPALTel: 242121Email: [email protected]

Mr. Minesh Kumar GhimireNatural History Society of NepalKathmandu, NEPALEmail: [email protected]

Mr. Sunil Gunatilake1/71 Nissanka Mala Place,Jaya Mawatha, New Town, Polonnaruwa,Sri LankaFax: 94-8-223248Email: (c/o) [email protected]

Mr. Gigi K. JosephNature Education Officer,Periyar Tiger Reserve,Thekkady, KeralaEmail: [email protected]

Mr. Jhamak B. KarkiC/O Dept. of Natl. Parks & WLConservation, Babar Mahal, P.O. Box 860,Kathmandu, NepalTel: 220912 Fax: 00977-226675Email: [email protected]

Mr. Nilantha Kumarasiri KodithuwakkuSmithsonian Field Camp,New town, Polonnaruwa, Sri LankaFax: 094 2723721Email: [email protected]

Dr. R. KrishnamaniSACON, AnaikattyCoimbatore - 641 108Email: [email protected]

Dr. Ajith KumarSACON, AnaikattyCoimbatore - 641 108Fax: 0422 – 857088Email: [email protected]

Mr. Awadesh KumarResearch Scholar, Dept. of AppliedScience (Forestry)N.E. Reg. Institute of S&T Nirjuli 791109,Itanagar, Arunachal PradeshEmail: [email protected]

Mr. K.R. LiyanageSmithsonian Field Camp,New town, Polonnaruwa, Sri LankaFax: 094 2723721Email: [email protected]

Dr. Sangita Mitra32A, Hara Mohan Ghosh LaneKolkata - 700 085Tel: 033 3532090 Fax: 3531433Email: [email protected]

Dr. P.O. NameerAssistant Professor,College of Forestry,Kerala Agricultural University,Thrissur 680656 KeralaEmail: [email protected]

Dr. M.S. PradhanZoological Survey of India,WRS, Rawet Road, Sector No. 29,PCNIDA, Pune 411030Tel: 020 7655213 Fax: 7652564

Mr. Sunita RamOld No. 42, New No.12,Pelathope, MylaporeChennai - 600 004Tel: 044 4959546Email: [email protected]

Dr. K.K. RamachandranScientist EI, Wildlife Biology Div.KFRI, Peechi, Thrissur, KeralaTel: 0487 282537 Fax: 91-487-282249Email: [email protected]

Dr. G. RamaswamyReader in Zoology, A.V.C. College,Mannampandal 609305 T.N.Tel: 04364 229911 (O); 225634 (R)Email: [email protected]

Dr. Santhosh Kumar SahooChairman, ‘Conservation Himalayas’P.O. Box #3, Summer Hill,Simla 171005, HPTel: 0177 480316Email: [email protected]

Mr. Anantha Krishna SharmaDept. of PsychologyUniversity of MysoreManasagangotri, Mysore – 570006Email: [email protected]

Dr. Mewa SinghProfessor of PsychologyUniversity of MysoreManasagangotri, Mysore – 570006Tel: 0821 518772 Fax: 0821-514239Email: [email protected]

Dr. G.S. SolankiDepartment of Applied Science (Forestry),N.E. Reg Institute of S&TNirjuli - 791109, ItanagarTel: 0360 257749 Fax: 257872Email: [email protected]

Mr. Ruchira Kumara Somaweera43C, George E. De Silva Mawatha, Kandy,Sri LankaTel: 0094 8 228687Email: [email protected]

Mr. P. SrivatsavaMaharashtra Forest DepartmentDCF(Wildlife, CFRC CampusChandrapur MaharashtraTel: 07172 – 55980, 55380,56079Email: [email protected]

Ms. Anjali Watson130 Reid Avenue, Colombo 4Sri LankaTel: 941 589468 Fax: 941 582193Email: [email protected]

Mr. A.N. WeerasingheNo. 194/1, Pallemulla, HalloluwaKandy, Sri LankaFax: 094 2722552Email: [email protected]

Mr. S. WijeyamohanDept. of Biological SciencesVavuniya Campus, U. of JaffnaVavuniya, Sri LankaTel: 942420179 Fax: 94-24-22265Email: [email protected]

List of South Asian Primate field biologists who can be called upon for help with surveys

19


0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

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Ecolog

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Epidem

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Monito

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PHVA

Public

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M a n a g e m e n t r e c o m m e n d a t io n s

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ManagementRecommendations for habitatmanagement and public educationwere highest, followed by monitoringof populations, monitoring of habitat,wild population management, andlimiting factor management. Otherrecommendations having to do withspecies conservation and recoverywere recommended for a few taxa.

Addressing habitat loss wasconsidered the first step in tacklingconservation of threatened primatetaxa in South Asia. Wild habitatmanagement was designated as thefirst priority, mainly to stem the loss byhuman interference and further todevelop suitable habitats for theprimates. In achieving this, it was feltthat management cannot be done inisolation, so public awareness andeducation were strongly recom-mended for many taxa. In conjunctionthe two recommendations would workwell in conserving the remaininghabitat and populations of primates intheir range states/countries.

A hurdle to better management is thelack of knowledge of current trends ofa taxon. Monitoring was recom-mended as a priority to understandthe current status of all populationsand habitats and implement a holisticconservation action plan.

All primates, except 2 macaques (M.fascicularis aurea and M. sinicaopisthomelas), 1 common langur (S.entellus hector) and 1 pileated langur(T. pileatus brahma) occur in P.A.s inSouth Asia. Problems with thetaxonomy of the Semnopithecusentellus group still poses a challengeto many a field biologists andtaxonomists as to their correctdistribution and thereby theiroccurrence in protected areas in India.Nonetheless, at the species level theS. entellus group is represented inmany protected areas. Pages 16-17show the available information onprimate taxa in protected areas inSouth Asia. Pages 18 and 20 showthe P.A.s in India for which nopublished record of primates wascontributed ! Page 19 lists primatefield biologists who could rectify thissituation intime.

Captive breeding was not consideredan important tool in the long-term

Recommendations conservation of primates, notbecause of its lack of intrinsicimportance, but due inadequacies inthe conduct of captive propagation inthe region historically.

ResearchWith any taxonomic group, research isongoing. What was largely thought asa single taxon of the CommonHanuman Langur is now split into 8subspecies, each of which is eithergeographically isolated or forms acline in the total species distribution.Phylogenetic studies recommendedby the new taxonomy suggest furtherstudies in the area since populationsvary in their genetic composition andcould be distinct. An example fromthis workshop is of Semnopithecusentellus thersites, which is found inIndia and Sri Lanka forming twodistinct populations due to ageographical break. Although recentchanges in taxonomy suggest the twopopulations to be thersites subspecies, since the populations havebeen distinct for a very long period,further research is required intoestablishing their difference.Taxonomic research then is an

20

important recommendation and was amajor recommendations made at theworkshop.

Surveys were recommended for newlyrecognised taxa, especiallysubspecies of the Semnopithecusentellus group and the Trachypithecuspileatus group. Life history studieswere recommended for a few taxa,especially Loris and Nycticebus andsome of the lesser-studied taxa.

Population and Habitat ViabilityAssessment (P.H.V.A.) wasrecommended for at least half the taxaassessed because of the need fordeveloping an overall conservationaction plan. Since more than 70% ofthe primates in the region are underthreat, conservation actionrecommendations need to incorporateall variables for the taxa and allstakeholders. A P.H.V.A. allows forbroad participation in developing thisplan and also allows for theinterpretation of variables affecting taxain determining their probability ofextinction. Some of the other importantresearch recommendations includedepidemiological studies and limitingfactor research.


Note on Captive Breeding and EducationIn the list of Research and Management Recommendations to the left it isnoteworthy that neither public education or captive breeding were listed underresearch. Captive breeding is a tool in conservation which is recognised theworld over as a back up management strategy which can save a species whenall else fails. It was noted that captive breeding was not recommended formanagement in South Asia because of the lack of confidence in its efficacy in theregion, yet it has not been suggested for research. This is an unfortunatemistake.

Also public education has been listed as the second most frequentlyrecommended management strategy for many species, yet public education hasyet to save a single species in this region. Although some importance is given toenvironmental education, there has never been an instance of an educationprogramme being linked by recovery. It is noteworthy also that Public Educationhas not been listed in Research recommendations as a studies of currentmethods of education and awareness building in South Asia, their efficacy orfailure, would point the way towards improved educational techniques whichmight swing public opinion towards voting for conservation or refraining fromhabits which are counter to conservation.

For this reason, special sections have been devoted to captive breeding andeducation on the following pages.

SummationFinally, the South Asian Primate C.A.M.P. Workshop provided an excellentopportunity address the conservation needs for an entire group of taxa and theirhabitat, as well as the resolution of important issues identified by allstakeholders.

Research focus and management recommendations from the Primate C.A.M.P.workshop will help conservation organizations, agencies and institutionsnationally, regionally and internationally, to formulate and implement appropriateaction on behalf of primate conservation.

Funding agencies can use this Report as a reference for prioritizing proposalsfor maximum benefit of funds. As part of the mandate of the workshop, nationalassessments of all widely distributed primates were made using the theRegional Guidelines of the IUCN Red List Criteria. These nationalassessments are compiled on the following page.

In addition to assessing each species and subspecies of South Asian primatesindividually, the workshop provided opportunities to test hypotheses generatedabout primate relations in the new PSG taxonomy, to access the field data thathad been gathered under both individual and institutional efforts and, of course,to provide an opportunity for primate biologists, foresters and other specialistswithin the South Asia region to meet and discuss matters of mutual concern.

Research recommendationsin order of importance

SurveyTaxonomyLife HistoryGenetic ResearchEcologyLimiting FactorBehaviourEpidemiologyTradeImpact of Habitat LossOthers

ManagementRecommendation in orderof importace

Habitat ManagementPublic EducationMonitoringWild population managementPHVALimiting factor managementWork with localsSPM for SAOthersExtant lawsTranslocationCaptive breeding

21


Primates in South Asian ZoosOf the 164 public zoos, mini zoos and deer parks in India, which have beenrecognised by the Central Zoo Authority, the 54 Large, Medium and Small Zoos,which are the better facilities, hold from one to eight species of primates.Sometimes these highly social animals are held in appropriate groupings ofnumbers and sex ratios but all too often, as solitary inmates of an enclosure, ora single sex group, or occasionally even as mixed species. The status of manyof them is uncertain because of recent taxonomic changes. The number in the112 Mini-zoos and Deer Parks has not been updated but is “considerable” In theremaining South Asian countries there are 14 major zoos, all of which hold from1-9 species of primates, with approximately 222 individuals.

The C.A.M.P. workshop provided a forum for the Central Zoo Authority and theIndian zoo community, represented by three Indian zoo directors, to addressrevisions in primate taxonomy and nomenclature. India and the other South Asiazoos in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, will find the revisedtaxonomic system a major challenge in identifying subspecies within existingcollections. The Conservation Breeding Working Group recommended that zooswith such species and subspecies refrain from breeding until they could becorrectly identified and organized to avoid unwanted propagation of hybrids.They also recommended that zoos update their signage and educationalmaterials and focus on planned programmes for non-controversial species.

List of primates in zoos in IndiaGibbon, Hoolock (Bunopithecus hoolock) 3.5.0.8Langur, Common (Semnopithecus entellus) 59.35.6.100Langur, Capped (Trachypithecus pileatus) 8.5.0.13Macaque, Assamese (Macaca assamensis) 52.37.10.99Macaque, Lion-Tailed (Macaca silenus) 28.22.0.50Macaque, Pig-tailed (Macaca leonina) 11.9.0.20Macaque, Rhesus (Macaca mulatta) 184.192.70.446Macaque Bonnet (Macaca radiata) 254.204.168.626Macaque, Stump-tailed (Macaca arctoides) 20.21.0.41Langur, Nilgiri (Semnopithecus johii johnii) 11.14.2.27Langur, Golden (Trachypithecus geei) 2.5.0.7Macaque, Crab-eating (Macaca fascicularis) 9.7.0.16Total 641.556.256.1453

List of Primates in South Asian Zoos other than IndiaGibbon, Hoolock (Bunopithecus hoolock) 3.3.0.6Langur, Common (Presbytis entellus) 10.11.0.32Langur, Capped (Trachypithecus pileatus) 3.6.0.10Macaque, Assamese (Macaca assamensis) 2.1.0.3Macaque, Lion-Tailed (Macaca silenus) 2.0.0.2Macaque, Pig-tailed (Macaca leonina) 3.4.0.7Macaque, Rhesus (Macaca mulatta) 48.77.12.165Loris, Slow (Nycticebus bengalensis) 4.6.0.10Total 75.108.12.235

ReferencesCentral Zoo Authority (2000-2001). Inventory of Animals in Indian Zoos, 314pp.Corbet, G. B. and J.E. Hill (1992). Mammals of the Indomalayan Region. A systematic review.Oxford University Press, Oxford. 488pp.Ellerman, J.R. and T.C.S. Morrison-Scott (1951). Checklist of Palaearctic and IndianMammals, 1758-1996, Trustees of the BM(NH), London, 810pp.Gärdenfors, U., C. Hilton-Taylor, G.M. Mace and J.P. Rodríguez (2001). The application ofIUCN Red List Criteria at regional levels. Conservation Biology 15(2): 1206-1212.Groves, C. (2001). Primate Taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. 350pp.Hill, W.C.O. (1933). A monograph on the genus Loris. Ceylon J. Sci. (Spolia Zeylanica) Vol.XVIII, Pt. 1: 89 - 129.Mittermeier, R.A., M. Myers, C.G. Mittermeier and P.R. Gill. (1999). Hotspots; Earth'sBiologically richest and most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions. Cemex ConservationInternational, Mexico city, 430pp.Molur, S., P.O. Nameer and S. Walker (eds.) (1998). Report of the Workshop “ConservationAssessment and Management Plan for Mammals of India” (BCCP - Endangered SpeciesProject), Zoo Outreach Organisation, Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, India,Coimbatore, India. 176pp.SAZARC (2002). Database of animals in South Asian Zoos. Prepared by Zoo OutreachOrganisation with information collected from the participants from South Asian countries whoattended the 3rd Annual meeting of the South Asian Zoo Association for RegionalCooperation, at 6-9 October 2002 at Bangladesh.

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Conservation Breeding Working Group Report

Members: Bipul Chakraborty,Kumar Pushkar, P. C. Tyagi and N.S.Manoharan, assisted by Mewa Singh,Douglas Brandon-Jones, Rauf Ali, andManoj Misra.

Keeping in view the classification ofprimates into various subspecies, itwill be appropriate that the Indian zoosprevent breeding of the followingspecies until they can be properlyidentified :1.Bonnet macaque2.Common langur / grey langur3.Assamese macaque4.Capped langur5.Slender loris

The animals may be segregated onthe basis of morphologicaldifferences. The help of qualifiedtaxonomists, ideally from the IUCNSSC Primate Specialist Group may betaken by the zoos in determining howthe animals should be segregated.The help of the Centre for Cellular andMolecular Biology (CCMB) may alsobe taken for identification of differentsubspecies when appropriate.

During the next 3 years time the zooscan be made aware of the revisedtaxonomy and the anomalies in theircollection. Priority can be fixed onnon-controversial species to becovered under planned breedingprogrammes. Zoos will also makethe visitors aware of the status andimportance of different subspecies intheir natural habitat and encouragethem to support conservation of the insitu population. With respect to otherspecies the details are as follows:

1. Slow Loris (Nycticebusbengalensis)At present 8 zoos in India aredisplaying 12 (6 males and 6 females)slow loris. Out of the 8 zoos, four arelocated in the animals’ habitat area.The species has so far bred very wellin captivity. Assam State Zoo,Guwahati and Sanjay GandhiBiological Park, Patna has goodexperience in breeding the animals.A special conservation breedingprogramme of the species needs tobe initiated for conserving the genepool, facilities can be created at thezoos located at Guwahati, Itanagarand Patna. Itanagar zoo is alreadycreating an enclosure on CZA

guidelines for housing of this species.Not recommended for captivebreeding.

2. Stump-tailed Macaque (Macacaarctoides):At present 10 zoos in India aredisplaying 41 (20 males and 21females) stump tailed macaque. Outof the ten zoos, three zoos are locatednear the animal habitat. Only a fewzoos have a sizable number, but thesex ratio is skewed. Thus, pooling ofthe animals has to be done in thezoos which are near the animalshabitat, so that if at all any animal thatis rescued, or confiscated fromtraders can be brought to these zoosand involved in the breedingprogramme.Recommended for captive breeding.

3. Pig-tailed Macaque (Macacaleonina):At present 7 zoos in India aredisplaying 20 (11:9) Pig-tailedmacaques. Only 2 zoos are locatednear the habitat of the animal. These2 zoos alone make up for 14 animalswith the rest of them are distributedsingly in 5 zoos. The presentpopulation in the zoos is not sufficientto start a breeding programme; suchprogramme requires at least 20founder animals. Therefore, help ofzoos outside India and the animalsrescued from wild areas would berequired to initiate a fruitful breedingprogramme. Not recommended forcaptive breeding.

4. Lion-tailed Macaque (Macacasilenus):At least 18 zoos in India are displayinglion-tailed macaque. Out of these 10zoos are located in proximity to theanimas habitat, i.e. the WesternGhats. 50 (28:22) animals are ondisplay. A studbook for all the Lion-tailedmacaque’s in Indian Zoos has beenprepared by the Wildlife Institute ofIndia. It has also been establishedthat a managed conservation breedingprogramme for the species can beinitiated from the present captivepopulation. The CZA will make allefforts to pool the single animals inother zoos and send breeding ageindividuals to the breeding center.Recommended for captive breeding.

5. Golden Langur (Trachypithecusgeei): Five zoos in India are displaying7 (2 males and 5 females) of Goldenlangur. Two zoos are located in theproximity of the animals’ habitat. It issuggested that, as Assam State Zoo,Guwahati has a very good enclosurefor Golden langur in an off-displayarea, the single animals in other 4zoos should be shifted to Guwahati.Controlled captive breeding can becarried out at Guwahati, but long termcaptive breeding of the species cannotbe recommended at this stage. Notrecommended for captive breeding.

6. Nilgiri Langur (Semnopithecusjohnii): Eight zoos in India aredisplaying 27 (11 males, 14 femalesand 2 juveniles) Nilgiri langur. Sixzoos are located in the proximity of theanimals’ habitat. Single animals (ifthey are of breeding age) can bepooled in the above zoos, which arelocated near the animals habitat, foruse in a breeding programme. Thesezoos may receive animals rescuedfrom the wild, which can then beadded to the existing groups.Recommended for captive breeding.

7. Long-tailed Macaque (Macacafasicularis umbrosa)This species of primate is distributedonly at one zoo at Port-blair,Andamans --16 (9:7). If at all anyprogramme is initiated forconservation breeding of the species,on offsite area in the new zoo has tobe acquired from the wild. Thepresent population may be inbred.Not recommended for captivebreeding.

8. Hoolock Gibbon (Bunopithecushoolock hoolock):Five zoos in India are displaying 10 (4males and 6 females) Hoolockgibbon. Three zoos are located nearthe animal habitat. This is the onlyzoo which had success in breeding ofthe Hoolock gibbon, but survival ratewas very poor. Being monogamous,breeding of the animals is limited tosuitable pairing. Much study isneeded on the behaviour of thespecies, before any serious breedingprogramme can be taken up. Thezoos located near the animals habitatmay in the meantime try to formcompatible pairs for breeding. Notrecommended for captive breeding.

23


Primate Education ProjectPublic Education was the second most frequently suggestedrecommendation under Management Recommendations. Inthat regard an Education / Awareness Working Group metand made a report. One of the recommendations was thatZOO / CBSG, South Asia undertake the coordination of thisprogramme. Several months ago an education programmewas launched with the primary objective of disseminatinginformation from the workshop to three major target groups:i. policy-makers, foresters and academics,ii. adult laypersons in both English and vernacular, andiii. youngsters of different age groups.

This programme is going on currently and will be enhancedsignificantly by the publication of this Report, associatedreport summaries for very wide distribution, and othermaterial. Some illustrations of materials being used in theprogramme are included in the sidebars of these pages, anddescribed on the following page. A summary of the educationsuggestions of the Working Group Report is below.

Special Issue Working Group on Education & ConservationAction, Members : Gigi, K. Joseph, H.R. Bhat, Manoj K. Misra,P. Srivastava, Santhosh Kumar Sahoo, G. Ramaswamy, S.C.Ghimire, M.S. Pradhan, Jini Dela, V. Ramakantha, C.V.C.Pandian, W. Sundarraj, A.R. Binu Priya.

The Group stated its mandate as describing ways to translatethe results from the Primate C.A.M.P. to field action. The

challenge is to successfully communicate the right message to the rightindividual or organisation.

Recommendations-- A macrolevel (television, websites, press etc.,) and microlevel (village levelinteraction) of education as crucial for a successful education programme.-- Identify important persons (local leaders) from local communities to sensitizetheir colleagues and friends.-- Forest departments can play a major role in disseminating the facts andconservation needs. Local NGOs can be entrusted as communicators andfacilitators to do effectively the same.-- Youth from marginal communities can be selected and trained as efficientinterpreters or guides of primates in their nearest natural habitats and therebypromote ecotourism from which they get a financial benefit also.-- A stakeholder workshop can be organized with the help of NGOs and forestdepartment to communicate the prime values of primates and their conservation.These will help to derive site-specific education and awareness strategies to befollowed in concerned areas.-- The names of the important primates should be used for some importantroads, trains and seminar halls.-- Z.O.O. can develop and distribute education packets on primates to variouszoos, NGO’s and other interested and concerned individuals, institutions, andforest departments to conduct nature camps and education programmes.-- Conservation of many primates have been built in with the religious andcultural system, especially in India. Important religious personalities can bemotivated to sensitize their audience to the fact that many primates are endemicto this region and the importance of conservation of the concerned primatespecies.-- Develop small booklets with interesting stories, many pictures, stickers, andbrochures in vernacular language for local communities and some relevantmaterials for policy makers and administrators in English.-- In education compare human with primate behaviour to create interest.-- Information provided should neither be too complex nor too simple.Information should be precise and should be appropriate for the community.

South Asian Primate C.A.M.P. Summary, Coimbatore, 2004 25

South Asian Primate Education Project (SAP EP)The South Asian Primate Project began long before this Report was published.Some of the sponsors of the C.A.M.P. came forward to fund the education project,such as Appenheul Primate Park and Primate Conservation, Inc. Others were theMargot Marsh Biodiversity Fund, Flora and Fauna International, Thrigby HallWildlife Park and Primate Society of Great Britain.

Following the lead of the Education Working Group, Zoo Outreach Organisation"developed and distributed education packets on primates to various zoos,NGO’s and other interested and concerned individuals, institutions, and forestdepartments to conduct nature camps and education programmes". A couple ofpacket items highlighting primate welfare were prepared in time for AnimalWelfare Fortnightly, 2003 and included in the three types of animal welfarepackets produced for dozensof zoos and welfare ngo's. By the time Earth Dayand World Environment Day came around packets were ready and more than1000 were distributed to 14 zoos and other organisations. Wildlife Week isanother big occasion in India in which zoos, conservation organisations, andforest departments conduct events and functions and like to have a theme and afocus for their activities. The packets have proven very popular. For thesurrounding South Asian countries, primate packets havebeen given to visiting biologists to carry back and alsotaken to Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka wherezoo educator training and teacher training course wereconducted.

The packets are of two types, one for very young childrencontaining an attractive primate face mask of anassortment of primates -- a macaque, a langur, a gibbonand a loris. Also in the packet were a set of finger puppetsof primates, a monkey wrist bracelet, tiny simple handout entitled "ProtectPrimates" and a booklet called "Monkey Tales". A certificate of participation andpromise to protection was included for children to sign and, finally, 4 child-sizestickers with simple catchy slogans aboutprimates.

The older children's packet containedsome of the same items such as themask, wrist bracelet and sticker, but alsoa higher level booklet called "ThreatenedPrimates" which focused on subjects liketaxonomy, threats to primates, and theIUCN Red List Criteria and Categories. A pocket class schedule was includedwith a tiny head of a loris which peeked up out of the pocket and a bookmark.Both of these packets were offered widely to zoos, NGO's and primate biologistswho wished to conduct programmes.

A booklet of Guidelines for using the packets was issued to all organisationsand institutions which agreed to run programmes, describing how to use everyitem effectively in a group situation with games, dramas, marches and otheractivity-based learning tools.

Some of the stickers were targeted for adults rather than children and focusedon issues discussed in the C.A.M.P. such as the problem of people feedingmonkeys in temples.

There are many other items under production. This Summary booklet itself isone of the major educational tools as it can be very widely circulated to andimportant groups of policy makers, professionals foresters, conservationorganisations, wildlife institutions and other academics numbering over 1000individuals in India alone. Sufficient numbers of these summaries have beenproduced so that primate biologists can order them in dozens and evenhundreds if they wish to use them for education in their own region. A similar,but much simpler booklet will be produced for laypersons in English and insome regonal languages. The SAP-EP has many components which are yet tobe implemented and will keep people mindful of primates for many months andeven years to come.


C.A.M.P. Workshops and the IUCN Red ListWhat is the relationship of C.A.M.P.workshop output to the IUCN Red List ?The IUCN Red List has replaced the oldIUCN Red Data Books which wereestablished in the 1960s. The IUCN RedData Books used an older version of theIUCN Red List categories which were notassociated with objective, scientific criteriaas is the case today. The IUCN Red ListCriteria (Ver. 3.1) used in this C.A.M.P.workshop, replaced several other versionswhich were in the development and testingprocess for nearly a decade.

Although C.A.M.P. workshops and othermethods conducted even by individualsuse the the IUCN Red List Criteria, there areoften individual differences in how well thecriteria are understood and even the rigourand integrity with which they are applied.Therefore, the Species SurvivalCommission of IUCN has a procedure andprotocol for such assessments todetermine whether the assessment iscorrect. This is a process of review.

When a C.A.M.P. is conducted, it is ideal tohave the individual who has beendesignated as the IUCN Red List Authorityfor the taxa under assessment. Thisindividual is often the taxon specialist groupChair and in this instant, for primates ofSouth Asia, it is the Vice Chair for Asia.After all information in a C.A.M.P has beenfinalised and the last attempt to assess thespecies done, the category and rationale(which is the criteria used) should besubmitted to the Chair for review. TheChair may request other specialists toreview the assessment. After beingsatisfied that the assessment and rationaleis correct, the Chair sends it to the Red ListCommittee. It is again examined and, ifcontroversial, may be reviewed again.When it is accepted it is taken as part ofthe IUCN Red List for that year.

In the case of national or regionalassessments, only species which areendemic to a particular country or regionwould be eligible for consideration for theRed List which uses global criteria forassessment. Otherwise, non-endemicspecies which have been assessed in acountry or region, could still be submitted tothe Specialist Group Chair to be used byhim or her as part of the picture in derivingthe status for a species with a widerrange.

Regional assessments have their ownimportance compared to globalassessments, however, due to thefollowing advantages:

a. Smaller area of assessment resulting ingreater accuracy*b. More participation by local field biologistsin the assessment processc. Assessments based on more recentfield informationd. Implications for regional action plans andmanagement planse. Bottom-up approach to assessments, i.e.regional/national information feeding intoglobal assessmentsf. Post assessment follow-up actions suchas surveys, monitoring and educationg. Information is likely to be used in regionalor national Red Data books and nationalbiodiversity strategiesh. Lobbying for conservation efforts withlocal governments can be done moreeffectivelyi. Sustained effort in gathering fieldinformation and networking

*The same is true for nationalassessments, for which the Regional IUCNguidelines are used.

Red List Case Study :Hoolock Gibbon

Bunopithecus hoolock hoolock(Harlan, 1834)

Status South Asian CAMP 2003 (Ver. 3.1)ENDANGERED in South AsiaA2abcd+3bcd; C1+2a(i)

The Hoolock Gibbon is an example of aspecies whose range extends beyondSouth Asia, but was assessed for SouthAsia.

The Hoolock Gibbon is found in around 126locations and 97 subpopulations in Indiaand Bangladesh in South Asia most ofwhich is threatened due to humaninterference (see under threats). Habitatfragmentation over the years has depletedthe area available for this habitat-specifictaxon and restricted it to several smallpockets that are non-viable. Hunting alongwith habitat degradation has beenobserved to reduce the population ofHoolock Gibbon in South Asia by more than50% in the last 50 years (3 generations)due to continuing decline in extent ofoccurrence, area of occupancy and qualityof habitat along with exploitation of thetaxon in the wild. The rate of decline isalso predicted to continue at the same levelover the next 50 years (3 generations)since more habitat destruction is predictedfor human settlements, increasingpopulation, refugee problems,encroachments and hunting. The numberof mature individuals is around 440 in South

Asia, with no subpopulations having morethan 250 mature individuals and acontinuing decline of over 20% over 2generations. The South Asian population isbigger than the few individuals found inMyanmar, hence the status is retained asEndangered.

National StatusBangladesh:Critically Endangered C1+2a(i)The population within Bangladesh isseverely fragmented and there are nomigrations between the neighbouringpopulations. Since the threats to the taxonare high, the restricted and small populationis under severe threat. The category ofCritically Endangered is therefore retainedfor the population within the country.

IndiaEndangered A2abcd+3bcd; C1+2a(i)The Indian population of this taxon, whichis fragmented from the Bangladesh orMyanmar populations is further fragmentedinto many non-viable remnants, which dueto threats to habitat, are highly threatened.Hence the category of Endangered isretained for this taxon in India.

Bunopithecus hoolock hoolock inSouth Asia

26


CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)A taxon is Critically Endangered when thebest available evidence indicates that itmeets any of the following criteria (A to E),and it is therefore considered to be facingan extremely high risk of extinction in thewild:

A. Reduction in population size based on any ofthe following:1. An observed, estimated, inferred orsuspected population size reduction of > or=90% over the last 10 years or threegenerations, whichever is the longer,where the causes of the reduction areclearly reversible AND understood ANDceased, based on (and specifying) any ofthe following:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate tothe taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extentof occurrence and/or quality of habitat(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa,hybridization, pathogens, pollutants,competitors or parasites.

2. An observed, estimated, inferred orsuspected population size reduction of > or= 80% over the last 10 years or threegenerations, whichever is the longer,where the reduction or its causes may nothave ceased OR may not be understoodOR may not be reversible, based on (andspecifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.

3. A population size reduction of > or=80%, projected or suspected to be metwithin the next 10 years or threegenerations, whichever is the longer (up toa maximum of 100 years), based on (andspecifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.

4. An observed, estimated, inferred,projected or suspected population sizereduction of > or = 80% over any 10 yearor three generation period, whichever islonger (up to a maximum of 100 years inthe future), where the time period mustinclude both the past and the future, andwhere the reduction or its causes may nothave ceased OR may not be understoodOR may not be reversible, based on (andspecifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.

B. Geographic range in the form of eitherB1 (extent of occurrence) OR B2 (area ofoccupancy) OR both:

1. Extent of occurrence estimated to beless than 100 km2, and estimates indicatingat least two of a–c:a. Severely fragmented or known to existat only a single location.b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred orprojected, in any of the following:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy

(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.c. Extreme fluctuations in any of thefollowing:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) number of locations or subpopulations(iv) number of mature individuals.

2. Area of occupancy estimated to be lessthan 10 km2, and estimates indicating atleast two of a–c:a. Severely fragmented or known to existat only a single location.b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred orprojected, in any of the following:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.c. Extreme fluctuations in any of thefollowing:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) number of locations or subpopulations(iv) number of mature individuals.

C. Population size estimated to numberfewer than 250 mature individuals andeither:1. An estimated continuing decline of atleast 25% within three years or onegeneration, whichever is longer, (up to amaximum of 100 years in the future) OR2. A continuing decline, observed,projected, or inferred, in numbers ofmature individuals AND at least one of thefollowing (a–b):a. Population structure in the form of one ofthe following:(i) no subpopulation estimated to containmore than 50 mature individuals, OR(ii) at least 90% of mature individuals in onesubpopulation.b. Extreme fluctuations in number of matureindividuals.

D. Population size estimated to numberfewer than 50 mature individuals.

E. Quantitative analysis showing theprobability of extinction in the wild is atleast 50% within 10 years or threegenerations, whichever is the longer (up toa maximum of 100 years).

ENDANGERED (EN)A taxon is Endangered when the bestavailable evidence indicates that it meetsany of the following criteria (A to E), and itis therefore considered to be facing a veryhigh risk of extinction in the wild:

A. Reduction in population size based onany of the following:

1. An observed, estimated, inferred or

suspected population size reduction of > or= 70% over the last 10 years or threegenerations, whichever is the longer,where the causes of the reduction areclearly reversible AND understood ANDceased, based on (and specifying) any ofthe following:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate tothe taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extentof occurrence and/or quality of habitat(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation(e) the effects of introduced taxa,hybridization, pathogens, pollutants,competitors or parasites.

2. An observed, estimated, inferred orsuspected population size reduction of > or= 50% over the last 10 years or threegenerations, whichever is the longer,where the reduction or its causes may nothave ceased OR may not be understoodOR may not be reversible, based on (andspecifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.3. A population size reduction of > or =50%, projected or suspected to be metwithin the next 10 years or threegenerations, whichever is the longer (up toa maximum of 100 years), based on (andspecifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.


B. Geographic range in the form of eitherB1 (extent of occurrence) OR B2 (area ofoccupancy) OR both:1. Extent of occurrence estimated to beless than 5000 km2, and estimatesindicating at least two of a–c:a. Severely fragmented or known to existat no more than five locations.b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred orprojected, in any of the following:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.c. Extreme fluctuations in any of thefollowing:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) number of locations or subpopulations(iv) number of mature individuals.

The IUCN Red List CRITERIA

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2. Area of occupancy estimated to be lessthan 500 km2, and estimates indicating atleast two of a–c:a. Severely fragmented or known to existat no more than five locations.b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred orprojected, in any of the following:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.c. Extreme fluctuations in any of thefollowing:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) number of locations or subpopulations(iv) number of mature individuals.

C. Population size estimated to numberfewer than 2500 mature individuals andeither:1. An estimated continuing decline of atleast 20% within five years or twogenerations, whichever is longer, (up to amaximum of 100 years in the future) OR2. A continuing decline, observed,projected, or inferred, in numbers ofmature individuals AND at least one of thefollowing (a–b):a. Population structure in the form of one ofthe following:(i) no subpopulation estimated to containmore than 250 mature individuals, OR(ii) at least 95% of mature individuals in onesubpopulation.b. Extreme fluctuations in number of matureindividuals.

D. Population size estimated to numberfewer than 250 mature individuals.E. Quantitative analysis showing theprobability of extinction in the wild is atleast 20% within 20 years or fivegenerations, whichever is the longer (up toa maximum of 100 years).

VULNERABLE (VU)A taxon is Vulnerable when the bestavailable evidence indicates that it meetsany of the following criteria (A to E), and itis therefore considered to be facing a highrisk of extinction in the wild:

A. Reduction in population size based on any ofthe following:1. An observed, estimated, inferred orsuspected population size reduction of > or= 50% over the last 10 years or threegenerations, whichever is the longer,where the causes of the reduction are:clearly reversible AND understood ANDceased, based on (and specifying) any ofthe following:(a) direct observation(b) an index of abundance appropriate tothe taxon(c) a decline in area of occupancy, extentof occurrence and/or quality of habitat(d) actual or potential levels of exploitation

(e) the effects of introduced taxa,hybridization, pathogens, pollutants,competitors or parasites.

2. An observed, estimated, inferred orsuspected population size reduction of > or= 30% over the last 10 years or threegenerations, whichever is the longer,where the reduction or its causes may nothave ceased OR may not be understoodOR may not be reversible, based on (andspecifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.

3. A population size reduction of > or =30%, projected or suspected to be metwithin the next 10 years or threegenerations, whichever is the longer (up toa maximum of 100 years), based on (andspecifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.


B. Geographic range in the form of eitherB1 (extent of occurrence) OR B2 (area ofoccupancy) OR both:1. Extent of occurrence estimated to beless than 20,000 km2, and estimatesindicating at least two of a–c:a. Severely fragmented or known to existat no more than 10 locations. b. Continuingdecline, observed, inferred or projected, inany of the following:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.c. Extreme fluctuations in any of thefollowing:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) number of locations or subpopulations(iv) number of mature individuals.

2. Area of occupancy estimated to be lessthan 2000 km2, and estimates indicating atleast two of a–c:a. Severely fragmented or known to existat no more than 10 locations.b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred orprojected, in any of the following:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat(iv) number of locations or subpopulations(v) number of mature individuals.c. Extreme fluctuations in any of thefollowing:(i) extent of occurrence(ii) area of occupancy(iii) number of locations or subpopulations(iv) number of mature individuals.

C. Population size estimated to numberfewer than 10,000 mature individuals andeither:1. An estimated continuing decline of atleast 10% within 10 years or threegenerations, whichever is longer, (up to amaximum of 100 years in the future) OR2. A continuing decline, observed,projected, or inferred, in numbers ofmature individuals AND at least one of thefollowing (a–b): a. Population structure inthe form of one of the following:(i) no subpopulation estimated to containmore than 1000 mature individuals, OR(ii) all mature individuals are in onesubpopulation.b. Extreme fluctuations in number of matureindividuals.

D. Population very small or restricted in theform of either of the following:1. Population size estimated to numberfewer than 1000 mature individuals.2. Population with a very restricted area ofoccupancy (typically less than 20 km2) ornumber of locations (typically five orfewer) such that it is prone to the effectsof human activities or stochastic eventswithin a very short time period in anuncertain future, and is thus capable ofbecoming Critically Endangered or evenExtinct in a very short time period.

E. Quantitative analysis showing theprobability of extinction in the wild is atleast 10% within 100 years.IUCN Red List Categories and CriteriaVersion 3.1

Prepared by the IUCN Species SurvivalCommissionAs approved by the 51st meeting of theIUCN Council Gland, Switzerland9 February 2000, IUCN – The WorldConservation Union, 2001

The Red List Categories and Criteria,Version 3.1 are available at:http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/red-lists.htm1Explanation of Criteria

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