spatial ability and individual differences in the use of perceptually shaded slope maps thomas j....
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Spatial Ability and Individual Differences in the Use of
Perceptually Shaded Slope Maps
Thomas J. Pingel1, Nicole D. LaDue2, and Sheldon P. Turner2
1Department of Geography, 2Department of GeologyNorthern Illinois University
21-25 April 2015 2015 Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers
Chicago, IL
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Perceptually Shaded Slope Maps (PSSMs)
• Slope is exaggerated, then mapped to graytone
• Resulting appearance looks hand-drawn, which speaks to its efficacy as a visualization
• Offers a higher contrast image than hillshade, with better affordance for color overlay
• Most appropriate for mixed urban environments
PSSM of ancient Maya site at El Pilar
PSSMs are based on the idea of “cognitive slope.”
People exaggerate the vertical component of slope by a factor of 2.3x.
3(Pingel 2010, following Proffitt et al. 1995)
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A vertical exaggeration of 2.3x maps graytone to slope in a manner similar to previous work.
lum
inou
s in
tens
ity
slope (deg)
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Initial results (Pingel and Clarke, 2014) demonstrated overall efficacy of the PSSM compared to other
representations, but there were hints of significant individual differences.
Is the PSSM good for everyone?
How does visualization type interact with sex and spatial ability?
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“Spatial Ability”
From Hegarty et al. (2006), Wolbers and Hegarty (2010)
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• Gilmartin and Patton (1984)– Sex differences in thematic map reading are largest in young children– Men are better able to “visualize” spatial text– But the kind of map affects the degree to which females benefit from maps-
with-text (w/Gilmartin 1987)• Chang and Antes (1987)
– Men perform better on topographic map reading, but not tests involving road maps
– But culture mediates the relationship• Liben, Myers, and Kastens (2008)
– No difference in accuracy in plan vs oblique views on a mark-your-location test– Spatial tasks did predict performance, but the specific spatial skills that
predicted success differed– “… our data do not yet permit firm conclusions about the way that map
qualities interact with environmental and person qualities…”• Uttal et al. (2013)
– Many sex and spatial ability differences in map reading tasks can be remediated by training
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Methods (1)
• Previous work demonstrated potential of the technique– Pingel & Clarke (2014)– Compared to hillshade, orthophoto,
hypsometric tinting
• Goals– PSSM vs. Hillshade– Response time and accuracy on
representative map use tasks– Interactions of presentation type
and • Sex• Spatial ability
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Methods (2)• Tasks
– Profile estimation & Map Rotation– Perspective Taking (Kozhevnikov & Hegarty 2001) – Card Rotation – Reponses indicated with touch screen
• 177 participants– 48% male– Drawn from introductory geography courses
• Non-results– Men reported significantly more experience with geography and
topographic maps, but both measures were uncorrelated with performance
– SBSOD (Hegarty et al. 2002) was uncorrelated with performance
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Profile estimation(Hillshade vs. PSSM)
Identify the correct transect from among three alternatives.
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Map Rotation(Hillshade vs. PSSM)
Rotation… or rotation + reflection?
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Perspective Taking
Imagine that you are at the stop sign, and facing the house. Point to the traffic light.
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Card RotationRotation, or rotation + reflection?
RTs were similar for profile estimation and perspective taking; map and card rotation were much faster.
Perspective Taking Profile Estimation Map Rotation Card Rotation0
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Per Item Response Time (s)
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Domain and task type interact.
Similar domains are more related, and similar task types are more related.
Task Correlations (RT)
Map Rotation
Profile Estimation Perspective Taking
Card Rotation
.62
.39
.36
.34
.68
.44
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t(17
6)=1
.75,
p=0
.08
t(176)=4.58, p<0.001
PSSMs showed improved mean accuracy rate and response time on the Profile Estimation task.
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t(175)=1.16, p=0.25
t(17
5)=3
.08,
p=0
.002PSSMs showed
improved accuracy rates on the Map Rotation
task, but no significant improvement on response time.
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Of the 4 tasks, only perspective taking showed significant sex differences.
*response time: t(174)=1.77, p=0.08; mean angular error: t(174)=4.57, p<0.001
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A metric of spatial ability was calculated from a linear composite of aligned z-scores of response time and accuracy rate for
perspective taking and card reading tasks.
Cohen’s d: 0.47; t(175)=3.23, p=0.002
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Profile EstimationMarginal GLM main effect for sex on response time
β=-.89, t(172)=1.70, p=.09%
cor
rect
response time (s)
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Map RotationInteraction between sex and spatial ability on accuracy
β=-.08, t(172)=1.99, p=.049%
cor
rect
response time (s)
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We are currently conducting an eye-tracking study to determine how and why PSSMs support increased
response times and accuracy rates.
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Acknowledgments
• Illinois Geographical Society Research Grant– Ben Maloney
• NIU Undergraduate Research Assistantship Program– Stacey Terlep, James Huske, and Stephanie Clark