soil and water - the university of arizona€¢ compare and contrast fertilizers ... –mineral...
TRANSCRIPT
Objectives: • Discuss soil components, texture,
chemistry • Consider relationships between soil,
water, plants and air • Learn about the properties of water • Compare and contrast fertilizers • Suggest soil amendments
2
• Maricopa County soils: –Mineral –Alkaline –Arid –Probably some caliche –May be rocky and shallow,
particularly in foothills –May be saline –May be heavy
6
Capillary Action • Cohesion – “like sticking
to like” – Water molecules stick
together
• Adhesion – “sticking to unlike” – Water molecules stick to
certain surfaces
• Capillary action – drawing of water in a narrow tube
Stomata Factors affecting opening and closing: • Light, especially blue light • Water • Temperature • CO2
Water moves down its concentration gradient • Concentration of water is – Highest in soil – High in plant – Low in air
Water loss • Evaporation – change of water phase
from liquid to gas • Transpiration – evaporation of water
from leaves • Evapotranspiration (Et) – combined loss
of water directly from soil evaporation and transpiration
Factors that affect Et
• Temperature • Relative humidity • Wind speed • Light intensity • Type of plant
Terry’s 1-2-3 Rule Watering depth 1. 1 ft - Flowers, vegetables and other small
annuals 2. 2 ft – Shrubs 3. 3 ft – Trees
Root volume • V = ½( 4/3 π r3) Π ≈ 3.14 r = ½ diameter
If a tree has a 12’ diameter:
r = 6’ The root volume
would occupy approximately
452 cubic feet.
Root volume V = ½( 4/3 π r3)
Π ≈ 3.14 r = ½ diameter
Assume 5 years later the tree has a 20’ canopy: r = 10’ Now, the root volume would occupy
approximately 2093 cubic feet!
• Cations: – NH4
+, K+, Fe++, Ca++
• Anions: – NO3
-, SO42-
30
Cation Exchange Capacity
Clay particle
Organic matter and clay carry a negative charge
Plant Nutrients
Macronutrients • C • H • O • N • P
• K • Ca • Mg • S
Micronutrients • Fe • Zn • Mn • B • Mo • Cu 31
• Add nutrients to the soil • Organic and inorganic forms • Usually salts • Can burn plants • Must be watered in
37
Fertilizers
Fertilizer analysis N-P2O5-K2O (nitrogen-phosphate-potash)
Complete fertilizer Incomplete fertilizer Slow release fertilizers
38
“Organic” versus “Chemical” fertilizers Organic
Manure, compost, fish emulsion, etc. Sometimes recycles waste May be resource intensive Can be bulky, heavy Micronutrients Pathogens, weeds Salt
Chemical Ammonium nitrate, urea, superphosphate, etc. Can be energy intensive to make Lighter weight Salt Must be purchased Salt
39
How does soil become saline?
• Shallow watering • Fertilizers • Irrigation water quality • Application of other salty
substances to soil.
Soil Amendments
• Used to modify soil chemistry –Gypsum (Calcium sulfate) –
temporarily removes Na from soil –Soil sulfur – may eventually
reduce pH after many yearly applications
–Organic matter 43
What should be added to the native soil when planting trees and shrubs in the landscape?
44
1. Organic matter 2. Fertilizer 3. Organic matter
and fertilizer 4. Nothing, only
native soil should be backfilled into the planting hole.