sport books publisher1 what’s my score? evaluation in physical & health education chapter 10

Sport Books Publisher 1

What’s My Score? Evaluation in Physical & Health

Education

Chapter 10


Objectives• To develop an appreciation of the usefulness and

application of testing, measurement, and evaluation

• To outline the criteria for the evaluation and selection of tests in physical and health education

• To become familiar with a variety of practical and economical tests that are useful to physical education teachers and students in various performance areas

• To administer these tests in a reliable and valid manner


Introduction


Introduction

• Evaluative decisions are made everyday• The soundness of these decisions varies

with the information used to make them• Many of our decisions are based on the

results of past or current research and testing that has been conducted


ACCUMULATE INFORMATION

ORGANIZE INFORMATION

The Decision-Making Process

EVALUATE INFORMATION DRAW CONCLUSIONS

MAKE A DECISION


ACCUMULATE INFORMATION

ORGANIZE INFORMATION

Factors to be Considered in the Process…

EVALUATE INFORMATION

DRAW CONCLUSIONS

MAKE A DECISION


Purposes of Testing and Evaluation


Purposes of Testing and Evaluation

• The use of specific tests to evaluate performance can be a great source of motivation

• However, valid, reliable, and effective tests must be selected in order to benefit the individual being tested


Six Purposes of Testing and Evaluation

1. Placement2. Diagnosis3. Prediction4. Motivation5. Achievement6. Program Evaluation


1. Placement• Initial tests can be used to group individuals

on the basis of skill level or ability• Such grouping allows for the most efficient

and effective use of time for training


2. Diagnosis• After administering a test, the results must be

evaluated• Performances can be evaluated• Deficiencies and weaknesses can be identified• These results determine what specific areas

should be focused on during training


3. Prediction• Specialized tests can be used to predict

future results and performance• These tests have varying degrees of success

in their capacity to predict future events• Tests and measurements assist in the

accuracy of our predictions


4. Motivation• Most individuals need the proper

motivation if they are to put forth their full effort

• Measurement and evaluation can be stimulating and challenging enough to increase individuals’ motivation levels


5. Achievement• Measurement and tests allow achievement

to be evaluated• In order to objectively and accurately

measure achievement, a set of objectives must be established prior to testing


6. Program Evaluation• Allows for the determination of whether a

program has successfully achieved its objectives

• Often related to budgetary constraints


Norms - Your Reference Perspective• Norm-referenced standards are established from

numerous previous trials• The standards reflect achievement relative to a

clearly defined subgroup or population• These standards allow comparison of one’s

performance against pre-established norms• Can be used to identify athletic talent based on an

individual’s performance relative to established norms

• Can indicate where improvements are needed• Can provide a starting reference point from which to

compare subsequent performances


Reliability and Validity


Reliability

• Refers to the consistency or repeatability of test scores, data, or observations

• A test is reliable if measurements are the same each time the test is administered to the same individual

• Using a target on a dart board as an example, reliability refers to the ‘clustering’ or ‘spread’ in reference to the placement of each dart thrown


Reliability

Reliability refers to the consistency of test scores


Validity

• A trait that is possessed by the instrument or test being used

• The extent to which a test measures what it proposes to measure

• Using a target on a dart board as an example, validity refers to the placement of each dart thrown relative to an established standard or intended target (distance from the ‘bull’s eye’)


Validity

Validity refers to the extent to which a test measures what it proposes to measure


Reliability and Validity

• In order to be deemed valid, a test must be reliable and relevant, and measure what it reports to measure


Assessing Physical Fitness


Fitness Tests• Measuring Aerobic Capacity• 12-Minute Run-Walk Test• 1-Mile Run or Walk Test• 2400-Metre Endurance run• YMCA 3-Minute Step Test• Queen’s College Step Test


Measuring Aerobic Capacity

• Aerobic capacity is a reflection of an individual’s cardiorespiratory endurance

• Aerobic capacity can be measured with the use of either laboratory or field tests


Measuring Aerobic Capacity - Lab Tests

• In the laboratory, measurement of VO2 max is achieved during a graded exercise test to exhaustion

• Laboratory tests can be rigorous, time-consuming, and require the use of expensive equipment


Measuring Aerobic Capacity - Field Tests

• Field test are often used as an alternative to lab tests as they predict VO2 max using various calculations

• Some of these involve running tests and step tests


Measuring Aerobic Capacity - Field Tests

• Aerobic capacity is estimated from the heart rate response or recovery heart rate following activity

• Standardization of tests is crucial to the accuracy of field tests


12-Minute Run-Walk Test• Can be used with:• Males and females, from junior

high school to college age• Equipment required:• Stopwatch, whistle, distance

markers• Goal of test:• To run or walk around a

predetermined course as many times as possible in 12 minutes

• Test Score:• Distance covered during 12-

minute run-walk test in kilometres


12-Minute Run-Walk Test Standards

Fitness CategoryDistance Covered by Age (years)

13-19 20-29 30-39

Superior (males) ≥3.01 ≥2.85 ≥2.74

(females) ≥2.45 ≥2.35 ≥2.25

Excellent (males) 2.78-3.00 2.66-2.84 2.53-2.73

(females) 2.32-2.44 2.17-2.34 2.09-2.24

Good (males) 2.53-2.77 2.41-2.65 2.35-2.52

(females) 2.09-2.31 1.98-2.16 1.92-2.08

Fair (males) 2.22-2.52 2.12-2.40 2.11-2.34

(females) 1.92-2.08 1.80-1.97 1.71-1.91

Poor (males) 2.09-2.21 1.96-2.11 1.91-2.10

(females) 1.61-1.91 1.54-1.79 1.53-1.70

Very Poor (males) ≤2.08 ≤1.95 ≤1.90

(females) ≤1.60 ≤1.53 ≤1.52

Fitness classifications based on distance covered (km)


1-Mile Run or Walk Test• Can be used with:• Males and females, aged 5

through adulthood• Equipment required:• Stopwatch, a course or track of

known dimensions• Goal of test:• To run or walk a 1-mile distance in

the shortest time possible• Test Score:• Time taken to run 1-mile in

minutes and seconds


1-Mile Run or Walk Test

Percentile Males Females

90 11:08 11:45

75 11:42 12:49

50 12:38 13:15

25 13:38 14:12

10 14:37 15:03

Norms (min:sec) for the 1-mile run


1-Mile Run or Walk Test• VO2 Max Prediction Equation:

VO2 max = 132.853 - (0.0769) x W - (0.3877) x A

+ (6.315) x G - (3.2469) x T - (0.1565) x HR

Where,VO2 max = maximum aerobic capacity in ml/kg/minW = weight in poundsA = age in yearsG = gender (0 for females, 1 for males)T = 1-mile walk time in minutesHR = heart rate in beats per minuteNote - this equation is appropriate for individuals aged 20-69 years


2400-Metre Endurance Run• Can be used with:• Males and females, aged 5 through

adulthood• Equipment required:• Stopwatch, a course or track of known

dimensions• Goal of test:• To run a 2400-metre distance in the shortest

time possible• Test Score:• Time to complete run in minutes and seconds


YMCA 3-Minute Step Test• Can be used with:• Large groups of people; unfit

individuals• Equipment required:• A 12” bench, a metronome set at 96

beats per minute, a watch, and a timer

• Goal of test:• To step at a cadence of 96 beats per

minute up and down a bench for three minutes

• Test Score:• One-minute recovery heart rate


Queen’s College Step Test

• Can be used with:• Males and females, college age or

older• Equipment required:• Bleachers or any bench at a height of

16-17”, a metronome, and a stopwatch

• Goal of test:• To step at a specific cadence (96 for

males; 88 for females) up and down a bench for three minutes

• Test Score:• 15-second recovery heart rate


Queen’s College Step Test• VO2 Max Prediction Equation:

VO2 max (males) = 111.33 -0.42 (HR)

VO2 max (females) = 65.81 -0.185 (HR)

Where,

VO2 max = maximum aerobic capacity in ml/kg/min

HR = heart rate in beats per minute


Fitness TestsMeasuring Body Composition• YMCA Skinfold Test• Circumference (Girth)

Measurements



Measurements


Measuring Body Composition• A feasible, reliable, valid, and popular method

used for estimating body composition• Measurements of subcutaneous fat are based on

the relationship that exists between subcutaneous fat and total body fat

• Skinfold measurements are made with skinfold calipers

• The sum of a set of skinfolds indicates the relative degree of fatness of an individual


YMCA Skinfold Test• Equipment:• Skinfold calipers

• Skinfold sites:• Four sites: abdomen, suprailium,

triceps, thigh Calculation of % body fat:Males%fat = 0.29288 x (sum of 4) - 0.0005 x (sum of 4)2 +

0.15845 x (age) - 5.76377

Females%fat = 0.29669 x (sum of 4) - 0.00043 x (sum of 4)2 +

0.02963 x (age) - 1.4172


Norms for Percent Body Fat

Rating Males Females

18-25 26-35 18-25 26-35

Very Lean 4-7 8-12 13-17 13-18

Lean 8-10 13-15 18-20 19-21

Leaner than average

11-13 16-18 21-23 22-23

Average 14-16 19-21 24-25 24-26

Fatter than average

18-20 22-24 26-28 27-30

Fat 22-26 25-28 29-31 31-35

Overfat 28-37 30-37 33-43 36-48


Circumference (Girth) Measurements

• Equipment:• A flexible steel or cloth measuring tape

Circumference sites:• Neck, chest, hips, thigh, calf, biceps, abdomen


Fitness Tests

Measuring Muscular Strength• Grip Dynamometer• One-Repetition Maximum


Measuring Muscular StrengthStrength:

The maximum force that muscle can generate during a brief contraction versus a rigid resistance

• Laboratory tests of muscular strength require sophisticated equipment and are very involved

• Field methods are useful for general populations and include the use of a hand-grip dynamometer or the completion of a one repetition maximum (1RM)


Grip Dynamometer

• An isometric strength test• Grip dynamometer is used to measure the

grip strength of the hand• Hand grip strength is correlated with total

body strength


One Repetition Maximum• Refers to the maximum amount of weight an

individual can lift just one time• Can use values from a bench press or leg press• By dividing the 1RM values by the subjects’ body

weight, strength measures are made equitable across weight classes


Fitness Tests

Measuring Muscular Power• Standing Long Jump• Vertical Jump


Measuring Muscular Power

Power:Refers to the ability to release maximum force in the shortest possible time

• Tests of power are easy and practical to administer

• Activities involving rapid muscular contraction include the vertical jump, shot put, and standing long jump


Standing Long Jump• Can be used with:• Males and females, aged 6 through adulthood

• Equipment required:• Floor or mat, a tape measure, and a marking

material (chalk or tape); OR a standing long jump mat if available

• Goal of test:• To jump horizontally as far as possible from a

standing start• Test Score:• The distance between the take-off line and the

heel touchdown closest to the take-off line


Standing Long Jump with Mat


Vertical Jump (Sergeant Jump)

• Can be used with:• Males and females, aged 9 through adulthood

• Equipment required:• A measuring tape or yardstick, chalk, and a smooth

wall at least 12’ high; OR a vertical jump test mat• Goal of test:• To measure power in the legs by jumping as high as

possible from a standing start• Test Score:• Jump height, measured by subtracting the reach

height from jump height


Traditional Vertical Jump


Vertical Jump with Test Mat


Fitness TestsMeasuring Muscular Endurance•YMCA 1-Minute Sit-Up Test•Pull-Ups or Flexed Arm Hang•Push-Ups Test•Continuous Burpee Test


Measuring Muscular Endurance

Endurance:Refers to the ability of skeletal muscle to maintain tension or to execute repeated movements of submaximal resistance over time

• Most tests of muscular endurance are quite practical

• Scoring usually involves recording the number of repetitions completed for a particular exercise


YMCA 1-Minute Sit-Up Test

• Can be used with:• Males and females, most ages

• Equipment required:• An exercise mat

• Goal of test:• To perform the maximum

number of sit-ups possible in 1-minute

• Test Score:• Total number of sit-ups

completed


Norms for the YMCA 1-Minute Sit-Up Test (no. of reps.)

Performance Level

Age and Sex

13Males

14Males

15+Males

13+Females

Excellent ≥98 ≥ 99 ≥ 103 ≥ 93

Above Average 87-97 90-100 92-102 83-92

Average 73-86 76-89 79-91 71-82

Below Average 55-72 58-75 61-80 54-70

Needs Improvement

≤54 ≤ 57 ≤ 60 ≤ 53


Pull-Ups or Flexed Arm Hang

• Can be used with:• Usually used for testing boys only

• Equipment required:• A horizontal bar (high enough to

accommodate the tallest subject)• Goal of test:• To perform as many pull-ups as possible

(pull-ups); to hold a flexed arm position as long as possible (flexed arm hang)

• Test Score:• Total number of pull-ups completed; or

number of seconds that the arm hang is maintained


Pull-Ups

Pull-ups are a test of the muscular endurance of the arms and shoulder girdle


Flexed Arm Hang

The flexed arm hang may be used for subjects who cannot pull their own body weight


Push-Ups Test

• Can be used with:• Females and males, most ages

• Equipment required:• An exercise or soft mat

• Goal of test:• To perform as many push-ups as possible

to exhaustion• Test Score:• Total number of push-ups successfully

completed


Push-Ups

Push-ups are a test of the muscular endurance of the upper body


Push-Ups

Females may perform modified push-ups with the knees bent and touching the mat rather than the toes


Norms for the Push-Ups Test

Performance Level

No. of Push-Ups

Males (15-29)

Females (15-29)

Excellent 50+ 45+

Above Average 40-49 30-44

Average 30-39 20-29

Below Average 20-29 10-19

Needs Improvement 0-19 0-9


Continuous Burpee Test• Can be used with:• Females and males, most ages

• Equipment required:• A stopwatch, wrist watch, or clock with a

second hand• Goal of test:• To perform as many burpees as possible to

exhaustion• Test Score:• Total number of repetitions successfully

completed


Continuous Burpee Test


Norms for the Continuous Burpee Test

Performance Level

No. of Burpees

Males Females

Excellent 94+ 46+


Average 39-69 20-37




Fitness Tests• Measuring Flexibility•Sit-and-Reach Test•Bridge-Up Test•Hamstring Looseness Test•Total Body Rotation Test


Measuring FlexibilityFlexibility:

Refers to the range of motion about a joint• Flexibility tends to be joint specific• Therefore, a general test of flexibility doesn’t

exist• Various lab tests can assess joint range of motion

reliability and validly• More simple field tests include the sit-and-reach

test, bridge-up test, hamstring looseness test, and the total body rotation test


Sit-and-Reach Test• Can be used with:• Males and females, aged 5 through

adulthood• Equipment required:• A sit-and-reach box with a measurement

scale; OR a metre stick or measuring tape• Goal of test:• To reach forward as far as possible

• Test Score:• The furthest distance achieved in

centimetres


Sit-and-Reach Test


Bridge-Up Test• Can be used with:• Males and females, most ages

• Equipment required:• A mat and a metre stick or measuring tape

• Goal of test:• To achieve a bridged position, with the hands

and feet as close together as possible• Test Score:• The difference between the highest point of

the arched back (measured from the floor) and the subject’s standing height


Bridge-Up Test


Hamstring Looseness Test• Can be used with:• Males and females, most ages

• Equipment required:• A level floor

• Goal of test:• To reach as far as possible towards the

ground from a standing start by performing forward flexion

• Test Score:• Hand position reached during flexion


Hamstring Looseness Test

Performance Level Position Reached

Excellent Palms touch the floor

Above Average Knuckles touch the floor

Average Fingertips touch the floor

Below Average Fingertips touch the feet

Needs Improvement

Fingertips touch the ankles or higher


Total Body Rotation Test• Can be used with:• Males and females, most ages

• Equipment required:• A wall, measuring tape, tape (to fasten measuring

tape to wall), chalk• Goal of test:• To rotate the trunk, with the arm extended

backwards, as far as possible along a wall, and to hold the position for 2 seconds

• Test Score:• Distance reached (in centimetres) along the tape

measure


Total Body Rotation Test


Fitness Tests

• Measuring Agility•Burpee Test•CAHPER Shuttle Run•Hexagonal Obstacle Test


Measuring AgilityAgility:

The physical ability that enables rapid and precise change of body position and direction

• Agility is important for many sports such as judo, wrestling, and badminton

• Many tests of agility exist, a few of which include the burpee test, CAHPER shuttle run, and the hexagonal obstacle test


Burpee Test• Can be used with:• Females and males, most ages


second hand• Goal of test:• To perform as many parts (from 1 to 4) of the

exercise sequence as possible in 10 seconds Test Score:• Total number of parts completed in 10 seconds


Burpee Test (Parts)

PART 1 PART 4PART 3PART 2

To measure agility using the burpee test, as many parts of the burpee as possible must be performed completely in 10 seconds


CAHPER Shuttle Run• Can be used with:• Females and males, aged 9 through adulthood

• Equipment required:• Marking tape, a stopwatch, and two blocks of

wood• Goal of test:• To complete the test in as little time as

possible Test Score:• Time (seconds) taken to complete the test


CAHPER Shuttle Run


Hexagonal Obstacle Test• Can be used with:• Females and males, most ages

• Equipment required:• Marking tape or chalk, a stopwatch, and a measuring

tape or yardstick to make the following floor pattern (66 cm per side)


Hexagonal Obstacle Test• Goal of test:• To complete three revolutions of the exercise in as

little time as possible Test Score:• Time (seconds) taken to complete the test (three full

revolutions)