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SOIL POLLUTION BYKAKALI ROY DEPARTMENT OF M.SCGEOGRAPHYADAMAS UNIVERSITY

WHAT IS SOIL?Soil is the thin layer of organic and inorganic materials that covers the Earth's rocky surface.Soil is composed of particles of broken rock that have been altered by chemical and mechanical processes that include weathering and erosion. Soil consists of major components 1. Minerals matter 45% , Organic Matter 5%, 3. Soil water -25%, 4. Soil air - 25%.

WHAT IS SOIL POLLUTION ?Decrease in quality of soil either due to anthropogenic sources or natural sources or by both is called soil pollution or soil degradation. Decreases in the quality of soil is caused due to accelerated rate of soil micro organisms, excess or deficit of lack of moisture content, high fluctuation of temperature , lack of humus content and input and concentration of various types of pollution.

Source :https://uploads-cironline-org.s3.amazonaws.com/uploaded/images/2014/10/soil-pollution-photo/max_16_9/AP11081019667.jpgSoil pollution in China

Source :https://spinningthegreenwheel.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/waste-management-landfill-water-contamination.jpgSoil pollution in India

FACTORS WHICH ARE INFLUENCING SOIL POLLUTIONThe main factors of soil pollution are accelerated rate of soil erosion consequent upon major land use changes Excessive use of Chemical fertilizers ,pesticides, insecticides and herbicides.Polluted waste water from industrial and urban areas.A few micro organisms.Forest fire.Dumping of urban and industrial solid wastes.Water logging and related capillary process. Leaching process.Drought.

STATUS OF SOIL CONTAMINATION IN INDIA>125 major contaminated sites across the country. 175 million hectare (out of 329 million ha) are considered degraded. > 40 % of chemical fertilizers leached into soil .14 States are affected by Fluoride contamination .> 65 per cent of Indias villages are exposed to residual pesticides risk .Heavy metals beyond permissible limits affecting GW of 40 districts from 13 states .

STATUS OF SOIL CONTAMINATION IN CHINASoil pollution has been one of the side effects of three decades of breakneck economic expansion in China, raising concerns over food security and people's health in the world's most populous nation.Soil pollution is not only affecting the health and well-being of Chinese citizens, it is also putting the nation's food security at risk. A Chinese government report released in April last year said that 16.1 percent of the country's soil was polluted.The figure for contaminated farmland is even higher, 19.4 percent. The main contaminants are heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, nickel and arsenic, among others.Hunan rice caused a major scandal in the year 2013. In Guangzhou, a city of 12 million near Hunan, almost half the rice tested was found to be tainted with cadmium.In February 2013, the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) finally admitted that "cancer villages" existed in China. The china dialogue report cites the estimates of some civil society groups which put the number of such villages at around 450, and that the figure is on the rise.This view is shared by Greenpeace campaigner Miao, who argues that treating one million hectares of polluted soil will cost at least 140 billion Yuan (22.6 billion USD).

STATUS OF SOIL CONTAMINATION IN EUROPE200 years of industrialization have left their marks in Europe.More than 2.5 million sites among 38 European countries are potentially contaminated, and 342,000 sites have been identified as contaminated sites (European Commission, 2013).About 35% of the land area of Poland is acidified (FAO, 2000).Local soil contamination as result of waste disposal potentially affects more than 300 sites in Germany (LABO, 2012). Hazardous waste has already been found at more than 14 sites, and about 27 sites have been remediated.The management of contaminated sites costs Europeans an estimated 6 billion Euros annually (European Commission, 2013).The number of recorded polluted sites across Europe is expected to increase by 50% by 2025 (European Environment Agency, 2012).

SOIL POLLUTION IN EUROPE

Heavy metal content in European soils (Lado et al. 2008).

Distribution of contaminants affecting soil in Europe(BTEX: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes; CHC: chlorinated hydrocarbon; PAH:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon; European Commission, 2013).

CUASES OF SOIL POLLUTION

SOURCE OF SOIL POLLUTIONPhysical Agents / Sources .Biological Agents / Sources .Air Born Sources .Biocides And Chemical Fertilizers .Urban And Industrial Sources .Oil Pollution.Heavy Metal Pollution.Petroleum And Its Derivatives.

PHYSICAL AGENTS / SOURCESPhysical source of soil pollution is related to soil erosion and consequent soil degradation caused by natural and anthropogenic factors ( Rapid rate of deforestation, and Agricultural practice ).

BIOLOGICAL AGENTS / SOURCESBiological sources of soil pollution include those micro organisms and unwanted plants which degrade the quality and therefore fertility of the soil also decrease. The biological agents of soil pollution are grouped in 4 major categories Pathogenic micro - organisms excreted by human beings.Pathogenic micro - organisms excreted by domestic animals.Pathogenic micro - organisms already present in the soil .Enteric bacteria and protozoa.

AIR - BORN SOURCESAir born of soil pollutants are air pollutants which are released into the atmosphere by the human volcanoes, auto mobiles , thermal power plants , vehicles.EFFECTS :Sulphur emitted from factories causes ASID RAIN increases the acidity of the soil. Sulphur dioxide emitted from the factories of U.K and Germany has been responsible for widespread acid rain in Scandinavian countries (Norway, Sweden, Finland) which decreases the soil pH and damages the forests. Chlorine nitrogen oxide emitted from the factories combine with the water and pollute the soils by altering the chemical composition.Numerous mica chips may be seen strewn all over the agricultural fields in the vincity of Kodarma mica belt of Jharkhand .Magnetite dusts when mixed with soil causes marked rise in the soil pH.

BIOCIDES AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS Excessive use of agricultural fertilizers and pesticides, antibiotics and hormones in livestock and irrigating farms to boost agricultural production causes alteration in the chemical fertilizers act as inorganic plant nutrients. This contaminated soil and waste waters are agricultural factors affecting soil pollution.

Source : http://news.agropages.com/ UserFiles/FCKFile/zkc_2013-09-30_11-31-03_585.jpg

Source :http://krishijagran.com/media(MediaArchive:70ac4c1c-a490-4f2e-a215-8f334de41332)

NEGETIVE IMPACT OF CHEMICHAL FERTILIZERS AND BIOCIDES

Biocides reach the food chain in toxin forms .Toxins are not decomposed easily and will remain in soil for many years.Cancer, nervous, respiratory and skin diseases are of the long-term effects of pesticides on human.Chemical fertilizers harden soils. Chemical pesticides create soil pollution as well. A Number of pests especially insects are strengthened against consumable pesticides.Organic phosphate compounds malathoins.Chlorinated hydrocarbones like DDT, Dieldrin, Aldrin all this pesticides may persists in the soil for 20 to 25 years and thus reach the food chain through the plants.

Arsenic containing pestisides reach the soil and are transported to plants and thus to food grains this causes gastric and digestive problem humans.Sodium Fluoroaccetates also enter in the food chain by this process.

Source : http://www.apnapatiala.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/cancer.jpgThe news reports claimed the uranium levels were more than 60 times the maximum safe limit.In 2012, the Government of India confirmed that the ground water in Malwa belt of Punjab has uranium metal that is 50% above the trace limits set by the United Nations' World Health Organization.

Source :http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100326/ind3.jpg

Indian `Cancer Express' Carries Toxic Water and Soil Victimsfrom Punjab

URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL SOURCESIndustrial Wastes: Indiscriminate dumping of untreated or inadequately treated domestic, mining and industrial wastes on and is an important source of soil pollution. Plastics : Plastics form a major part of global domestic and industrial waste. Photodegradable plastic contains an element sensitive to UV rays. Under the effect of solar rays the element is activated and breaks the polymeric chain of the photodegradable plastic. It results in small fragments that are easily digested by microbes. Urban Wastes : The inadequately treated or untreated sewage sludge not only poses serious health hazards but also pollutes soil and decreases its fertility and productivity. Other waste materials such as rubbish, used plastic bag, garbage sludge, dead animals, hospital wastes, skins, types shoes etc. cause land and soil pollution. Suspended matter present in sewage can act as a blanket on the soil and interfere with its productivity.

Pollution of Underground SoilUnderground soil in cities is likely to be polluted by -Chemicals released by industrial wastes and industrial wastes.Decomposed and partially decomposed materials of sanitary wastes.EFFECTS:Pollution runs off into rivers and kills the fish, plants and other aquatic life. Crops and fodder grown on polluted soil may pass the pollutants on to the consumers. Polluted soil may no longer grow crops and fodder. Soil structure is damaged (clay ionic structure impaired.). Corrosion of foundations and pipelines. May release vapours and hydrocarbon into buildings and cellars. May create toxic dusts. May poison children playing in the area.

SOIL POLLUTION BY OILIt is for a long time that oil materials and its derivatives cause soil pollution as a result of transportation or storage.soil pollution can be observed by oil hydrocarbon materials vastly around exploration and refining.installations typically via transfer of these materials.If more oil materials are penetrated into the more depth of soil, removing its pollution is a difficult task and will cost dearly.Pollutions caused by oil leakage from oil transmission pipelines in southern Tehran have been reported as one of the soil pollutants in Tehran.

HEAVY METAL POLLUTIONHeavy metals include all metals with atomic numbers greater than 23 (with few exceptions) or more than 5 gm per ml. (eg. Hg, 70 gm ml-1). Heavy metals are hazardous, not acceptable to biological system. They are toxic to man and other life forms. Most of them are slow poisons as they accumulate in the body and cause serious disorders. The unique physical, chemical and toxic properties of heavy metals have promoted their wide use in industrial processes and as biocides (fungicide and herbicide). Soil is a living resource, but once contamination exceeds a certain threshold, the soil may be considered functionally dead. Pollution by heavy metals and many organic contaminants is practically irreversible (European Commission, 2012).

Cadmium, took place in Romania where two tailings dam failures (January and March 2000) resulted in the release of 200,000 m3 of contaminated water and 40,000 tonnes of tailings into tributaries of the Tisa River. A study by the British Geological Survey in 2005 on garden soils near a mine in the neighboring county of Devon did find that growing certain vegetables posed a health risk because of soil contamination of soil by arsenic . In particular, beetroot, celery, tomato and lettuce accumulated higher levels of arsenic (Klinck et al, 2005).Recent research (Bellanger et al, 2013) has estimated that 1.5 to 2 million children in the EU are born with methylmercury exposures far above the safe limit of 0.58 g/g, and further 200,000 above the WHO recommended maximum of 2.5 g/g. However, not every child in Europe is equally at risk. Reducing mercury pollution and cutting prenatal exposure to methylmercury could save the EU between 8 billion and 9 billion per year, the study suggests.

HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN WORLD

S.No. Heavy metal (forms) Source Effect

1.Mercury: Methyl mercury fungicides, electrical and electronic industries, PVC, plastics, paints. Irreversible neurological damage in man, Minamoto disease .

2.Lead Automobile exhaust of leaded petrol (50%), Batteries, Pipes, Soldiering. Cause mutation in algae and bacteria, blackening in fish, gradual paralysis in man.

3.Arsenic Herbicide, fungicide, wood preservative Agro chemicals (70%), industrial chemicals paints, bullets (20%), glass and glass wares (5%). Accumulate in hair, nail, skin lesions, act as oxidative uncoupler, cause damage to kidney, respiratory tract and nervous disorders.

EFFECT OF HEAVY METAL ON HUMAN BODY

S.No. Heavy metal (forms) Source Effect 4.Chromium Tanneries, electroplating and metal finishing processes, Khaki dyeing in textiles. Toxic to aquatic organisms, absorbed through intestinal tract in man.

5.Cadmium Pigment and stabilizer for PVC, plastics, tires, rechargeable cells, electroplating, coal, oil and phosphate rocks. Bones become brittle Itai itai disease in Japan, gastro enteric distress and pain.

6.DioxinHuman exposure to dioxin anddioxin-like substances occursmainly through consumptionof contaminated food. Morethan 90% of human exposure isthrough food, mainly meat anddairy products, fish and shellfishDioxins are highly toxic and can cause reproductiveand developmental problems, damage the immunesystem, interfere with hormones and also cause cancer.

PETROLEUM AND ITS DERIVATIVESIt is expected the production of 95 million barrels of petroleum per day in order to meet the growing worldwide demand of this resource. Crude petroleum is a complex mixture constituted, mainly, by hydrocarbons, organic sulphur compounds, nitrogen and oxygen . Among the petroleum derivatives, the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) have a prominent role.Effects :Studies on the toxicity of petroleum have shown that some species present higher sensitivity to these contaminants. Survival of earthworms (Eisenia andreiandE. fetida) and enchytraeids (Enchytraeus crypticus) can be reduced in soil containing crude petroleum while the abundance of Isopoda and Hymenoptera in areas contaminated with complex mixtures derived from refineries can be higher in relation to uncontaminated areas.It is known that terrestrial invertebrates do not have the ability to metabolize aromatic compounds, with exception of some species that have microorganisms associated to the intestine, which implies in a broader problem, since it generates the bioaccumulation in the organism, enhancing the possibility of contaminating their predators via the food chain.

CONTROLING METHODS OF SOIL POLLUTIONBureau to Study Water and Soil Pollution of the Department of the Environment (DoE), removal of soil pollution is usually carried out by two methods:1.Inside the site- Air sparing . Biopile treatment. Land Farming .Phytoremediation .Bioremediation .2.Outside the site Soil washing .Other methods for controlling soil pollution- Soil conservation (Biological methods ,Mechanical methods ), Amelioration of Saline and Alkali Soil , Sustainable Agriculture , Controlling Pollutions Caused by Waste in soil, Controlling Pollution Caused by Industrial Activities in Soil, Soil Pollution Control Technique Caused by Lead Existing in It, Application of Genetic Engineering to Improve Phytoremediation.

AIR SPARING AND SOIL WHASHINGAir sparging is an in situ remedial technology that reduces concentrations of volatile constituents in petroleum products. It involves the injection of contaminant-free air into the subsurface saturated zone, enabling a phase transfer of hydrocarbons from a dissolved state to a vapor phase. The air is then vented through the unsaturated zone. Soil washing is a water-based process for scrubbing soils ex situ to remove contaminants. The process removes contaminants from soils in one of the following two ways: By dissolving or suspending them in the wash solution (which can be sustained by chemical manipulation of pH for a period of time). By concentrating them into a smaller volume of soil through particle size separation, gravity .

BIOPILE TREATMENT AND LAND FARMINGBiopile treatment is a technology in which excavated soils are mixed with soil amendments and placed on a treatment area that includes leach ate collection systems and some form of aeration. It is used to reduce concentrations of petroleum constituents in excavated soils through the use of biodegradation. Moisture, heat, nutrients, oxygen, and pH can be controlled to enhance biodegradation. Land Farming is a bioremediation treatment process that is performed in the upper soil zone or in biotreatment cells. Contaminated soils, sediments, or sludges are incorporated into the soil surface and periodically turned over (tilled) to aerate the mixture. This technique has been successfully used for years in the management and disposal of oily sludge and other petroleum refinery wastes.

PHYTOREMEDIATIONPhytoremediation is a cost-effective, environmental and scientific technique which is suitable for developing countries and is considered as a valuable business.. Through the use of Green Plants Engineering like herbaceous and woody species, phytoremediation is used for removing pollutants from water and soil or decreasing risks of environmental pollutants like heavy metals, rare elements, organic compounds and radioactive materials.This method is applied especially for industrial wastewater treatment plants, agricultural runoff and/or wastewater of acid mines and is suitable for the metals like lead, cadmium, copper, nickel, zinc and chrome. The plants like Indian mustard, sunflower, tobacco, rye and corn enjoy this capability. These plants enjoy high capability of absorbing lead from the sewage system, based on which, sunflower has the highest capability of absorbing lead from the sewage than other plants.

BIOREMEDIATIONBioremediationis a waste management technique that involves the use of organisms to remove or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site.According to the EPA, bioremediation is a treatment that uses naturally occurring organisms to break down hazardous substances into less toxic or non toxic substances. Technologies can be generally classified asin situorex situ.In situ bioremediation involves treating the contaminated material at the site, whileex situinvolves the removal of the contaminated material to be treated elsewhere. Some examples of bioremediation related technologies are -Phytoremediation, bioventing,bioleaching,landfarming,bioreactor,composting,bioaugmentation,rhizofiltration, andbiostimulation.

Bioremediation of Oily Sludge in a Sludge PIT at Refinery

Before bioremediation of oily sludge

After two months of bioremediation of oily sludge

TECHNOLOGYADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGESSolidification/ stabilizatio - The process of solidification/stabilization, also known as immobilization, modifies the physico-chemical characteristics of the residue to contain the contaminants. Metals are commonly remediated by solidificationex situby encapsulation and sometimes complexationn . Simple design Cost-effective Large soil volume can be treated Very recommended for metals Does not promote the treatment of the contaminant, promotes only immobilization Short-lived Dependent on the soil characteristics and homogeneity of the mixture Process hindered by the depth of the contaminantAdvanced Oxidative Processes (AOP) The oxidizing power of Fentons reagent (H2O2/Fe2+) is attributed to the hydroxyl radicals resulted from the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in acid medium, whose general reaction is represented by:Fe2++H2O2->Fe3++OH-+*OHFe2++H2O2->Fe3++OH-+*OH. Cost-effective Mineralization capacity Recommended for soils with high permeability Different reagents may be employed Mass transfer of the adsorbed phase to the aqueous phase Risk of aquifer contamination by not recovered solvent Limitations for large-scale application (ex-situtreatment) The use of strong acids causes destruction of the basic structure of the soil

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TECHNOLOGYADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGESThermal desorption or extraction with supercritical CO2 High efficiency for volatile compounds Soil aeration can facilitate the bioremediation process Rapid process Low environmental impact Low efficiency for soils with low permeability Not recommended in saturated areas Treatment of the released vapors is requiredIncineration High efficiency Rapid process Compounds mineralization May be used where other processes are not effective High cost Release of secondary compounds to the atmosphere Periodic and rigorous monitoring are requiredIn situtreatment is not possibleAdsorption with (clayaluminium oxide) Cost-effective Simple design Can be combined with other techniques Soil exchange is required Limited by buffer capacity of the soil Selectivity for specific ionsElectro kinetic High efficiencyIn situtreatment May be combined with bioremediation techniques Treatment time depends on the distance between the electrodes pH change in areas near the electrode Cost depends on the contaminant concentration and soil Lower efficiency in soils with low permeability

CONTROLLING POLLUTION CAUSED BY WASTE IN SOIL AND INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES IN SOILTo control soil pollution caused by the Waste, the following techniques are recommended:1. Application of effective technology for dumping waste like compressing and covering of openings and holes.2. Dumping waste higher than the highest underground water levels.3. Creating impenetrable layers in building of land fields.4. Creating drainage system for the collection of leachates.5. Using the gases produced in land fields.There are three main methods for soil decontamination from Industrial Wastes as follows:1. Soil can be excavated up to the specified depth and the excavated soil can be taken away from the region and then it can be restored.2.The soil can be restored at the same area.3.Keeping soil in the area is the other method. Under such circumstances, auxiliaries are added to the soil to prevent spread of infection to the plants, animals and human.

SOIL POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNIQUE CAUSED BY LEAD EXISTING IN ITSoil Pollution Control Technique Caused by Lead Existing in It -Fungi are used to fight lead existing in soil, because, satisfactory and good reports have been received both in coexistence among plants and fungi like ARBASCULAR MYCORRIZA FUNGI (AMF) in absorption of the lead. Creating colony of this fungus on the root of plants will cause increase of root level for absorption of the lead which results in more absorption of the lead element to the host plant. These reports indicate that these fungi help plants survive and tolerate pollution better. The researchers consider this tolerance as a result of protection of their roots by the fungi in soil.

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