Southern EconomySouthern EconomyGood Soil & RiversGood Soil & Rivers

Large farms = Large farms = plantationsplantations

Self-sufficientSelf-sufficientCash crops: tobacco, Cash crops: tobacco, rice, indigorice, indigo

Southern SocietySouthern Society

PlantersPlantersSmall FarmersSmall FarmersWomenWomenIndentured ServantsIndentured ServantsSlavesSlaves

SlaverySlaveryNative Americans escape easilyNative Americans escape easily

– Why do you think this is?Why do you think this is?First African American Slaves: First African American Slaves:

1619: Jamestown1619: Jamestown Indentured Servants 1670’sIndentured Servants 1670’s

– What is the difference between an What is the difference between an indentured servant and a slave?indentured servant and a slave?

Slavery: economic foundationSlavery: economic foundation

Triangular TradeTriangular Trade

Sugar from West Indies Sugar from West Indies Made into Rum in New Made into Rum in New EnglandEngland

Rum/ Guns sent to Africa Rum/ Guns sent to Africa Slaves to West IndiesSlaves to West Indies

Triangular TradeTriangular Trade

Middle PassageMiddle Passage

The voyage that The voyage that brought enslaved brought enslaved Africans across the Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to Atlantic Ocean to America or the West America or the West Indies Indies

The Slave ShipThe Slave Ship

Slave AuctionsSlave Auctions

The Institution of The Institution of SlaverySlavery

Plantations, Farms, Plantations, Farms, Domestics, Urban, ArtisansDomestics, Urban, Artisans

80-90% of slaves worked in 80-90% of slaves worked in the fieldsthe fields

Slaves could be rented and Slaves could be rented and owner received wagesowner received wages

Slave Culture and Slave Culture and FamilyFamily

Made pottery of homelandMade pottery of homelandMusical traditions / DanceMusical traditions / DanceOral historyOral history

–Why don’t we have written Why don’t we have written records? Who were the “writers” records? Who were the “writers” of history?of history?

Raised each others childrenRaised each others children

Marriage CeremonyMarriage Ceremony

How did slavery differ How did slavery differ from indentured from indentured servitude?servitude?

Inherent racism???Inherent racism???

• • Virginia, 1639: The first law to exclude "Negroes" Virginia, 1639: The first law to exclude "Negroes" from normal protections by the government was from normal protections by the government was enacted. enacted.

• Maryland, 1664: The first colonial "anti-• Maryland, 1664: The first colonial "anti-amalgamation" law is enacted (amalgamation amalgamation" law is enacted (amalgamation referred to "race-mixing"). Other colonies soon referred to "race-mixing"). Other colonies soon followed Maryland's example. A 1691 Virginia law followed Maryland's example. A 1691 Virginia law declared that any white man or woman who married a declared that any white man or woman who married a "Negro, mulatto, or Indian" would be banished from "Negro, mulatto, or Indian" would be banished from the colony forever. the colony forever.

• Virginia, 1667: Christian baptisms would no longer • Virginia, 1667: Christian baptisms would no longer affect the bondage of blacks or Indians, preventing affect the bondage of blacks or Indians, preventing enslaved workers from improving their legal status by enslaved workers from improving their legal status by changing their religion. changing their religion.

• Virginia, 1682: A law establishing the racial • Virginia, 1682: A law establishing the racial distinction between servants and slaves was enacted. distinction between servants and slaves was enacted.

All servants imported and brought All servants imported and brought into the Country. . . who were not into the Country. . . who were not Christians in their native Country. . . Christians in their native Country. . . shall be accounted and be slaves. All shall be accounted and be slaves. All Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves Negro, mulatto and Indian slaves within this dominion. . . shall be held within this dominion. . . shall be held to be real estate. If any slave resists to be real estate. If any slave resists his master. . . correcting such slave, his master. . . correcting such slave, and shall happen to be killed in such and shall happen to be killed in such correction. . . the master shall be correction. . . the master shall be free of all punishment. . . as if such free of all punishment. . . as if such accident never happened. – accident never happened. –

Virginia General Assembly Virginia General Assembly declaration, 1705 declaration, 1705

What conclusions can What conclusions can you draw from the you draw from the documents?documents?

Slave CodesSlave Codes In court their testimony was inadmissibleIn court their testimony was inadmissible Nor could they own property; Nor could they own property; Even if attacked, they could not strike a Even if attacked, they could not strike a

white person. white person. Slaves could not be away from their Slaves could not be away from their

owner's premises without permissionowner's premises without permission They could not assemble unless a white They could not assemble unless a white

person was present; person was present; They could not own firearms; They could not own firearms; They could not be taught to read or write, They could not be taught to read or write, They were not permitted to marry.They were not permitted to marry.

Slaves could be beatenSlaves could be beatenIn Virginia, courts did NOT In Virginia, courts did NOT

consider it murder when a consider it murder when a slave died during slave died during punishmentpunishment

Resistance and Resistance and RevoltRevolt

Faking illnessFaking illnessBreaking toolsBreaking toolsRunning awayRunning awayVERY FEW INCIDENTS VERY FEW INCIDENTS OF VIOLENCEOF VIOLENCE

Stono RebellionStono Rebellion September 9, 1739September 9, 1739 South CarolinaSouth Carolina Organized by native Africans who were Organized by native Africans who were

from the Central African Kingdom of from the Central African Kingdom of KongoKongo– Some spoke Portuguese Some spoke Portuguese

Led by Jemmy CatoLed by Jemmy Cato– He was He was literateliterate

WHY WAS THIS DANGEROUS?WHY WAS THIS DANGEROUS?

– May have been a former soldierMay have been a former soldier– Belonged to the Cato / Cater family near the Belonged to the Cato / Cater family near the

Stono RiverStono River

Stono RebellionStono Rebellion 20 slaves escaped headed to Spanish Florida20 slaves escaped headed to Spanish Florida

– Spanish promised FREEDOM and LAND near St Spanish promised FREEDOM and LAND near St Augustine to slaves who escaped from British Augustine to slaves who escaped from British rulerule

– WHY WOULD THEY DO THIS?WHY WOULD THEY DO THIS?

Eventually the force turned to 60-100Eventually the force turned to 60-100 Whites subdue the resistance (~25 whites Whites subdue the resistance (~25 whites

killed, ~ 50-60 slaves killed)killed, ~ 50-60 slaves killed) Survivors were sold to the West IndiesSurvivors were sold to the West Indies

Effect: NEGRO ACT OF 1740Effect: NEGRO ACT OF 1740

Why did the Stono Why did the Stono Rebellion fail? Rebellion fail? (hint: look at the notes from the video we (hint: look at the notes from the video we watched!)watched!)

Why did slavery Why did slavery begin in America? begin in America? Why did it last?Why did it last?

http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASauctions.htm

Chronicles of slave auctions Chronicles of slave auctions