Soil – hydrologic conditions

after the windstorm 2004 in the Tatra Mts

Peter Fleischer

Research station and Museum of TANAP

Tatranska Lomnica

The Tatra Mts – huge mountain barrier

specific climate

- downslope winds

- precipitation regime

Windstorm November 19, 2004

windfall 12 000 ha

volume 2,3 mil m3

wind gusts 230 km/h

History of large-scale windfalls since 1915

1915

1941

1981

2004

20 km

The Tatra Mts as an anemo-orographic system

-regional scale: spruce –larch forest

- succesional stage

- blocked forest development cycle

-no climax

-microsite scale:

-pit and mound formation

The Tatra Mts precipitation pattern

precipitation shade

vertical gradient

Glacial terrain

• sharp peaks

• narrow ridges

• glacial troggs

• U shape valleys

• glacial lakes

3D model of Mlynica and

a Mengusovska valleys

soil sampling prior 2004

REF EXT FIR

NEX

Soil sampling prior and after 2004

±Std. Dev .

±Std. Err.

Mean

Categorized Plot f or Variable: VAR2

VAR1

VA

R2

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

k l

Soil properties (before 2004) on

current windfall

Type: Podzolic cambisol

Humic podzol

Organic humus layer 6-10 cm (p 0.05)

Stones: A 33%

B 44%

Particle size: loam (A, B)

Humus cont. : A 16% (2-28)

B 7%

C:N ratio: A 18 (10-22)

B 16

pH (H2O) A 3.1 – 4.4 (med 3.7)

B 3.2 – 4.6 (med 4.0)

Confirmed by post-windstorm analysis

Novak et al, Simonovicova et al., Gomoryova et al.,

MPI Jena

Interception in closed Norway spruce forest

>50%

Soil –hydric conditions as a part of Windfall reserach

multidisciplinary ecological research and monitoring on consequences caussed

by windfall on forest ecosystems and their surrounding under different management

FE components

atmosphere

soil

water

vegetation

fauna

microorganisms

H:

humus mineralisation and reduction

nutrient leaching, water quality, N

erosion

extremal hydric regime, moist-wet, dry-very dry

top soil overheating

deeper and longer soil frost

0

50

100

150

200E

XT

5

EX

T 6

EX

T 7

EX

T 8

NE

X 5

NE

X 6

NE

X 7

NE

X 8

FIR

5

FIR

6

FIR

7

FIR

8

RE

F 5

RE

F 6

RE

F 7

RE

F 8

Rain

PE

based on 2009 (V-VIII) monthly avg AT and RH (Ivanov´s method)

Potential evapotranspiration

Soil temperature and moisture

each site equiped with:

- thermometer (PT100, PT108)

in 8 and 16 cm depth

-theta Delta ML2x, impedance meth.

manual verification

- precise laboratory thermometer

-portable ML2x

-gravimetry

20

30

40

50

1 12 23 34 45 56 67 78 89 100 111 122 133 144 155 166 177 188 199 210 221 232 243 254 265

NEX16 NEX8 REF8 REF16

FIR8 FIR16 EXT8 EXT16

Soil moisture (% V) in 2009, all localities

10

20

30

40

50

119 141 156 169 188 214 236 266

SM8 G

SM8 e

10

20

30

40

50

119 141 156 169 188 214 236 266

SM16 G

SM16 e

10

20

30

40

50

119 141 156 169 188 214 236 266

SM8 G

SM8 e10

20

30

40

50

119 141 156 169 188 214 236 266

SM16 G

SM16 e

FIR 2009 SM %(V) vs G FIR 2009 SM16FIR 2009 SM8

prior humus

content corr

after humus

content corr

EXT 2009 SM8, SM16 and Rain

dense gras vegetation

A loam

B loam

20

30

40

501

20

12

7

13

4

14

1

14

8

15

5

16

2

16

9

17

6

18

3

19

0

19

7

20

4

21

1

21

8

22

5

23

2

23

9

24

6

25

3

26

0

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50SM8 avg

SM16 avg

R sum

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

20

30

40

50

1 16 31 46 61 76 91 106 121 136 151 166 181 196 211 226 241 256

mm

SM

%V

DOY

NEX8

NEX16

rain

NEX 2009 SM %(V) and R

sparce vegetation

A – loam

B1- sandy loam

B2- sandy

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 200 400 600 800 1000

fixed

po

rtab

le

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 200 400 600 800 1000

fixed

port

ab

le

0

200

400

600

800

1000

0 200 400 600 800 1000

fixed

pro

rtab

le

Soil moisture verificationEXT

NEX REF

8 16 32

tow 32 39 39

por 39 34 35

34 34 34

41 35 31

35 37 40

avg 37 36 35

Grav 39 35 30

REF 24 08 2009

1 2 3 Av sd

270b 51 68 58 59 7

270c 74 53 75 67 10

270d 57 70 69 65 6

270e 66 91 86 81 11

270f 55 47 67 56 8

270h 58 64 58 60 3

330b 78 55 57 63 10

330c 83 62 58 68 11

330d 85 70 88 81 8

330e 76 77 66 73 5

330f 72 50 52 58 10

90b 69 64 69 67 3

90c 60 63 59 61 2

150c 66 85 66 72 9

210b 49 82 69 66 14

Tower

Aquater300(capacitance)Saturation %

Delta theta(impedance)

ML2X

40

60

80

100

B C B C B C B C D E F G B C D E F B C D E F G

30 90 150 210 270 330

AVG

SD

40

60

80

100

B C C B C D E F G B C D E F G B C D E F

90 150 210 270 330

AVG

SD

Soil saturation

REF site

moisture heterogeneity

a key for natural succession

Regeneration – an indicator of status

improvement

FIR 2005-2008 vegetation succesion

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

118

536

955

373

792

111

0512

8914

7316

5718

4120

2522

0923

9325

7727

6129

4531

2933

1334

97

HF…

23

Field with Crop

SIA

Soil Profile

SIA filled with a

Mixture of specific

Adsorbents and inert

mineral Materials

Water

+

Target Chemical

pure Water

Target Chemicals are adsorbed

and accumulated during a

Measurement Period

Mineralisation and Nutrient leaching

Terraquat, Koln

Studeny p. creek 2007 ions conc.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

NO3 NH4 SO2 K Na Ca Mg

mg

/l

ST 7in

ST 7out

Stream water chemistry

Studeny p creek index out/in

2007 and 2008

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

NO3 NH4 SO2 K Na Ca Mg

ind

ex

ST 2007

ST 2008

ion concentration

measured

bi-weekly showed

increased

values when passing

windfall in 2007

index of enrichement

1.5 – 5.5.

In 2008 notable decline,

index 1.1-2.3

Urgent problems

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

1,6

18

99

19

04

19

09

19

14

19

19

19

24

19

29

19

34

19

39

19

44

19

49

19

54

19

59

19

64

19

69

19

74

19

79

19

84

19

89

19

94

19

99

20

04

Precipitation and air temperature lindex 1899-2007

y = 0,0051x + 13,077

R2 = 0,0358

11,0

11,5

12,0

12,5

13,0

13,5

14,0

14,5

15,0

15,5

1897

1902

1907

1912

1917

1922

1927

1932

1937

1942

1947

1952

1957

1962

1967

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

Growing season temperature trend,

T. Lomnica 830 m a.s.l