site suitability analysis for water and soil conservation...

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139 CHAPTER VI SITE SUITABILITY ANALYSIS FOR WATER AND SOIL CONSERVATION STRUCTURES 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6.2 METHODOLOGY 6.3 LAND CAPABILITY CLASSIFICATION 6.4 LAND SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION 6.5 WATERSHED PRIORITIZATION 6.6 PROPOSED CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR DUDHGANGA WATERSHED 6.7 DISCUSSION AND RESULT 6.8 HARIYALI PROJECT FOR SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION 6.9 SPRING WATER HARVESTING 6.10 SUMMARY REFERENCES

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Page 1: SITE SUITABILITY ANALYSIS FOR WATER AND SOIL CONSERVATION ...shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7140/11/11_chapter 6.pdf · water and soil conservation structures at appropriate

139

CHAPTER VI

SITE SUITABILITY ANALYSIS FOR

WATER AND SOIL CONSERVATION

STRUCTURES

6 . 1 I NTR O D UCT ION

6 . 2 M E TH O D O LO G Y

6 . 3 LA N D C A PA B ILIT Y C LA SSIF IC A T IO N

6 . 4 LA N D SU ITAB ILIT Y C LA SSIFIC A T IO N

6 . 5 W AT ER SHE D PR IOR IT IZA T IO N

6 . 6 PR O PO SED C ON SE RV A TIO N MEA SU R ES FOR

DU D H GA N G A W A TER SH E D

6 . 7 D I SC U SSIO N A N D R E SU LT

6 . 8 HA R IY A LI PR O J EC T FOR SO IL A N D W A TE R

C O N SE RV A TIO N

6 . 9 SPR IN G W AT ER H AR V E STI N G

6 . 1 0 SU MM AR Y

R E FERE NC E S

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140

CHAPTER VI

SITE SUITABILITY ANALYSIS FOR WATER AND

SOIL CONSERVATION STRUCTURES

6 . 1 In troduc t ion :

I n an a g r a r i a n c o u n t ry l i k e In d i a , w a t e r a n d s o i l

r e s ou rc es a re in h i g h de m an d . Co n t i n u o u s f a i l u re o f m o n s oo n ,

i nc re a s i n g de ma nd an d o v e r e x p l o i t a t io n o f th e se re so u rc es l e ad s

t o wa t e r a n d s o i l d e g ra da t i o n . T h i s p ro b l em c ou ld b e so r te d o u t to

c e r t a i n ex te n t b y c on s t ruc t i n g w a t e r a n d s o i l c on se rva t i o n

s t ruc t u re s . Wa t e r an d s o i l c on se rva t i o n s t r uc t u re s a re h i gh l y

l oc a t i on spe c i f i c . D e l i n ea t i o n o f p o t e n t i a l s i t e s fo r c on se rva t i o n

s t ruc t u re s i s go ve rne d b y se ve ra l f a c to r s s u ch a s ge o l o gy ,

ge om or p h o l o gy , l i ne a me nt s , l an d use / l a nd c o ve r , v i l l a ge l oc a t i on ,

pe rm e a b i l i t y , d ra i na ge , s l o pe a n d t e r r a i n e t c . Co n s t ruc t i o n o f

w a te r a nd s o i l c o n se r va t i o n s t ru c t u r es a t a p p ro p r i a te l o ca t i o n i s o f

t he u tm os t i m p o r t an c e . I n t he p re sen t c ha p t e r , p r i o r i t y a re a s f o r

c o nse rva t i o n a n d po t e n t i a l s i t e s f o r co ns t ruc t i o n o f wa t e r a nd so i l

c o nse rva t i o n s t r u c t u r es ha ve be e n an a l yse d b y u s i ng R e m o t e

s e ns i n g a n d G I S t e c h n i qu e s .

6 . 2 Me thodology :

N u m e ro u s t r ea t men t t e c hn o l o gi e s i n t he f o rm of

e n g i ne e r i n g m e asu re s a n d a gro n o m ic p ra c t i c es a re a va i l a b l e . B u t

i de n t i f i c a t i on o f m os t su i t a b l e t e c h n o lo g i e s a s pe r t h e s i t e

c o nd i t i on s a n d t h e i r a p p l i c a t i on in co r re c t wa y i s m os t i m p o r t a n t

t o ac h i e ve t he d es i re d re s u l t s . T he se t ec h n o l o g i e s w h en a do p t ed

w i t h i n t he b ou n da ry o f wa te rs h ed , f a c i l i t a t e s f a vora b le in te ra c t i o n

a m o n g v a r i o u s w a t e rs he d f a c t o r s s uc h a s p h ys i o gr ap h y , l an d s lo pe ,

s o i l c h a r ac t e r i s t i c s , l a n d u se , h yd ro l og i c a l be ha v io u r e tc .

Sa te l l i t e re m o te s en s i n g p ro v i de s r e l i ab le a n d a cc u ra t e

i n fo rm a t i o n o n na t u ra l re s ou rc es , w h i ch i s p r e - re qu i s i t e f o r

p l a n ne d a nd b a la nc e d de ve lo pm e n t a t wa t e r she d l e ve l (R a v in d ra n

e t a l . , 1 99 2 ) . In t e g ra t io n o f Re m o t e s e ns i n g a n d G IS t e c hn i q ue s

p r o v i de s r e l i ab le , a cc u ra t e a nd u pd a t e da t ab a se o n l a nd a n d wa t e r

r e s ou rc es , w hi c h i s e s sen t i a l f o r a n i n t e g ra t ed a pp ro ac h t o id e n t i f y

l a n d c a pa b i l i t y (LC C ) an d l an d su i t a b i l i t y c l a s se s ( LSC ) a nd

s u i t a b le s i t e s f o r w a te r h a rve s t i n g a n d s o i l c o n se rva t io n s uc h a s

c he c k da m, pe rc o l a t i o n t a nk , f a rm p o nd s , t e r ra ce f a rm i n g e t c .

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141

In a s se s s i n g t he r e la t i v e v u ln e ra b i l i t y o f d i f f e r e n t

w a te rs h ed s to s o i l e ro s i o n , t h e m a j o r f a c t o r s re s po n s i b le f o r s o i l

e ro s i o n were c o n s i de re d us i n g th e W a t e r s he d E ro s i o n Re sp on se

M od e l (W ER M ). I t i s o ne o f th e m os t c om mo nl y u se d m ode l f o r

q u a l i t a t i v e p r i o r i t i z a t i on o f wa te r sh e d .

D e ta i l s o f s o i l a n d w a t e r c on se rv a t i on s t r uc t u re s , t he i r

a p p l i ca b i l i t y a n d su i t a b i l i t y u nd e r va r i o u s c o n d i t i o n s i s a s se s s ed

a s pe r t he gu id e l i ne s g i ve n b y In te gra t e d Mi s s i on f o r Su s t a i na b l e

D e ve l o p m e nt (GOI , 19 9 5 ) an d IPH . , D e p t . o f Me gh a l a ya .

A c co rd i n g t o t h i s , t h e c r i t e r i a t a b l e s ( Ta b l e 6 .5 a nd 6 . 12 ) h a ve

be e n p re pa re d . The pa ra m e te rs o f t he c r i t e r i a t a b le l ik e d ra i n a ge

o r de r , ge oh y d ro lo gy , l an d u se / l a n d c o v e r m a p , a nd s l o pe m ap h a v e

be e n u se d b y a p p l y i n g i n t e r se c t o ve r l a y t e c hn i q u e t o f i n d o u t th e

p r oba b l e s i t e s . T he b uf f e r z one o f f i ve h un d re d me te r s a ro u n d t h e

v i l l a ge s i s c re a t e d . B y c on s i de r i n g th e p ro x i m i t y o f ra i n wa t e r

ha rv es t i n g s t ru c t u r e , t he p r oba b l e s i t e s a re f i na l i zed w h i ch a re

f a l l i n g w i t h i n a s pe c i f i e d buf f e r zo ne .

6 . 3 Land Capab i l i t y Cla s s i f i ca t i on:

6 . 3 .1 Impor tance :

La n d i s t he mo s t va l ua b l e na tu ra l r e s ou rc e , w hi ch

ne e ds t o be h a rne s sed ac c o rd in g to i t s po t e n t i a l . Du e t o o ve r

e x p l o i t a t i o n a nd m i sm a na ge me n t o f na t u ra l re so u rc e s c ou p le d wi th

s oc i o -e c on o m ic f a c t o rs , t he p ro b le m of l an d d e g ra da t i o n i s on t h e

r i s e . H o we ve r , m a na ge me n t o f l a nd re s ou rc e s i s i n e v i t a b l e f o r b o th

c o n t i nue d a gr ic u l t u ra l p rod uc t i v i t y a nd p ro t e c t i o n f o r t he

e n v i ro nm e n t . La n d i s a l im i te d r e so u rc e an d wi t h inc r e as i n g

p o pu l a t i o n , t he de ma nd s f o r l an d be c o m e m o re c om pe t i t i ve . A n y

g i ve n a re a o f l a nd ca n h a ve a m u l t i t u d e o f p o te n t i a l use s a nd a l l

m a y ne e d t o b e c on s i d e r e d i n p la nn in g a nd t he ma na ge m e n t o f a

l a n d re so u rce . U se s o f t he l a nd t o h um a nki nd a re m u l t i - f a c e t . As a

s ou rc e fo r p r i m a r y p ro d uc t i o n s ys t em , i t s e rv es a s a s t o r e o f wa t e r

a n d n u t r i e n t s r eq u i r e d f o r p l a n t s a n d o t he r l i v i n g o rga n i s m s . La n d

r e s ou rc e i s on e o f l im i te d r e so u rc e s . Th e u se o f l a n d i s n o t o n l y

de t e r mi ne d b y t he u se r bu t a l so b y t he l a nd ca pa b i l i t y . T he l a n d

c ap a b i l i t y i s go v e rne d b y t he d i f f e re n t l a n d a t t r i bu te s su c h a s the

t ype s o f so i l , i t s d ep th a n d t ex tu r e , un d e r l y i n g ge o l o gy ,

t op o gra ph y , h yd ro l o g y , e t c . The se a t t r i bu te s l i m i t t h e e x t en t s o f

l a n d a va i l a b l e f o r va r i ou s p u rp ose s . To ge t t he ma x i m um be ne f i t

o u t o f t he l a nd , p ro pe r use i s i ne v i t ab le . Su s t a in a b l e de ve lo pm e n t

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oc c u rs o n l y w he n m a na ge me nt go a l s a n d a c t i on s a re e co lo g i ca l l y

v i a b l e , e c o n om i c a l ly f e as i b l e a n d s oc ia l l y d e s i r a b le .

T he c om m o n wa y o f de t e rmi na t i o n o f l a n d q ua l i t y f rom

l a n d c ha ra c t e r i s t i c s i s m a i n l y b y a s se s s i n g a nd g ro up i ng t he l a n d

t ype s i n o rde r s an d c la s se s a cc o r d i ng t o t h e i r a p t i t u de . Th e o rd e r

o f su i t ab i l i t y r an ge s f r om s u i t a b l e , t ha t c h a rac t e r i ze s a l a n d we re

s us t a in a b le u se a nd wi l l g i ve go o d b en e f i t s t o no t su i t a b l e w h ich

i nd i c a t e s a l an d qua l i t i e s do n o t a l l o w t he c o n s id e r ed t yp e o f u se ,

o r a r e n o t e n o u gh f o r su s ta i na b l e o u t co m e s ( IA O, 2 0 0 3 ) . La n d

c ap a b i l i t y i s t h e b as i s o f su s t a i n ab le wa t e r she d de ve l opm e nt . The

ba s i c p r in c i p le o f s o i l an d wa t e r c o nse rv a t i on i s t o u se t he l a n d

a cc o rd i n g t o i t s c a pa b i l i t y an d t re a t t h e l a nd a c co rd i n g t o i t s

ne e ds . La n d c a pa b i l i t y c la s s i f i ca t i o n i nd ic a te s t he ha za rd s o f s o i l

a n d w a t e r e ro s i o n , wa t e r l o gg i n g , l an d d e g ra da t i on e t c . a n d t he se

ha za rd s l im i t t he use o f l an d f o r pa r t i c u l a r p u rp os es o n l y .

H e re , f o r th e p r e sen t s t u d y U SD A’ s (1 9 7 3 ) LC C s ys t e m

ha s be e n a do p t ed w h i ch i n c l u d e s e i gh t c l a s se s o f l a nd de s i g na t e d

b y R om a n nu m e ra l s f r o m I to V I I I . Th e f i r s t f o ur c l a s se s a re

s u i t a b le f o r a g r i c u l tu re i n wh ic h t he l i m i ta t io ns on t h e i r u se a nd

ne c e s s i t y o f co nse rva t i o n m e asu re s a n d c a r e f u l ma na ge m e n t

i nc re a se f ro m I t o IV . T he re ma i n i n g fo u r c la s se s , V t o V I I I , a re

n o t t o be use d f o r a g r ic u l t u re , b u t m a y h a ve u ses f o r pa s tu re ,

r a n g e , wo o d l an d , g r a z i n g a n d w i l d l i f e p u rp o se s . The c r i t e r i a f o r

p l a c i n g a g i v en a re a i n a pa r t i c u l a r c l a s s i n vo l v e t he l a n d sc a pe

l oc a t i on , s l o pe o f t he f i e ld , d e p t h , t e x t u re a n d l a n d u se / l a n d

c o ve r . Th u s , t he c a pa b i l i t y u n i t s a re g ro u p i n g s o f so i l s t ha t h a ve

c o m m o n re s po nse s t o pa s t u re a n d c ro p p l a n t s un de r s im i la r

s ys t e ms o f f a rm in g .

6 . 3 .2 Me thod o f i nventory :

T he ge ne ra l i zed m e t h o do lo gy f o r LC C u s i n g GIS i s

de p i c te d i n th e fo rm of a f lo w c ha r t i n f i gu re 6 .1 . Th e ge os pa t i a l

t ec hn i q ue s he l p i n ge ne ra t i on o f a re l i a b l e spa t i a l a n d n o n -s pa t i a l

i n fo rm a t i o n d a t a b a se . Suc h a d a t ab a se he l ps i m m en se l y i n the

e f f i c i e n t a nd sc ie n t i f i c de c i s i on -m ak in g . I t i s c l ea r f ro m t h i s

f i gu re t ha t t he p roc e du re e s se n t i a l l y co ns i s t s o f 2 s t ag e s . ( i ) t o

m a p t he c on t ro l l i ng a n d i n d ic a t i ve p a r am e t e r s w i th t h e e x i s t i ng

i n fo rm a t i o n a n d ( i i ) i n t e g ra t i on o f t he co n t ro l l i n g a n d i n d i c a t i ve

pa ra m e t e r l a ye rs d i g i t a l l y t h ro u gh G IS . T he l a nd c a p ab i l i t y

c la s s i f i ca t io n ha s be en c a r r i e d ou t b y a p p l y in g pa ra m e t e rs l i ke so i l

de p t h , s o i l t e x t u r e , l a n d use / l a n d c o ve r a nd s l o pe o f l an d .

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F i g u re 6 .1 : Me t h o do lo gy t o de r i ve LC C

T hi s i n fo rm a t i o n i s u se d a s a ba s i s f o r p l a c i n g l an ds i n c ap a b i l i t y

c la s se s a n d s ubc l a s se s . Th e i n fo rm a t i on r e l a te d w i th s o i l de p t h a n d

s o i l t e x t u re ab o u t s t ud y r e g i o n ha s be en u se d f ro m Na t i on a l bu re au

a n d so i l su rve y a n d l a n d u se p l an n i ng (N B SS& LU P) a nd t he m a t i c

m a p s o f t he s t u d y r e g io n a r e c re a te d i n A rc G IS 9 .0 s o f t wa re .

Su p e r v i sed c l a s s i f i e d im a ge o f La n dsa t E TM ( F i g u re 3 . 7 ) ha s b e en

u se d t o s tu d y l a nd u se / l an d c o ve r in fo r ma t i o n . T he se p a r am e t e r s

a re i n t e g ra te d i n G IS e n v i ron me nt b y u s in g i n t e r se c t o ve r l a y

t ec hn i q ue . M ore o ve r th e s u r f ac e a n d o v e r la y a n a l ys i s c ap a b i l i t i e s

i n G IS ca n e f f e c t i ve l y f a c i l i t a t e in h an d l in g va s t a mo unt o f spa t i a l

i n fo rm a t i o n (E ka na ya k i a n d Da ya wa n sa , 2 00 3) . The In te r se c t to o l

c a l c u l a t e s t he ge om e t r i c i n t e r se c t i on o f i n p u t f e a tu re c la s se s . The

f e a tu re s o r p or t i o n o f f e a t u r e s t ha t a r e c om m o n t o ( i n te r se c t ) a l l

i np u t s w i l l be w r i t t en t o th e ou tp u t f ea t u re c l a s s ( F in a l LC C ma p ) .

La n d s u i t a b i l i t y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s a l s o p re pa re d b y a p p l y i n g a

t re a t m e n t o r i e n te d l a n d su i t a b i l i t y s c he me . In t h i s s t u d y , a n

a t t e mp t wa s ma de to i de n t i f y s u i t a b l e a re as fo r cu l t i va t i on ,

g r a s s l a nd an d fo re s t r y b y i nc orp o ra t i n g d i f f e re n t spa t i a l

i n fo rm a t i o n u s i n g In t e r se c t o ve r la y t ec h n i q ue s .

6 . 3 .3 Land Capab i l i t y Cl as se s :

“ La nd ca pa b i l i t y” c la s s i f i ca t i o n s p ro v i de a ra nk in g o f

t he c ap ac i t y o f ea c h p a r t o f a l a nd r e s ou rce t o s u s ta i n b roa d l a n d

u se c l a s se s (R o sse r , e t a l . , 1 9 74 ) . H ow e ve r , f o u r ma i n LC C c l a s ses

c an be i de n t i f i ed in t he s t ud y r e g io n . Th ose a r e I I , I I I , IV a nd V I .

a ) C la s s I I :

Soil Texture

Slope

Intersect

Overlay

Technique

LCC

Soil Depth

Land use/ Land cover

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T he a na l ys i s r e vea l s t ha t c l a s s I I c an b e s ee n a l o n g t he

D u d h ga n g a r i ve r . Th i s c l a s s i s l i m i t ed a s c o m pa re t o o t he r c la s se s .

T h i s c l a s s co ve rs 8 6 . 05 sq . km a re a (1 6 .3 0 %) w h ic h i s d om i na t e d

b y ge n t l e s l ope . In D u dh g an ga wa t e r she d , t h i s c l a s s i s i de n t i f i ed

a s m o s t su i t a b l e f o r a g r i cu l t u r a l c rop p ro du c t i o n . So i l s i n t h i s

c l a s s re q u i r e c a re fu l s o i l m an a ge m e n t , in c l ud in g c on se rva t i o n

p r ac t i c e s , to p re ve n t de t e r i o ra t i on o r t o i m p ro ve a i r an d wa t e r

r e l a t i on s w h en t he s o i l s a re c u l t i va t e d .

Ta b le 6 .1 : Are a l Ex t en t o f La n d Ca pa b i l i t y C l a s s i f ic a t i on

S r . No . LC C C la s s A re a (km2) A re a ( I n pe r c en t )

1 I I 8 6 .0 5 1 6 .3 0

2 I I I 1 1 1 . 21 2 1 .0 4

3 IV 1 8 0 3 4 .0 5

4 V I 1 5 1 . 23 2 8 .6 1

T o t a l 5 2 8 . 49 1 0 0

So u rc e : Co mp i l e d a n d c om pu te d b y re sea rc he r

T he s o i l s m a y b e u se d f o r c u l t i va t ed c ro ps . Th e so i l s in

t h i s c l a s s p ro v i de t he f a rm o p e ra t o r l e s s l a t i t u d e i n t h e c h o ic e o f

e i t he r c ro p s o r m an a g em e n t p ra c t i c es t ha n so i l s i n c l a s s I . The y

m a y a l s o re q u i re s pe c ia l so i l - c on se rv i n g c ro p p i n g sy s t em s , so i l

c o nse rva t i o n p r ac t i c e s , wa te r - co n t ro l de v i ce s , o r t i l l a ge m e t h o d s

w he n use d fo r c u l t i va t e d c ro ps . Fo r e x am pl e , de e p s o i l s o f t h i s

c l a s s wi t h ge n t l e s lo pe s s ub j e c t t o mo de ra te e ro s i o n wh e n

c u l t i va t ed ma y ne ed o ne o f t h e fo l lo wi n g p ra c t i ce s o r so m e

c o m bi na t i on o f t wo o r m o re ; t e r r a c i n g , s t r i p c ro pp in g , c o n to u r

t i l l a ge , c ro p ro t a t i o n s t ha t i n c l ud e g r a s se s a nd l e g um e s , ve ge ta t ed

w a te r d i sp osa l a r ea s , co ve r o r g r ee n -ma nu re c ro p s , s t u b b le

m ul ch in g , f e r t i l i ze r s , ma n u re , a nd l i me . The ex a c t c o m b in a t i o ns o f

p r ac t i c e s va ry f ro m p l ac e to p l ac e , de pe n d i n g o n t he

c ha ra c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e so i l , t he l oc a l c l i ma t e , a n d t he f a rm i n g

s ys t e m. T he l i mi t a t i on s a re f ew a nd t he p ra c t i ce s a r e e a sy t o a p p l y

fo r th i s c l a s s .

Limi ta t i ons :

( 1 ) T hi s c l a s s i s ha vi n g m od e ra t e s u sce p t i b i l i t y t o wi nd o r

w a te r e ro s i o n o r m o d e ra t e a d ve r se e f f ec t s o f pa s t e ro s i o n .

( 2 ) So i l d e p th i s no t i de a l l i k e c l a s s I .

( 3 ) I t ha s u nf a v ora b l e so i l s t ruc t u re an d w o r ka b i l i t y .

( 4 ) I t mi gh t h a v e s l i g h t t o m o de ra te s a l i n i t y .

( 5 ) O c ca s i ona l da ma gi n g o ve r f l o w c a n be o b se r ve d .

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F i gu re 6 .2

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( 6 ) W et ne ss c o r r ec t a b le b y d r a i na ge bu t e x i s t i n g p e rma ne n t l y a s

a m o de ra te l i m i t a t i o n .

( 7 ) Sl i g h t c l im a t i c l i m i t a t i o n s o n so i l u se a n d m a na ge men t .

b ) Cl as s I I I :

T hi s c l a s s i s e x t en de d b e t we en c l a s s I I a n d I V . I t s

s pa t i a l e x te n t i s m uc h m ore i n l ow e r r e ac he s o f D ud h ga n g a ba s in

a s c o m pa re to u p pe r r ea c he s . Th e t o ta l a r ea c o v e re d b y th i s c l a s s

i s a bo u t 11 1 . 21 s q . k m (2 1 . 0 4 % ) . So i l s i n c la s s I I I ha ve m ore

r e s t r i c t i o ns t h an t h ose i n c la s s I I a n d w he n u se d f o r c u l t i va t e d

c ro p s , t he c o n se rva t i o n p r ac t i c es a re us ua l l y m o re d i f f i cu l t to

a p p l y a nd to m a i n ta i n . L i m i t a t i o ns o f s o i l s i n c l a s s I I I r e s t r i c t t he

a m o u nt o f c l ea n c u l t i va t i o n ; t i mi n g o f p l an t i n g , t i l l a ge , c h o ic e of

c ro p s a n d h a r ve s t i n g . W he n c u l t i va te d , ma n y o f t h e we t , s l o w l y

pe rm e a b le b u t ne a r l y l e ve l so i l s i n c la s s I I I r e q u i r e d r a in a g e a n d a

c ro p p i n g s ys t e m t ha t ma i n t a i ns o r i m p ro ve s t he s t ru c t u r e o f t he

s o i l . To p r e ve n t p u d d l in g a n d t o i mp ro v e pe rm ea b i l i t y , i t i s

c o m m o nl y n ec e s sa ry t o s up p l y o r ga n i c m a te r i a l t o s u ch s o i l s a nd

t o a vo i d wo rk in g t he m w h en t he y a r e we t . In s om e i r r i ga t e d a re a s ,

pa r t o f t he s o i l s i n c l a s s I I I h a ve l i m i te d u se be c au se o f h i gh wa t e r

t a b le , s lo w pe rm e ab i l i t y , a nd t h e h a za rd o f s a l t o r so d i c

a cc um u la t i o n . Eac h d i s t i nc t i ve k i nd o f so i l i n c la s s I I I ha s o n e o r

m o re a l t e rn a t i ve co m b i na t io ns o f u se an d p ra c t i ce s r e q u i re d f o r

s a f e u se , bu t t he n u m be r o f p r ac t i c a l a l t e rna t i ves f o r a ve ra g e

f a rm e r s i s l e s s t h an t ha t f o r s o i l s i n c l a s s I I .

T he l im i ta t io ns m a y r e su l t f r om t he e f f e c t s o f o ne o r mo re o f t he

fo l l o wi n g :

( 1 ) I t ha s m od e ra te l y s t e e p s lo pe s .

( 2 ) Th i s c l a s s i s h a v in g h i g h susc e p t i b i l i t y to wa te r o r w i nd

e ro s i o n o r s e ve re a d v e r se e f f ec t s o f pa s t e ro s i o n .

( 3 ) Fre q u en t o ve r f lo w a c co m pa n i ed b y so m e c rop da m a ge c an b e

o bs e rv e d .

( 4 ) Su b so i l i s h a v in g ve ry s l o w p e r me a b i l i t y .

( 5 ) W et ne ss o r s om e c o n t i n u in g wa te r l ogg i n g a f t e r d r a ina ge can

be o bse rve d .

( 6 ) Sh a l l ow d ep th s to be d ro c k t ha t l i m i t s t h e ro o t i n g z on e a n d

t h e wa t e r s t o r a g e .

( 7 ) I t i s ha v i n g lo w m o i s t u r e -h o l d i n g c a pa c i t y .

( 8 ) Lo w fe r t i l i t y i s a c o m m on f ea t u re o f t h i s c l a s s .

( 9 ) Th i s c l a s s i s ha v i ng m od e ra t e c l im a t i c l i m i t a t i on s

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c ) Cla s s IV:

T hi s i s a d om i na n t c l a s s wi t h re s pe c t t o a re a l ex te n t in

t he s t u d y re g i o n , w h ic h a c co un t s f o r 1 8 0 s q . k m (3 4 .05 % ) . The

r e s t r i c t i o ns i n u s e f o r s o i l s i n c l a s s I V a r e g r ea t e r t h an t h o se i n

c la s s I I I a n d t h e c ho i c e o f p la n t s i s m o re l im i te d . W he n t he se s o i l s

a re cu l t i va te d , m o re c a re f u l m an a g em e n t i s r e qu i re d a nd

c o nse rva t i o n p r ac t i c e s a re m ore d i f f i c u l t t o a p p l y a nd m a i n t a i n .

So i l s i n c l a s s I V m a y b e u se d fo r c ro p s , p as t u r e , w oo d l an d , r an ge ,

o r wi l d l i f e f oo d an d co ve r . So i l s in c la s s IV a r e we l l su i t e d t o

o n l y t wo o r t h r ee o f t h e c om mo n c ro ps o r t he h a r ve s t p r od u c ed

m a y b e lo w i n re la t io n t o i n p u t s o ve r a lo n g pe r i o d o f t i m e . Ma n y

s l o p i n g s o i l s i n c la s s IV a re s u i t e d to oc ca s i ona l b u t no t r e g u l a r

c u l t i va t i o n . So m e o f th e p oo r l y d r a i ne d , n ea r l y l e ve l so i l s p la c ed

i n c l a s s IV a re no t su b j e c t t o e ro s i o n b u t a re p o o r l y su i t e d t o

i n t e r - t i l l ed c r op s b ec a u se o f t h e t i me r e q u i r e d f o r t he so i l t o d ry

o u t i n t h e sp r i n g an d be ca u se o f l ow p ro du c t i v i t y fo r c u l t i va t e d

c ro p s . So me s o i l s in c l a s s IV a re we l l s u i t e d t o o ne o r m o re o f t he

s pe c ia l c rop s , s uc h a s f ru i t s a n d o r na m e n ta l t r ee s a nd sh ru b s , b u t

t h i s s u i t a b i l i t y i t s e l f i s n o t s u f f i c ie n t t o p l ac e a s o i l i n c l a s s IV .

D u r i n g th e l o w ra i n f a l l ye a rs th e so i l m u s t be p ro t ec t e d

e ve n t ho u gh t he re c an be l i t t l e o r n o e x pe c ta nc y o f a m a rke ta b l e

c ro p . Spe c i a l t r e a t m e n t s an d p r ac t i c e s to p r e ve n t so i l b l ow i n g ,

c o nse rve m o i s t u re , a nd m a in ta i n so i l p ro duc t i v i t y a re r e q u i r ed .

So m e t i m e s c ro p s mu s t be p l an te d o r em e rge nc y t i l l a ge use d f o r th e

p r im a ry pu r po se o f m a in ta i n i n g t h e so i l d u r in g y ea r s o f l ow

r a i n f a l l . The se t re a t m en t s m us t be a p p l i e d m o re f re qu e n t l y o r m o re

i n t en s i v e l y t ha n o n so i l s i n c la s s I I I .

U se f o r c u l t i va t e d c ro ps i s l i m i t e d a s a r e su l t o f t h e e f f e c t s o f o n e

o r m o re l i mi t a t i o ns su c h a s ,

( 1 ) I t ha s s t ee p s l op e s .

( 2 ) T h i s c la s s i s m o re s usc e p t ib le t o w a t e r o r w in d e r os i o n ,

( 3 ) Se ve re e f f e c t s o f pa s t e ros i on ca n be s e en .

( 4 ) I t ha s sha l lo w so i l s .

( 5 ) Lo w m oi s t u re -h o l d i n g c a pa c i t y i s a c o m m o n f e a t u r e .

( 6 ) F r e q ue n t o ve r f l o ws a cc o m pa n i e d b y s e ve re c ro p dam a g e

ca n be s e en .

( 7 ) Exc e s s i ve we t n es s wi t h c o n t in u i n g ha za rd o f w a t e r

l o g g i n g a f t e r i r r i ga t io n i s a ma j o r p rob le m .

( 8 ) M o de ra te l y a d ve rse c l i m a t e .

d ) Cl as s VI :

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T h i s c l a s s ra nk s s e c o nd i n t he s t ud y re g i o n a s i t c o ve r s

a re a a bo u t 15 1 . 23 s q . km . Th e a na l y s i s re ve a l s t ha t i n u pp e r

r e a ch es o f Du dh ga n g a R i ve r t owa rd s s ou t h wes t e rn s id e t h i s c l a s s

m a i n l y do m i na te s . Ph y s ic a l c o n d i t i o n s o f so i l s p la c e d i n c la s s VI

a re s uc h th a t i t i s p r ac t i c a l to a pp l y ra n ge o r p a s t u r e

i mp ro v em e n t s , i f ne e de d , su ch a s s ee d i n g , l i m i n g , f e r t i l i z i n g , a n d

w a te r c on t r o l wi t h c o n t ou r f u r ro w s , d r a i na ge d i t c h es , d i ve rs i o n s ,

o r wa te r sp re ad e r s . So m e so i l s i n c l a s s V I c a n be sa f e l y u s e d f o r

t he c o mm on c r op s p r o v i de d u n us u a l l y i n t e n s i v e m a na ge me nt i s

u se d . So i l s in c l a s s V I h a ve f o l lo wi n g l i m i t a t i o n s ,

( 1 ) I t ha s s t ee p s l op e ,

( 2 ) Se ve re e ro s i on h a za rd i s m o re su scep t i b l e .

( 3 ) E f f ec t s o f pa s t e ro s i o n c a n be s e e n .

( 4 ) S t on i n es s i s a c o m m on f e a tu re o f t h i s c l a s s .

( 5 ) I t ha s sha l lo w ro o t i n g zo n e .

( 6 ) E xc e s s i ve we t ne s s o r o ve r f l o w c an b e o b se rve d .

( 7 ) T h i s c la s s i s h av i n g lo w mo i s t u r e h o l d i n g c ap ac i t y .

( 8 ) A d ve rse c l i ma t ic c o n d i t io ns .

Be c au se o f o ne o r m o re o f t he se l im i ta t i o n s , t h e se so i l s a r e n o t

ge ne ra l l y s u i t ed to cu l t i va te d c r op s . B u t th e y m a y b e use d fo r

pa s t u re , r a n ge , w o od la nd , o r wi l d l i f e c o ve r o r f o r s om e

c o m bi na t i on o f t hese .

Ta b l e 6 .2 : D e t a i l s o f La nd Ca p a b i l i t y C la s s i f i ca t io n

Id So i l _De p t h So i l _Te x t u re S l op e _ Cl a s s LC C _ Su b c l a s s

LC C _ C la s s

0 D e ep F i ne S t ron g I V I V

1 D e ep F i ne S t ron g I V I V

2 D e ep F i ne M o de ra te I I I I I I

3 D e ep F i ne M o de ra te I I I I I I

4 D e ep F i ne G e n t l e I I I I

5 D e ep F i ne S t ron g I V I V

6 D e ep F i ne S t ron g I V I V

7 D e ep F i ne S t ron g I V I V

8 D e ep F i ne G e n t l e I I I I

9 D e ep F i ne S t ron g I V I V

1 0 Sh a l l ow Me d i u m G e nt l e I I I I

1 1 Sh a l l ow Me d i u m G e nt l e I I s 1 * I I

1 2 Sh a l l ow Me d i u m S te e p V Ie 3 * V I

1 3 Sh a l l ow Me d i u m S te e p V Ie 3 V I

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1 4 Sh a l l ow Me d i u m M o de ra te I I I s 1 I I I

1 5 Sh a l l ow Me d i u m G e nt l e I I s 1 I I

1 6 Sh a l l ow F i ne S te e p V Ie 3 V I

1 7 M ode ra t e Me d i u m S te e p V I V I

1 8 M ode ra t e Me d i u m M o de ra te I I I s 1 I I I

1 9 M ode ra t e Me d i u m G e nt l e I I s 1 I I

2 0 M ode ra t e Me d i u m S te e p V I V I

2 1 M ode ra t e Me d i u m G e nt l e I I I I

2 2 M ode ra t e Me d i u m G e nt l e I I s 1 I I

2 3 M ode ra t e Me d i u m S te e p V I V I

2 4 M ode ra t e Me d i u m M o de ra te I I I s 1 I I I

2 5 M ode ra t e Me d i u m M o de ra te I I I s 1 I I I

2 6 M ode ra t e Me d i u m G e nt l e I I s 1 I I

2 7 D e ep F i ne S t ron g I V I V

2 8 Sh a l l ow Me d i u m S te e p V Ie 3 V I

2 9 D e ep F i ne M o de ra te I I I I I I

3 0 Sh a l l ow Me d i u m M o de ra te I I I s 1 I I I

3 1 D e ep F i ne S t ron g I V I V

3 2 M ode ra t e Me d i u m S te e p V I V I

3 3 D e ep F i ne M o de ra te I I I I I I

3 4 M ode ra t e Me d i u m M o de ra te I I I s 1 I I I

3 5 D e ep F i ne G e n t l e I I I I

3 6 M ode ra t e Me d i u m G e nt l e I I s 1 I I

3 7 D e ep F i ne S t ron g I V I V

3 8 M ode ra t e Me d i u m S te e p V I V I

3 9 D e ep F i ne S t ron g I V I V

4 0 M ode ra t e Me d i u m S te e p V I V I

4 1 D e ep F i ne M o de ra te I I I I I I

4 2 M ode ra t e Me d i u m M o de ra te I I I s 1 I I I

4 3 D e ep F i ne M o de ra te I I I I I I

4 4 M ode ra t e Me d i u m M o de ra te I I I s 1 I I I

4 5 D e ep F i ne G e n t l e I I I I

4 6 M ode ra t e Me d i u m G e nt l e I I s 1 I I

4 7 D e ep F i ne S t ron g I V I V

4 8 Sh a l l ow Me d i u m S te e p V Ie 3 V I

4 9 D e ep F i ne S t ron g I V I V

5 0 M ode ra t e Me d i u m S te e p V I V I

5 1 Sh a l l ow Me d i u m S te e p V Ie 3 V I

5 2 M ode ra t e Me d i u m S te e p V I V I

So u rc e : Co mp i l e d a n d c om pu te d b y re sea rc he r

( * s 1 - L i mi t a t i on s o f e f f e c t i v e s o i l de p t h , e 3 - Se ve re e r os i o n . )

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Ta b le 6 .3 : Re c o m me n d a t i on s f o r LC C C la s se s

S r .

N o .

LC C

Cl a s s / Su b c l a s s

R e co mm e n da t i o n s

1 I I F e r t i l i s i n g , Ma n u r i n g , C o ve r c ro pp in g,

G re e n m a nu r i n g , C r op ro ta t i o n , c o n t o u r

c u l t i v a t i on , c on t o u r s t r i p c rop p i n g , s t u b b le

m u lc h i n g , c o n t o u r t e r ra c es , g r a de d

t e r ra c es , d r a i na ge t r e a t m e n t .

2 I I I F e r t i l i s i n g , Ma n u r i n g , C o ve r c ro pp in g,

G re e n m a nu r i n g , C r op ro ta t i o n , c o n t o u r

c u l t i v a t i on , c on t o u r s t r i p c rop p i n g , s t u b b le

m u lc h i n g , c o n t o u r t e r ra c es , g r ad e d

t e r ra c es , d r a i na ge t r ea t me n t , B en c h

t e r ra c in g , Re c l a ma t i o n o f Sa l i ne a n d

a l ka l i ne s o i l .

3 IV F e r t i l i s i n g , Ma n u r i n g , C o ve r c ro pp in g,

G re e n m a nu r i n g , C r op ro ta t i o n , c o n t o u r

c u l t i v a t i on , c on t o u r s t r i p c rop p i n g , s t u b b le

m u lc h i n g , c o n t o u r t e r ra c es , g r ad e d

t e r ra c es , d r a i na ge t r ea t me n t , B en c h

t e r ra c in g , Re c l a ma t i o n o f Sa l i ne a n d

a l ka l i ne s o i l , La y f a rm i n g .

4 V I P as t u r e m a na ge m en t ( s e ed in g , Fe r t i l i s in g ,

R o t a t i on a l g ra z i n g , D ef e r re d g ra z i n g ,

F e n c i n g ) a nd Fo re s t Man a ge m e nt

( P la n t a t i on , Af fo r e s t a t i on , C a re i n

e x p l o i t a t i o n )

So u rc e : Ra j o ra ,R . 1 9 9 8 .

6 . 4 Land Su i tab i l i t y Cla s s i f i ca t i on:

E x pa ns i o n o f c u l t i va t i o n a n d se t t l e me nt s e ve n o n

u n s u i t a b l e l a nd ha s i nc re as i n g l y g ro w n i nm os t pa r t o f the

D u d h ga n g a wa te rsh e d (B ase d o n l an d u se / l a nd c o ve r c h an ge

a na l ys i s , C ha p t e r I I I ) . Th i s e xpa ns i on c le a r l y i l l us t ra t e s t he f ac t

t ha t t he g r o wt h o f a g r i c u l tu re a n d o t he r h u m an a c t i v i t i e s h a ve

e xe r t e d p r e s s u re o n t he e x t e n t s o f g r a z i n g l a n d s a n d f o re s t s .

T he re fo r e , i t i s o f pa ra m o u nt i m po r ta nc e t o i de n t i f y su i t a b l e l a nd

fo r v a r i o us u ses i n o p t i mu m u t i l i za t i o n w h i l e c au s in g m i n i m u m

i mp ac t to t he e n vi ro nm e n t .

“ La nd s u i t a b i l i t y” r a n k in gs a re m o re r e f i ne d a nd a pp l y

t o t he c a pa c i t y o f l a n d re s ou rc es t o su s t a i n pa r t i c u la r f o rms of

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l a n d u se s u c h a s a g r i c u l t u re , g r a s s l an d a nd f o re s t ry (La n d

Re so u rc e s B ra nc h , 1 9 9 0 ) .

He re , a t r e a tm e n t o r i e n t e d l a n d su i t a b i l i t y s c he m e

(T i de m a n , 2 0 00 ) ha s be e n su gg e s t e d . T h i s c l a s s i f i c a t i on p ro v i d es

t he b as i c f ou n da t i o n f o r p ro p e r l a n d u se . Va r io us l a nd u se

c a t e go r ie s a re su g ge s te d h e r e b y c on s i d e r in g d e p t h o f s o i l a n d

s l o pe . Th e m a j o r c a te go r i e s a re cu l t i va b l e l a n d , pa s t u re , f o re s t a nd

fo od t re e s . O n l y c u l t i va t ed l a n d ha s fo u r s u bc la s se s , e a ch ha v i n g

i mp l i c a t i ons f o r n ee de d c o n se r va t io n t r e a t m e n t a n d to o l s t o be

e m p lo ye d .

Ta b l e 6 .4 : T re a t m e n t O r ie n t e d Sc he me f o r Hi l l y W at e r she d

S l op e

So i l D e p t h

G e n t l y

s lo p i n

g

M o de ra te l

y s l o p i n g

S t r on g l

y

s lo p i n g

V e ry

s t r o n g l

y

s l o p i n g

S t e e

p

V er y

S t ee

p

D e e p

C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 FT F

C 4 FT M od e ra t e l

y de e p C 1 C 2 C 3

P F F

C 2 C 3 Sh a l l ow C 1

P P P F F

C 1 V e ry

s h a l l o w P P P P F F

So u rc e : T i d em a n , 20 0 0 .

C u l t i va te d l an d has use d C 1 , C 2 , C 3 an d C 4 s ym b ol s

f o r m o s t in te ns i ve t i l l a ge . P , F , FT a r e t h e o t he r s ym bo ls use d fo r

pa s t u re , f o r e s t a nd f ru i t t r e e s . Th e re d e t a i l s a r e a s f a l l ow s .

C 1 : I t m e a ns c u l t i va b l e l an d 1 w hi ch i s o f ge n t l e s l ope . I t r e q u i re s

n o o r f e w in te ns i ve c o n se rva t i o n me a s ure s , e . g . co n t our

c u l t i v a t i on , s t r i p c ro p p i n g , ve ge t a t i ve ba r r i e r s , r oc k b a r r i e r s

a n d i n l a rge r f a rm s , b ro a d ba se t e r ra ces .

C 2 : Th i s i s m o de ra t e l y s lo p i n g l an d w i t h m o de ra te l y d e e p s o i l s

n ee d i n g m o re in te n s i ve c on se r va t i on . Th e c o n se r va t i o n

t re a tm e n t s ca n be do ne b y m e d iu m s i zed m a c h i ne s .

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C 3 : Th i s i s s t ro n g l y s l o p i n g l a nd w i th d ep t h r an g i n g f ro m

s h a l l o w t o de ep . I t n ee ds b en ch t e r r ac i n g o n de ep so i l a n d

h i l l s i d e d i t ch in g .

C 4 : Th i s i s v e r y s t r o n g l y s l op i n g l a nd w i t h m o de ra t e t o d e ep so i l

d e p t h . A l l th e ne ce s sa ry t r ea t me n t s a re l i k e l y to be d o ne b y

m a nua l l a b ou r . C u l t i va t i o n i s t o b e p r ac t i c e d us i n g a w a l k i n g

t ra c t o r an d ha n d l ab o ur .

P : T h i s s ym bo l i s use d fo r Pa s t u re . I f t he l a nd i s v e r y s t r on g l y

s l o p i n g w i t h sha l l o w t o m o de ra te s l o pe su c h t yp e o f l a n d u se i s

r ec om m en de d wi th ro t a t i on a l g ra z i n g .

FT : Suc h t y pe o f sym b o l i s u se d f o r f o o d t r ee s o r f r u i t t r ee s . La nd

w i t h s t e e p s l o p e a nd o f m o d era t e t o de e p de p t h i s re co m me nd e d

f o r su ch a t ype o f l a n d u se . O rc ha rd t e r r ac i n g i s t h e m a i n

t re a tm e n t s up p le m e n te d wi t h c o n t ou r p l a n t i n g , d i ve r s i o n

d i t c h i n g a n d m u l ch i n g . B ec a use o f th e s t e e p ne s s o f t he s lo pe s ,

i n t e r spa ce sh o u l d be ke p t u nd e r p e r ma n e n t g r a s s c o ve r .

F : H ere , t he so i l i s t o o sh a l l o w f o r a ny o f t h e a b o ve -m e n t i o n ed

c o n se r va t i o n s t r uc tu re s . I t s ho u l d be b ro u gh t u nde r pe rma ne n t

f o re s t c o ve r .

A c t i on p la n fo r l a nd re s o u rc e s d e v e l op me nt i s p re p a red

b y o ve r l a yi n g t h e t he m at i c m a ps s u ch a s s l o p e , d e p th o f s o i l a nd

l a n d u se / l a nd c o v e r pa t t e rn i n o rde r t o su g ge s t va r i o u s

de ve l opm e nt a l a c t i v i t i e s t h ro u g h l an d su i t ab i l i t y c l a s s i f i c a t i on .

T he a c t i o n p l a n fo r l a n d r e so u rc e s i s sh o w n i n l a nd

Su i t a b i l i t y m ap (F i gu re 6 . 3 ) . Cu l t i v a t i on ca n be d one b y a d o p t i n g

s u i t a b le so i l a n d w a te r c on se r va t i on m ea s u res l i ke c o n t o ur

c u l t i va t i o n , b en c h t e r ra c i n g , g r a d ed b u n d in g a t su i t ab le a re a s . C 1 ,

C 2 , C 3 a n d C 4 a r e t he s y mb ol s w hi ch a r e u se d f o r s uc h t ype o f

c u l t i va t i o n t o s ho w su i t ab i l i t y o f l a n d a n d t y pe o f cu l t i va t i on .

A na l ys i s re ve a l s th a t C 1 t ype o f c u l t i v a t io n c a n b e ad o p t e d a lo n g

t he D u d h ga n ga r i ve r w hi c h h a s l e s s g r a d ie n t a nd g o od de p t h o f

s o i l . C 2 t yp e o f c u l t i va t i o n i s su gg e s t e d a t l owe r re a ch es o f

D u d h ga n g a r i ve r , w h i c h ha s m o de ra te s lo pe a n d s h a l l ow t o d e e p

de p t h o f so i l . Sc o p e fo r C3 t ype o f cu l t i v a t i on i s v e r y l i mi t e d . In

h i l l y a re a s wh i c h a r e o f de e p so i l de p t h a r e ca t e g o r i ze d f o r C 4

t ype o f c u l t i va t i on . So u t h we s te rn h i l l y a re a s o f R ad ha na gr i t a h s i l

a re m o s t su i t ab le fo r f o r e s t .

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F i gu re 6 .3

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P ro te c te d fo r e s t sh o u l d b e m a i n t a i ne d i n th e se a re a s

d u e t o l i m i t a t i on s o f s t e ep s lo pe a n d m o d e ra te t o s ha l l o w s o i l

de p t h . De g ra de d l an d a r ea s o f s ha l l ow t o mo de ra te so i l de p t h m us t

be b ro u gh t un de r p a s tu re . H i l l y a r e as o f Ka rve e r an d Kag a l t a h s i l s

a re m o s t su i t ab le fo r Pas t u r e .

T he se d e ve l o p m en ta l a c t i v i t i e s i f f a l l o we d i n a n

o r ga n i ze d m a n ne r t he n i t w i l l r e su l t in r e d uc e d s o i l e ro s i o n ,

i nc re a se d m oi s tu re c o n se r va t i o n , i mp ro v ed p rod uc t i v i t y o f t h e so i l

a n d i m p ro ve d f o res t a n d pa s tu re l a nd . The go a l o f su s t a i na b l e

de ve l opm e nt t h rou g h p ro p e r wa t e r s h e d m a na ge me nt ca n be

a ch ie ve d .

Ba se d o n l a nd su i t a b i l i t y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , s pe c i f i c a l l y a t

l oc a t i on s o f C 1 , C 2 a n d C 4 s ym bo ls ( F i g u re 6 .3 ) c o n t o ur

c u l t i va t i o n , g ra de d b u n d i n g a nd t e r ra ce f a rm i n g i s r e co m m e nd e d

r e s pe c t i ve l y b y c o n s id e r i n g i m po r ta n t a s pe c t s o f t he se

c o nse rva t i o n p ra c t i ce s .

6 . 4 .1 Contour Cul t i va t i on :

C o n t o ur c u l t i va t i on me a ns c u l t i va t io n t ha t f o l l o w s t he

c o n t ou r o f a f i e l d , a t a n gl e s t o t he s l o pe o f t he f i e l d . O n s l o p i n g

l a n d a l l f i e l d o pe ra t i o n s su c h a s t i l l a ge , p l an t i n g , we ed c o n t ro l ,

s p r a y i n g a n d h a rve s t i n g s h ou l d b e c a r r i e d o u t a l o n g t he c o n t ou r .

R i d ge s a n d m i n i de p re s s i on s a l o n g t he c o n t ou r c r ea t e sm a l l s t o r a ge

vo l u me s w h e re r a i n wa t e r ca n a c cu m u la t e , a l l o wi n g mo re t i m e fo r

i n f i l t r a t i o n . F i e ld o pe ra t i o n s c o n d uc t ed in a do wn s l o pe d i re c t i o n

c an c a u se a de va s t a t i n g im pa c t re su l t i n g i n h i gh run of f l os se s a n d

s o i l e ro s i o n . Su ch t yp e o f m e th od o f c u l t i va t io n w i l l i n t u rn

i nc re a se s t h e i n f i l t r a t i on o f r a i nw a t e r i n t o t he s o i l p ro f i l e whe re b y

t he q ua n t i t y a n d ve l oc i t y o f r un o f f a n d he nc e e ro s io n i s g r ea t l y

r e d u ce d . Fu r t he r , w he n cu l t i va t i on i s d o n e o n t he c o n t ou r i ns t e a d

o f u p a n d do wn c u l t i va t i o n , m uc h l e s s p o we r i s r eq u i r e d t o b e

e xe r t e d b y m e n , a n i ma l s a n d m a ch i n e s . The w ea r an d t ea r o f

m ec ha n ic a l pa r t s o f i m p le m en ts i s l e s s a n d t he j ob i s don e i n l e s s

t im e .

T he e f f e c t i ve ne s s o f c on to u r p la n t i ng a n d t i l l a ge in

e ro s i o n c on t r o l va r i e s w i t h s lo pe , c ro p c o ve r a nd s o i l . M a x i m u m

e f f e c t i ve ne s s o f c o n t ou r c u l t i va t i o n i s o n m e d i u m s l o p es a n d on

de e p p e rme a b l e so i l s w h ic h a r e e i t he r n o t p ro ne t o s u r f ac e s e a l i ng

e f f e c t o r a re p ro te c te d wi t h s u i t a b l e c o ve r f rom s u r f ace s e a l i n g .

Th e r e la t i v e e f f ec t i ven e s s d ec re a se s a s t he l an d s l ope s be c ome

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ve ry f l a t o r ve ry s t e ep (Sm i t h a nd W i sch m ei e r , 1 97 8) .

a ) Genera l Gu ide l ines :

i . Th ese m ea s u res a re e f f e c t i ve wh e n l a nd s l o p e i s a b o u t 2 %

an d l e s s .

i i . C ul t i va t i o n op e ra t i o ns s h o u l d b e do ne ac ro s s t he s l o pe

i i i .Ma xi m um e f f ec t i ve ne s s o f c on t o u r cu l t i va t i o n i s on de e p

pe rm ea b l e so i l s whi c h a r e e i th e r n o t p ro ne t o su r f a c e s e a l i n g

e f f e c t o r a re p ro te c te d wi t h su i t a b l e co ve r f ro m su r f a c e

s ea l in g .

i v . C on to ur c u l t i va t i o n i s e f f ec t i ve i n re du c t i o n o f run of f a n d

p re ve n t i o n o f s o i l e ro s i o n in t he m a j o r g ro u p s o f a l l u v i a l ,

b l ac k a nd d ee p l a t e r i t i c s o i l s

6 . 4 .2 Graded Bunds :

In re la t i v e l y h i gh r a i n f a l l a r ea s gr ad e d b u n ds a r e

c o ns t ru c t e d . Th e e xc e s s wa t e r h as t o be re m o ve d o u t o f t h e f i e l d to

a vo i d wa t e r l o g g i ng , e spe c ia l l y i n d ee p b l a ck so i l s . T he se b u n ds

a re o u t l e t s f o r s a f e r e m o v a l o f wa t e r . The ch a n ne l s o f g r a d ed

b u nds a re wi de a nd s h a l l o w. T o sp i l l t he wa t e r s a f e l y f ro m t he

c ha nne l t h e bu nd s a re i m p or t a n t .

a ) Genera l Gu ide l ines :

i ) G ra de d b u n ds s h o u l d be c on s t ru c t e d i n h i gh r a i n f a l l a re a s .

i i ) Th e a va i l a b i l i t y o f w a t e r c o u r se s wi t h go o d ve ge t a t i o n i s

p re re q u i s i t e .

i i i ) G ra sse d wa t e rwa y l oc a t i o n sh o u l d be de t e rmi ne d f i r s t .

i v ) Th e se b u n ds a re e f fe c t i ve whe n l a n d s lo pe i s be t wee n 2 t o

7 pe rc e n t .

6 . 4 .3 Bench Terrac ing :

Be nc h t e r ra ce s a re f l a t b ed s c on s t ru c te d ac ro s s t he h i l l

s l o pe s a l on g th e c on t o u rs wi t h ha l f c u t t i n g a n d ha l f f i l l in g . I n t h i s

m e t ho d , s t ep l i ke f i e l d s a re c o n s t ruc te d b y c o n ve r t i n g o r i g i na l

h i l l y g r o u n ds . T h i s he lp s t o r e d uc e t he d e g re e o f s lo pe w h ic h a l s o

e l i m i n a t e s t he r i sk o f e r os i o n . On s l o p p y a n d un d u l a t i n g l a n d s ,

a g r i c u l t u ra l p ra c t i ces c a n be e f f ec t i ve l y pe r fo rm e d o n t he se b en ch

t e r ra ce s . A l l th e e x t e rna l n u t r i en t s s up p l ie d t o t he c ro ps in f o rm of

m a n u re s a n d f e r t i l i ze r s r e m a in i n t he c ro pp e d f i e l d . I t h e l p s i n

be t t e r a p p l i c a t i on o f i r r i ga t i o n wa t e r a s u n i f o rm d i s t r i b u t i o n o f

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s o i l mo is t u r e i s m a i n ta i ne d . Be nc h Te r ra c e s y s te m i s e f f e c t i ve in

r e d u c i n g run -of f an d s o i l l o s s b y 8 0 a nd 9 0 pe rc e n t .

a ) Genera l Gu ide l ines :

i ) B e n ch t e r r ac e i s ge ne ra l l y p ra c t i c e d i n 1 6-3 3 % s l ope

r an ge .

i i ) Pr o t ec t i o n t o t h e r i s e r s o f t h e t e r ra ce s sh o u l d be d on e b y

e s t ab l i sh i n g g ra s se s o r b y p ro v i d i n g s t one p i t ch i n g .

i i i ) A l o n gi tu d i na l g r a d i e n t o f 0 . 75 p e r ce n t i s a d o p t ed i n

h ea vy ra in f a l l an d h i gh l y s lo p i n g a re as .

i v ) T he c on s t ru c t i o n o f be nc h t e r ra ce sh ou l d be su c h t h a t

t he e a r t h wo rk e xc a va te d f rom th e u ppe r h a l f i s

d e p o s i t e d o ve r th e l o we r s l op e .

v ) Si de bu nd s on t h e o u t e r e d ge o f th e t e r ra c e s ho u l d be

p ro v id e d t o p re ve n t s l i p p in g do w n of so i l .

v i ) T o m a i n ta i n t o p s o i l s i n t e r ra c es , t he co n s t ruc t i o n s ho u l d

s t a r t f ro m t he f oo t h i l l s .

Ta b l e 6 .5 : C r i t e r i a Ta b l e f o r C on se rva t i o n Me a su re s

C o n t o ur

C u l t i va t i o n

G ra de d B u n d B e n c h

Te r r ac i n g

La n d u se / l a n d

c o v e r

A gr ic u l t u re

a n d f a l lo w

l a n d

A gr i c u l t u re

an d f a l l o w

la nd

A gr i c u l t u r e

a n d f a l l o w

l a nd

So i l

p e rm i a b i l i t y

Pe rm ea b l e Pe rme a b l e Lo w p e rme a b l e

S l op e < 2 % 2 -7 % 1 6 -3 3 %

R u n o f f Lo w Lo w H i g h

So u rc e : G O I , 1 9 9 5 a n d R a i n W a te r Ha rv e s t i n g Ma nu a l , PH E De p t .

o f Me g ha la ya .

6 . 5 Water shed Pr i or i t i za t i on by App ly ing Watershed Eros ion

Response Mode l (WERM):

T he fo rm ul a t i on o f i n t e g ra t ed wa t e r r e so u rc e

m a n a ge me nt p ro g ra m f o r s us t a in a b le d e ve l op me nt r eq u i re s t he

p r io r i t y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f a b as i n . A n a re a wi t h a h i ghe r ra t e o f

e ro s i o n n ee d s t o b e g i ve n h i gh e r p r i o r i t y f o r a p p rop r i a t e t re a t m e n t

m ea s u res . A s o i l c o nse rva t i o n p ro g ra mm e i s a n e x p en s i v e a n d

c u m be rs o me p ro ce s s , c a r r i e d ou t i n s t e p s s t a r t i n g f r om t h e m o s t

vu l n e r a b le r e g io n . T he re fo r e , t h e r e i s a n ee d t o a s s i gn re l a t i ve

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p r io r i t i e s to d i f f e r en t re g i on s w i t h i n a c a tc h m e nt . The ma j or

f a c to r s r e s p o ns i b l e f o r so i l e r os i o n i n c l u d es ra in fa l l , s o i l t y pe ,

ve ge t a t i o n , to po g ra p h i c a nd m o rp ho l o g ic a l c h a rac t e r i s t i c s o f t he

ba s i n . ( Ko t h y a r i & Ja i n ,1 99 7 ) . I n a s se s s in g t h e r e l a t i v e

vu l n e ra b i l i t y o f d i f f e re n t wa t e r she ds t o so i l e ro s io n , t he f a c t o r s

r e s po ns i b l e f o r so i l e ros i on we re c o n s id e r ed us i n g t he W at e rs hed

E ros i o n Re sp on se M o de l ( J a i n & G oe l , 20 02 ) .

6 . 5 .1 Parame ters f or WERM:

Pa ra me t e r s u se d fo r W ER M a re s l ope , v e ge t a t i o n

de ns i t y , l a n d use / l a nd c o v e r a n d ra i n f a l l . The s u i t a b le we i g h t s

w e re a s s i gn e d to ea c h t he ma t ic l a ye r a f t e r c o n s i d e r in g t h e i r

c ha ra c t e r i s t i c s a n d i n f l ue nc e u po n s o i l e ro s i o n . Kn o wle d g e b as e d

w e i g h t a s s i gnm e nt w a s c a r r i e d o u t f o r ea c h l a ye r a nd t he y we re

i n t e g ra te d a n d a na l yse d b y u s i n g th e we i g h t e d o ve r l a y t e c hn i q ue

(E SR I , 19 8 8 ) . W e i gh t e d o ve r la y o n l y a c ce p t s i n t e ge r r a s t e r s a s

i np u t so co n t i n u ou s ( f l oa t i n g p o i n t ) r a s t e r s h a ve t o b e re c la s s i f i e d

a s i n te ge r be fo re th e y c a n be u se d .

a ) Rainfa l l :

T he a m ou nt a n d i n t e n s i t y o f ra i n f a l l a f f e c t t he

s e d i me nt y i e l d f ro m a ba s i n . The h ig h r a i n f a l l a re as a r e h i gh l y

vu l n e ra b le t o so i l e ro s i o n a s co m pa re t o l o w ra in f a l l a re a s . I n the

s t u d y re g i o n , r a i n f a l l de c r ea se s f ro m s o u t h -w e s t e rn t o n o r t h -

e as t e rn p a r t .

F i gu re 6 .4 : Me t h od o l o gy t o De r i ve P r i o r i t y Are a s

WERM

Weighted

Slope Map

Weighted

Land use Map

Weighted

Vegetation

Density Map

Weighted

Rainfall

Map

Priority Areas

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B y a s se s s i n g t he r a i n f a l l c on d i t i on s , th re e r a i n f a l l

c l a s se s ha ve b ee n i de n t i f i ed a nd ap p ro p r i a te we i g h t a g e i s g i ve n .

Ta b le 6 .6 : W ei gh t A s s i gne d f o r Ra i n f a l l C la s se s

Ra i n f a l l

C l a s s

R a i n f a l l

( I n c m )

A s s i g ne d W ei gh t

H i g h > 3 0 0 3

Me d i u m 1 5 0 – 30 0 2

Lo w < 1 5 0 1

b) Vege ta t i on :

V e ge ta t io n re d u ce s t he r a i n d ro p ' s ca p ab i l i t y t o d e t a ch

s o i l pa r t i c l e s a n d s i gn i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t s th e e ro s io n p roc e s s . Th e

e f f e c t i ve ne s s o f veg e t a t i on de pe n ds on th e he i gh t a nd c on t i nu i t y o f

c an op y , d e n s i t y o f g r o un d c o ve r a n d t he ro o t de ns i t y . G e ne ra l l y ,

f o re s t s a re m os t e f f e c t i ve i n re du c in g e ros i o n be ca use o f t he i r

l a r ge c a n o p i e s ( J a i n & D o l e za l , 20 00 ) . Th e n um be r o f m e th od s

ha ve be en u se d t o i d en t i f y d i f f e re n t p he n o l o g ic a l s t a ges of

ve ge t a t i o n , i n c l ud i n g t h e a p p l i ca t io n o f th e No rm al i ze d D i f f e re nc e

V e ge ta t io n In de x (N D V I ) , w hi c h i s u se d a s a n i nd ic a to r o f

ve ge t a t i o n co nd i t io n ( Ra ma m o o r t h i e t a l . , 19 9 1 ) . T he ND V I i n d ex

i s r ec l a s s i f i e d i n t o t h e f o l l o w in g c la s se s wi t h su i t ab le we i g h t s .

Ta b l e 6 .7 : W ei gh t A s s i gn ed f o r Ve ge t a t i on C la s se s

V e ge ta t io n C l a s s A s s i gn ed We i gh t

V e ry De nse

V e ge ta t io n

1

D e n se V e ge t a t i o n 2

Me di um Ve ge t a t i on 3

Po o r Ve ge ta t i o n 4

N o Ve ge t a t i on 5

c ) S lope :

Th e t op o gra ph ic f e a t u r e t h a t m o s t l y in f l ue nc es t he

e ro s i o n p roc e s s i s t h e de gre e o f s l ope , a h i gh e r s l o pe r e s u l t i n g in

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h i gh e r e ro s i o n . W i t h t he a d v e n t o f G 1 S t ec hn iq ue s , i t i s no w

p o s s i b le t o p re pa re t he d i g i t a l e l e va t i o n m o de l (D EM ) o f a n a re a .

U s i n g th e DE M, t he s l o pe on a l l th e g r i ds i n t he a re a ca n b e

c a l c u l a t e d a n d t h i s i n f o rm a t i o n c a n be u t i l i ze d fo r a s se s s i n g t he

r e l a t i ve v u l ne ra b i l i t y t o s o i l e ro s i o n .

Ta b l e 6 .8 : W ei gh t A s s i gn ed fo r S l o p e C la s se s

S l ope C l a s s Pe rce n ta ge

S l o pe

A s s i g ne d

We i gh t

N e a r l y Le ve l 0 -1 % 1

V e ry Ge n t l e 1 -3 % 2

G e n t le 3 -5 % 3

M od e ra t e 5 - 10 % 4

S t ron g 1 0 -1 5 % 5

S t ee p 1 5 -3 5 % 5

V e ry S t e ep > 35 % 5

d ) Land use / Land cover :

La n d use / l a nd c o ve r p l a ys a ve ry c ru c i a l r o l e i n so i l

vu l n e r a b i l i t y a n a l ys i s . Th e l a nd u n de r ve ge t a t i o n c o v e r i s l e s s

vu l n e r a b le a s c om pa re t o f a l l ow a n d b a r re n l a n d . T he t h i c k f o re s t

a n d g r as s l a n d p r e v en t s s o i l e ro s i o n . La n d sh ou ld b e use d p ro pe r l y

b y c on s i de r i n g i t s c a p ab i l i t y a nd l i m i t a t i on s o t he rwi se i t w ou ld

c au se s e ve re s o i l e ro s i o n .

Ta b le 6 .9 : We i gh t A s s i gne d fo r La n d U se C la s se s

La n d u se / La n d

c o v e r

A s s i gn ed W e i gh t

W a te r b o d y Re s t r i c t e d

Fo re s t 1

G ra s s l a nd 2

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A g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d 3

Fa l lo w l a nd 4

B a r re n l a n d 5

T o a cc ou n t f o r t h e i n t e g ra t ed e f f e c t o f a l l t h e fo u r

pa ra m e t e r s c o n s i d e r ed in th i s s t u d y , t he i n d i v i d u a l we i g h t s o f a l l

t he pa ra m e t e rs we re a dd e d t o ge t he r . T h i s s um wa s f u r t he r su b -

d i v i de d i n t o t h re e d i f f e r en t c a t e go r ie s f o r t he p u rp ose o f a s se s s i n g

t he r e l a t i ve v u l ne ra b i l i t y , a n d c od e s we re a s s i g ne d t o e a ch

c a t e go r y . A re as w i t h h i g he r f i na l we i g h t s we re c o n s i de r e d t o be

m os t v u l ne ra b l e t o s o i l e r os i o n . Th us , a n a r ea wi t h a co de o f a bo v e

1 4 i s h i g h l y vu ln e rab le t o s o i l e r os i o n a n d mu s t b e g i v e n t he

h i gh es t p r io r i t y f o r t h e p u rp o se o f s us t a in a b le de ve l o pm e nt b y

a d op t i n g s u i t a b l e w a t e r a n d so i l c o n se r va t i on m e a su re s . T he r a n ge

o f ac c u m ul a t e d we i g h t s an d th e c o r re sp o n d i n g p r i o r i t y c ode i s

g i ve n i n Tab le 6 . 10 .

Ta b l e 6 .1 0 : Ra n ge o f t h e Ac cu m u l a t e d We i gh t s a n d C or r es p o nd in g

P r i o r i t y A re a s

Ra n ge o f

a cc um ul a te d

w e i g h t s

V u ln e rab i l i t y C od e

> 14 H i gh 1

7 - 1 4 M od e ra te 2

< 7 Lo w 3

6 . 5 .2 Pr ior i t i za t i on o f Wa tershed:

W ei gh t e d O ve r l a y i s a t e c h n i q ue fo r a p p l y i n g a

c o m m o n m e a su re me n t s c a le o f va l u es t o d i v e r se a n d d i s s i mi l a r

i np u t s t o c re a t e a n i n t e g ra t e d a n a l ys i s .

B y a p p l y i n g t h i s t e c h n i qu e f o u r p r io r i t y a re a s h a ve

be e n su gg e s t e d b y c o n s id e r i n g s l op e , r a in f a l l , ve ge t a t i on a n d l a nd

u se / l a nd c o ve r c on d i t i on s . Fo r t he a n a l ys i s p u rp o se , wa t e r b o d y i s

c o ns i de re d a s a r e s t r i c t e d c a t e go r y .

a ) High Pr ior i ty Area

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F i gu re 6 .5

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162

T he a na l ys i s r e vea l s t ha t a ve ry h i gh p r i o r i t y s h o u l d be

g i ve n t o so u t he rn pa r t o f Ka rvee r t ah s i l a n d de gra d e d h i l l y a re a s

o f Ra d ha na gr i a n d K a g a l t a hs i l . T h i s c a t e g o r y ac c o un ts f o r 9 6 7 6

he c ta re s ( 1 8 .3 0 % ) . T he ma j o r f a c t o r s t ha t c o n t r i b u te t o s o i l

e ro s i o n p o t e n t i a l i n th i s a re a we re a s se s se d . I n t h i s a re a m a i n l y

s t ee p s l op e , l ac k o f ve ge ta t io n a n d ba r r e n l a n d a re t he d om i n a n t

f a c to r s f o r so i l e ro s io n . Th i s a re a m u s t b e b ro u gh t u nd e r

ve ge t a t i o n th rou gh p r ope r a f fo r e s t a t i on p ro gra m a nd g r a s s la nd

m a n a ge me nt . A ve ry h i gh p r i o r i t y m us t be g i ve n t o V ad dwa di ,

H a n ba rw ad i , She nd u r , B am a ne , Kh eb a wa de , D he re wad i , Ma j ga o

a n d Bu rdwa di v i l l ag e a re as ( p l . r e f e r v i l l a ge l oc a t i on m ap , f i gu re

6 . 1 0 )

Ta b l e 6 .1 1 : D ud h ga n g a Ba s i n : A re a S t a t i s t i c s o f P r i o r i t i za t i o n

S r . n o . P r i o r i t i za t io n A re a ( In h a ) I n p e r c e n t

1 H i gh 9 6 7 6 1 8 .3 0

2 M od e ra t e 3 2 5 5 3 6 0 .9 3

3 Lo w 7 2 3 7 1 3 .6 9

4 Re s t r i c t e d 3 3 8 3 6 . 40

T o ta l 5 2 8 4 9 1 0 0

b) Med ium/Modera te Pr i or i ty Area :

T hi s re g i on i s gen e ra l l y d om i n a t e d b y ge n t l e to

m ode ra t e s l o pe . Th i s zo ne i s ba s i ca l l y ru n n i n g a l o ng t he r i v e r .

A gr ic u l t u ra l l an d u se ge ne ra l l y d o m i n a te s h e re .T he t o t a l a rea

w h i c h c om e s u n de r t h i s c l a s s i s ab ou t 3 2 5 5 3 he c t a re s (6 1 .5 9 %) .

S i dh n e r l i , Na g ao , C hu y e , Ka da ne , A r j u na wa da , Un de rwa d i ,

N a r t a vad e , a nd B i d r i v i l l a ge a re a s m u s t be g i ve n m o d era t e

p r io r i t y i n t he co nse rva t io n p l a n n i n g . Th i s r e g io n i s l e s s

vu l n e r a b le a s c om p a re t o h i gh p r i o r i t y a r e as .

c ) Low Pr ior i ty Area :

T hi c k f o re s t a re as o f t h i s wa te rs h ed s h ou l d be g i v en

l o w pr io r i t y . Th e p o s i t i ve a sp ec t o f t h i s zo ne i s t h i c k ve ge t a t i on

c o ve r wh i ch m u s t b e ma i n t a i ne d t o p r o t ec t t h i s z on e . Th i s zo n e i s

ba s i ca l l y c o nf i ne d t o s ou t h wes t e rn p a r t o f t h e R a d ha na gr i t a hs i l .

H o we ve r , Ba ga l w ad i , N i ka l wa d i , D ha n ga rw ad i an d Va i ke wadi

v i l l a ge a r ea s sh ou ld be g i ve n l e s s p r i o r i t y . Th i s c l a s s a c co un t s f o r

7 2 37 h ec t a r e s ( 1 3 .69 p e r ce n t ) .

6 . 6 Proposed Conserva t ion Measure s f or Dudhganga Water shed:

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SITE SUITABILITY

ANALYSIS

OVERLAY

ANALYSIS

DRAINAGE

ORDER

LAND USE

/LAND

COVER MAP

VILLAGE/

AGRICULTUR

E LOCATION

MAP (BUFFER

MAP)

SLOPE

MAP

GEOHYDROLOGY

T he re a r e nu me ro us be ne f i t s a s soc i a t e d wi th

c o nse rva t i o n p la nn i n g s uc h a s e n v i ro nm e nt a l , e c o n o mic , s o c i a l a n d

c u l tu ra l . B y a pp l y i n g c on se r va t i o n m e as u re s , wa te r a n d so i l

r e s ou rc es c a n be su s ta i na b l y ma na ge d . W a t e r sh e d m a na ge me nt i s

a n id ea l ap p ro ac h t o co nse rve t he n a t u r a l re so u rc es o f t he s t u d y

r e gi on . T h e s i t e s u i t a b i l i t y a na l ys i s (F i gu re 6 .6 ) ha s he l pe d in

l oc a t i n g t he s u i t a b l e s i t e s f o r t he co nse rva t io n m ea su res .

F i gu re 6 . 6 : Me t h o d o l o g y fo r S i t e Su i t a b i l i t y A na l ys i s

B y f o l l o wi n g t he gu i de l i n es g i ve n b y G o v e rna me nt o f

I n d i a (19 9 5 ) a n d PH E De p t . o f Me gh a l a ya , f o l l o wi n g c on se rva t i o n

m ea s u res ha ve be en su gge s t ed b y a p p l y i n g in t e r sec t o ve r l a y

t ec hn i q ue .

6 . 6 .1 Perco la t i on Tank :

In o rd e r t o a ch ie ve a r t i f i c i a l r e c ha rg e o n a m u c h l a rge r s c a l e ,

c o ns t ru c t i on o f pe rc o l a t i on t an ks i s a w i de l y p ra c t i s ed t ec h n i q ue .

D ue t o t he h i g h e va p o ra t i on ra te s o f s u r f a ce wa t e r in th e s um m er

m on t h s , s t o ra ge i n g ro u nd wa t e r re se rvo i r i s a p re f e r re d m e t h o d . I n

o r de r t o au gm e n t g ro u nd wa te r s t o ra ge , r u n of f wa t e r i n s e ve ra l

s e a so na l s t re a ms i n a l a rge w a t e rs he d i s im p ou n de d b y

c o ns t ru c t i n g e a r t h en b un d s a c ros s t h e s t re am s . Pe r c o la t io n t a n ks

a re f o rm ed f o r c o l l ec t in g ru n of f wa te r f ro m ca t c h me n t s ra n g i n g

be t wee n 1 0 t o 50 s q . km s . Th i s wa t e r pe rc o l a t e s d u r i ng t h e f o u r

m on t h s o f t he wi n te r s e a so n (Oc to be r -Fe b rua ry ) a n d b y t h e

be g i nn i n g o f s u m me r t he t a n k b ec o me s d ry .

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Pe rc o l a t i o n t a nk s a re t he s t r uc t u re s f o r re c h a r g i n g

g r o u n d wa te r b y s u bm e rg in g a l a nd a re a w i t h a de q ua t e

pe rm e a b i l i t y to f a c i l i t a t e s u f f i c i en t p e r c o la t i o n of i m po u n d ed

s u r f a ce ru n of f . T he se a re ge ne ra l l y c on s t r uc te d a c r os s s t r ea m s a n d

b i gg e r g u l l i e s i n o rde r t o im p ou n d a p a r t o f t he ru n -o f f wa te r . Th i s

w a te r , i n due c ou rse , f i nds i t s wa y i n t o su bs o i l a nd re ch a r ge s t h e

g r o u n d wa t e r . Th i s l e a ds t o be t t e r r e c u p e ra t i o n o f we l l s in t he

d o wn s t re am a r ea s . A s a r e s u l t suc h pe rc o l a t i on t a n k s en a b le s t o

i nc re a se t he wa t e r t a b l e i n c om m a n d a re a , p e r da y y i e ld o f we l l s

i nc re a se s , th e d u ra t i o n o f th e wa t e r i n t he we l l s e x t en d s b y o ne

a n d ha l f mo nt h i . e . up t o e n d o f m a rc h an d c r ea t e po te n t i a l f o r

d i gg i n g a d d i t i on a l w e l l s ( Pa wa r , 19 8 9 a n d 20 03 ) . H a rd - ro ck

a q u i f e r s a re as o f D u dh g an ga b a s i n a r e e s pe c ia l l y p ro n e to o ve r -

e x p l o i t a t i o n be c au se o f l im i te d s t o ra ge a n d r ec ha rge . Th e

pe rc o l a t i on t a n k i s m o re o r l e s s s i m i l a r t o c he c k da m s o r na l a b u n d

w i t h a f a i r l y l a rge s t o r a ge re se r vo i r . Su c h a c o n se r va t i on m e asu re

w i l l be co m e be ne f i c ia l i n t he s tu d y r e g io n b y a do p t in g t he

fo l l o wi n g gu i de l i n es .

F i gu re 6 .7 : Te ch n i ca l De t a i l s o f Pe rc o l a t i on Ta nk

( So u rce : C GW B , 20 0 7)

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a ) Genera l Guide l ine s :

( i ) Pe rc o l a t i o n t a nk s s ho u l d n o rm a l l y b e co ns t ruc t ed in a t e r r a i n

w i t h h i g h l y f ra c t u r e a n d we a th e red r oc k fo r sp ee d y r ec ha rge . In

c ase o f a l l u v i um , th e bo u ld a r y f o rm a t i o n s a re i de a l . H o w e ve r , t h e

pe rm e a b i l i t y sh ou ld no t be to o h i gh t h a t m a y r e s u l t i n t h e

pe rc o l a te d wa te r e sca p i n g i n th e d o wn s t re am as re ge ne ra t ed

s u r f a ce f l o w .

( i i ) Th e be ne f i t ed c o m m an d a r ea sh ou l d h a ve s u f f i c i e n t n um be r o f

w e l l s , ha n d pu mp s e tc . A m i n i m u m w e l l de n s i t y o f 3 t o 5 p e r

s qu a re k i l o m e t r e s i s de s i ra b l e . The a q u i f e r z on e sh ou l d e x te nd

u p t o th e be ne f i t ed a r ea .

( i i i ) Su bm e rge n ce a r ea sh o u l d be unc u l t i va t e d a s f a r a s p o s s i b le .

( i v ) Ra in fa l l pa t t e rn ba se d o n lo n g- te rm e va l ua t i o n i s t o be s t u d i e d

s o t ha t t he p e r c o la t i o n t a nk ge t s f i l l e d up fu l l y du r i ng m on so on

(p re f e ra b l y m o re t h an o nc e ) .

( v ) So i l s i n t he ca t ch m en t a r ea s ho u l d p r e f e ra b l y be o f l i gh t s a n d y

t ype t o a v o i d s i l t in g u p o f t he t a n k b ed .

( v i i i ) Th e lo ca t io n o f t he t an k s ho u l d p re f e ra b l y b e d o wns t re a m of

r u nof f zo ne o r in t he u ppe r pa r t o f t he t ra ns i t i on z on e , w i t h a l a n d

s l o pe g r a d ie n t o f 3 t o 5 %.

(v i ) Th e y i e l d o f a c a t c hm e n t a r ea i s ge ne ra l l y f rom 0 .4 4 to 0 .5 5

M CM / sq .k m i n a l o w c a tc h m e nt a r ea . Ac co rd i n g l y , t h e c a t c hm e nt

a re a f o r sm a l l t a nk s v a r ie s f r o m 2 .5 to 4 sq .k m an d f o r l a rge r t a n k s

f rom 5 t o 8 sq .km .

(v i i ) W h i le d es i gn in g , d ue c a re s ho u l d be t ak e n t o ke e p t he h e i g h t

o f t he po nd ed wa te r co lu m n a b o u t 3 to 4 .5 m a bo v e t he be d l e ve l .

I t i s d e s i ra b l e t o e x h au s t t he s to ra ge b y Fe b ru a r y s i nc e e va po ra t i o n

l os se s be c om e s ub s t a n t i a l f r om Fe b ru a r y o n wa rds . I t i s p re f e ra b le

t ha t i n t h e do w n s t r e am a r ea , t he wa t e r t a b l e i s a t a d e p t h o f 3 t o 5

m b e l ow g ro u n d l e ve l d u r in g t h e p o s t m on so on p e r io d , i m pl y i n g

t ha t t he be ne f i t e d a r e a p o sse s ses a p o t e n t i a l s ha l l ow a q u i f e r .

( v i i i ) So f a r t he co ns t ruc t i o n i s c onc e rne d t he re i s n o t m u ch

d i f f e r en ce b e t we e n a p e r co la t io n t a nk a n d a mi no r i r r i ga t i o n t a nk ,

e xc e p t f o r p ro v i d i ng o u t l e t s f o r su r f a c e i r r i ga t io n an d th e d e p t h o f

t he c u t -o f f t r e nc h . T he c u t -o f f t r e nc h i s t o be p ro v i de d be lo w t h e

e a r th e n b u n d wi t h de p t h l i mi t e d t o o ne fo u r t h o f the h e i g h t

be t wee n b ed l e ve l a n d f u l l s t o r a ge l e ve l .

6 . 6 .2 Check Dams / Nal a Bunds :

N a la b un d i n g wo rk c on s i s t s o f c on s t r uc t i n g b u nds o f

s u i t a b le d i m en s io ns ac ro s s t he na l a o r gu l l i e s t o h o l d th e m a x i mu m

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ru nof f wa te r t o c r ea t e f l o o d i n g o f th e up s t r e am a r ea t e m po ra r i l y

f o r s om e da ys o r w e e ks , w i t h su rp l u s in g a r r a n ge me nt s a t s u i t a b l e

i n t e r va l to d ra i n t he wa t e r (T i de ma n , 19 9 0 ) . Ch ec k d a ms a re

c o ns t ru c t e d a c ro s s sm a l l s t r ea m s ha v i n g g en t l e s l o pe a nd a r e

f e a s i b le b o t h i n ha rd roc k a s we l l a s a l l u v ia l f o rma t i ons . Th e s i t e

s e le c te d fo r c he ck d am sh ou ld h av e s u f f i c i en t th ic kn es s o f

pe rm e a b le b e d o r w e a th e red f o rm a t i o n t o f ac i l i t a t e re ch a r ge o f

s t o re d wa te r w i t h i n s ho r t s pa n o f t im e . I t sh ou ld be a v o i de d in

i so l a t i o n . Th i s s t r uc t u re he lp s i n wa te r ha rve s t i n g, m o i s tu re

c o n t ro l a n d g r ou n d wa te r re c h a r ge . I t ma y n o t be a d v i sa b l e to

c o ns t ru c t na la bu n d s on s t re am wi t h h i gh g r a d i en t s lo pe a nd w h ere

ru nof f o f wa t e r f l ow i s ve ry h i gh (Ra j o ra , R . , 19 9 8 ) . Na la bu nd s

c he c k s o i l e ro s io n a s i t r e d u ce s t h e ru n of f b e fo re t he w a te r f l o w

ga i n s m o m e nt um . Re c l a ma t io n o f gu l l i ed l a n d i s po s s i b l e b y

c o ns t ru c t i n g th i s s t r uc t u re . Na la b u n d s a re c o ns t ru c te d ac ro s s

b i gg e r s t re a ms o f s e c on d o rde r i n a r ea s ha vi n g ge n t l e s l o pe s . A

na l a b u nd a c t s l i ke a m in i pe r c o la t i o n t a nk .

a ) Genera l Gu ide l ines :

F i gu re 6 .8 : Te c hn i ca l De ta i l s o f Che c k Da m

( So u rce : C GW B , 20 0 7)

Fo r s e le c t i n g a s i t e f o r Ch ec k Da m s / Na l a Bu nd s t h e fo l l o wi n g

c o nd i t i on s m a y be o bse rv ed .

( i ) The t o ta l c a tc h me nt o f t he na la sho u l d be m o re t h an 2 5 he c t o r s .

( i i ) Th e wi d t h o f na la be d s ho u l d be a t l ea s t 5 me te r s a n d n o t

e xc ee d 1 5 m e t re s an d th e d e p th s ho u ld n o t be l e s s th an 1 me t re .

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( i i i ) Th e so i l d o w n s t r ea m o f t he b u nd s ho u l d n o t be p ro ne t o wa t e r

l o gg i n g a nd s ho u l d ha ve p H be t wee n 6 . 5 to 8 .

( i v ) T h e l an ds d o wn s t re am of c he c k da m / b un d sh ou l d h av e

i r r i ga b l e l a n d u n de r we l l i r r i ga t i o n .

( v ) T he Na l a b u nd s s h ou ld b e p re f e ra b l y lo ca t e d i n a re a w he re

c o n t ou r o r g r a de d bu n d i n g o f l a n d s ha ve be e n ca r r i e d o u t .

( v i ) N a l a b u nd i s ge n e ra l l y a s m a l l ea r t he n d am w i th a c u t o f f c o r e

w a l l o f b r i ck w o rk , t h o u gh m a s on ry a nd c o n c re t e b u n d s / p l u gs a re

n o w p re va l e n t .

( v i i ) Da m s s h o u l d b e b u i l t a t s i t e s t h a t ca n p ro d uc e a re la t i v e l y

h i gh de p t h to s u r f ac e a re a so a s t o m i n i mi se e va po ra t i o n lo s ses .

( v i i i ) Ro c k y s u r f ac e s s ho u l d n o t be f ra c t u r e d o r c ra c ke d , w hi ch

m a y ca u se th e wa t e r to l e ak awa y t o de e pe r zo ne s o r b en ea t h t h e

da m .

( i x ) Da m fo u n da t io n m u s t b e o f so l id im pe rm e ab le ro ck w i t h no

s o i l p oc ke t s o r f r ac t u re l i ne s .

( x ) T he l oc a t i on o f t he ch ec k d a m s hou ld be c o n ve n ie n t f o r u se r

g r o u p s .

Ta b l e 6 .1 2 : Cr i t e r i a Ta b l e o f Si te Su i t ab i l i t y f o r R a i n W ate r

H a rv es t i n g S t ru c t u r es

St ruc t u re A re a Pe rm ea b

i l i t y

S t re a m

o r de r

P ro x i mi t

y f rom

V i l l a ge

a n d

A g r i c u l t

u re

S l o pe

C he ck D am > 25

he c ta re s

Lo w 1s t

/ 2n d

o r de r

5 0 0-7 0 0

m

N ea r l y

l e v e l to

ge n t l e

Pe rc o l a t i o n

t a nk

> 4 0

he c ta re s

Me di um

t o Hi gh

3r d

o rd e r - F la t t o

ge n t l e

So u rc e : G O I , 1 9 9 5 a n d R a i n W a te r Ha rv e s t i n g Ma nu a l , PH E De p t .

o f Me g ha la ya .

( x i ) C a tc hm e n t a re a sh ou ld be u nde r v e ge t a t i on c o ve r to a vo i d

s i l t i n g .

( x i i ) Da m s s h o u l d b e s i t e d a l o n g t h e e d ge s o f d e p re s s i o n s o r

d i re c t l y a c ros s t he l o w er e n d s o f de e p gu l l i e s i n t o t he roc k .

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F i gu re 6 .9

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F i g u re 6 .1 0

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Ta b l e 6 .1 3 : Vi l l a ge Li s t w i t h C o de N u m be r s

C od e

N o . Na m e

C o de

N o . N am e

C o de

N o . N a me

1 A i n i 3 1 D i n d ne r l i 6 1 N ar ta va d e

2 A ka nu r 3 2 D u bl e wa di 6 2 N i gv e

3 A l e ga d 3 3 E k on d i 6 3 N i k a lwa d i

4 A r j u n wad a 3 4 G a o t ha na 6 4 Pa l ka rwa d i

5 A te ga o wa di 3 5 H a l ya c h i wad

i 6 5 Pa n j e wa d i

6 A uc h i t wad i 3 6 H a n b ar wad i 6 6 Pa no r i

7 Ba c ha n i 3 7 H a n b ar wad i 6 7 P h a rka t e wa d

i

8 B a ga lwa d i 3 8 H e j a wa de 6 8 Ph a r l e

9 B a ma ne 3 9 H u d a 6 9 Sa va rd e

1 0 B e la wa le

b u dr uk 4 0 I s pu r l i 7 0 Sa va rd e

1 1 B e la wa le

Kh u rd 4 1 Ka la m wad i 7 1 Sa va rd e

1 2 B e la wa le

Kh u rd 4 2 Ka p i le s hwa r 7 2 Sh e l ewa d i

1 3 B i d r i 4 3 Ka s ab a v a l we 7 3 Sh e n du r

1 4 B o ra va de 4 4 K a sa rwa da 7 4 S i dha ne r l i

1 5 B u j a vd e 4 5 Ka sa rwa d i 7 5 So l a n ku r

1 6 B u rd w ad i 4 6 Ka sa rwa d i 7 6 Su l am bi

1 7 C ha n d ek a rwa d

i 4 7 Ka va ne 7 7 Ta l a s h i

1 8 C h a n dre 4 8 Ke mb a l i 7 8 Th i k p u r l i

1 9 C h ao ho d i 4 9 Kh e b awa de 7 9 T i t we

2 0 C h u y e 5 0 Ku rha d wa d i 8 0 T u ra m b e

2 1 D au ra wa di 5 1 Li n ge wa d i 8 1 U n de rwa d i

2 2 D e n g ewa di 5 2 Ma j ga o 8 2 V a d d wa d i

2 3 D ha m a n wad i 5 3 Ma l l e wa d i 8 3 V ad ga o

2 4 D h a n ga rwa d i 5 4 Ma l ve 8 4 V a i ke wa d i

2 5 D h a n ga rwa d i 5 5 Ma n ge wa d i 8 5 V a l ve Kh u rd

2 6 D h a n ga rwa d i 5 6 Ma n gol i 8 6 V a n a l i

2 7 D h a ram l ia wa d

i 5 7 M ha l un g e 8 7 V i j a ywa di

2 8 D ha va t wa d i 5 8 M o g ha rd e 8 8 W a da c h i wa d

i

2 9 D he re wa di 5 9 N a ga o n 8 9 W a k i

3 0 D he re wa di 6 0 N a n d ga o 9 0 Y a va t i

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6 . 7 Di scuss ion and Re sul t :

T he s i t e s u i t a b i l i t y a na l ys i s (F i gu re 6 . 6 ) ha s h e l pe d i n

l oc a t i n g t he su i t a b l e s i t e s f o r t he c o nse rva t i o n m e asu re s . R a i n

w a te r ha rv es t i n g s t r uc tu re s l i ke pe rc o l a t i on t a nk an d ch ec k da m

a re su g ge s te d by a p p l y i n g i n t e r se c t o ve r l a y t ec h n i que b y

c o ns i de r i n g t h e pa r a me t e r s l ik e s l o p e , p e r me a b i l i t y , a n d s t re am

o r de r . Th e s u i t a b le s i t e s a re a ga i n c o nf i rme d b y c on s id e r i n g t h e

p r ox i m i t y o f v i l l a ge s a n d a gr i c u l t u ra l f i e ld s . A cc o rd i n g t o t he

c r i t e r i a t ab le (Tab le 6 . 12 ) t he a p p ro p r i a t e s i t e s f o r c h e ck d a m a n d

f a rm p o nd s a re v e ry l i mi t e d i n we s t e rn an d s o u t h we s t e rn p a r t s o f

t he s t u d y re g i o n . V e ry f e w p o t en t i a l a r ea s f o r th e se s t ru c t u r e s a re

i de n t i f i e d i n s o u t h we s te rn pa r t o f Ra dh a n a g r i t a hs i l a s i t i s

d o m i na t e d b y h i l l y an d f o r e s te d a re as , e xc e p t a l o n g t he W ak i R i ve r

w he re t he v i l l a ge de ns i t y i s h i gh . N or t h Ea s t e rn a re a s w i t h g en t l e

t o m ode ra t e s l o p e a re m os t l y f a v or ab le f o r ch e ck d a m s a nd

pe rc o l a t i on t an ks . H e re , t he v i l l a ge d en s i t y i s a l s o qu i t e h i gh . In

t he s t ud y r e g io n f o r t y tw o s i t e s a r e f ou n d su i t a b l e f o r ch ec k da ms

a n d e i gh te e n s i t e s f o r p e r co la t io n t a n ks . Th e a p p rop r ia t e s i t e

l oc a t i on f o r ra i n wa te r ha rves t i n g h as b ee n s ho wn i n f i gu re 6 .9 .

6 . 8 Har iya l i Pro jec t f or So i l and Water Conserva t ion :

H a r i ya l i p ro j e c t s h a ve be en sanc t io ne d b y t he

D e pa r t m e n t o f La n d Re so u rc es , Mi n i s t ry o f R ura l Deve l o pm e n t ,

G o v er nm e nt o f I n d i a .

T he se p ro j e c t s u nde r t he a re a de ve l o p m en t p ro g ra m s

ha ve be e n i m pl em e n t ed i n a cc o rda nc e w i t h t he G u i de l i ne s f o r

H a r i ya l i w i t h e f fe c t f ro m 1 .4 .2 00 3 . Th e i n t e g ra t e d w a te rs h ed

m a n a ge me nt a n d de ve l o p me n t p ro gr am ha s be en i n t r oduc e d u nd e r

t h i s s c he m e . Th e c om m u n i t y o r i en te d p r o gram of 'H a r i ya l i ' i s

c a r r i ed o u t f o r e c o n o mi c b e n e f i t an d na t u ra l re so u rce

c o nse rva t i o n . T h e D ep a r tm e n t m a y sa nc t i o n s pe c i a l p ro j e c t s f o r

t r e a t m e n t o f wa s t e l a nd , i n Spe c i a l P r o b l e m A re as su c h a s h i gh

a l t i t u de re g i o ns , l an d s l i de a r e as a n d s l o pe s ha v i n g mo re th a n 30

de gr ee g ra d i en t . Th e m a i n o b j e c t i ve o f t h i s p r o j ec t i s t o c o n se r ve

na t u ra l re s ou rce s suc h a s wa te r , so i l a n d fo r e s t s . I n t h i s p ro j ec t ,

t he wa te r sh e d h as be e n se le c t e d wi t h t he c o ns i de ra t io n o f s ca rc i t y

o f d r i nk i n g w a t e r , a mo unt o f n o n f o re s t wa s t e l a n ds , de gr ad ed

l a n d s , a s su re d co n t r i bu t i o n o f l ab o ur f o r de ve lo pm e n t a n d

m a i n t e na nc e o f a s se t s a nd d om i n an t p o pu la t i o n o f SC a n d ST .

T he se p ro j e c t s a r e i m pl e m e nt e d ma i n l y t h ro u gh Zi l l a Pa r i sh a d

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(ZPs ) , D i s t r i c t Ru ra l De ve lo pm e nt Ag e n c i e s (D RD A s) . T he m a i n

a c t i v i t i e s o f Ha r i ya l i p r o j ec t s a re a s f a l l o ws

F i g u re 6 .1 1

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1 . D e ve l op me nt o f sm a l l wa t e r h a r ve s t i n g s t r uc t u re s suc h a s

o w -c o s t f a rm po nd s , n a l l a b un d s , ch ec k -da m s , p e r co la t i o n

t a nk s a nd o t he r g ro u n d wa t e r re c ha rge m ea su re s .

2 . Re no va t i on a n d a ug m e nt a t i o n o f wa te r s ou rc es , de s i l t a t i o n o f

v i l l a g e t a nk s fo r d r in k i n g wa t e r / i r r i ga t i on / f i s h e r ie s

de ve l o pm e n t .

3 . A ffo rs t a t i o n i n c l ud in g b lo c k p l a n t a t i on s , a g r o - f o re s t ry an d

h o r t i c u l t u r a l d e ve lo pm e n t , sh e l t e r be l t p la n ta t i o n s , pa s t u re

de ve l o pm e n t e t c .

4 . La n d De v e l o p me nt i nc l u d i n g s o i l a nd m oi s t u re c on se rv a t i o n

me a s u re s l i ke co n t o u r a nd g ra de d b u n ds fo r t i f i e d b y

p l an ta t io n ,

5 . Be nc h t e r ra c i n g i n h i l l y t e r ra i n , nu r se r y ra i s i n g fo r f o dde r ,

t i m be r , f ue l w oo d , h o r t i c u l t u re a n d n on - t i m be r fo r e s t

p ro d uc t sp ec i e s .

6 . D ra in a ge l in e t re a t m e n t w i t h a c om bi na t io n o f ve ge t a t i ve an d

en g i ne e r in g s t r uc t u r e s .

7 . C ro p d em on s t r a t i on s f o r po p u l a r i z i n g ne w c rop s / va r ie t i e s o r

i n n o va t i ve m a na ge m e n t p r ac t i c e s .

I n th i s re ga rd , Pa w a r , e t a l . , ( 2 0 09 ) ha ve d on e t he

a s ses s m e nt o f Har iy a l i p ro j e c t im p l e m e n te d i n S ha h uwad i t a hs i l o f

Ko l ha p u r d i s t r i c t , w he re i t ha s s h o wn p os i t i ve i m p ac t s .

a ) Su i t abl e S i te s f or Har iya l i Pro je c t :

T h e r e a r e va r i ou s s i t e s i n t h e s t ud y r e g i o n wh er e

i mp l e men t a t i o n o f H a r i ya l i p r o j e c t i s n e c e s s a r y . I t wi l l be b e n e f i c i a l

t o co ns e r ve r a i n wa t e r , t o i mp r o v e d e g r a d e d l a nd s an d to c o n s e r v e

fo r e s t . Th e h i g h p r i o r i t y a re a s w hi ch a r e m o re vu l ne ra b l e t o so i l

e ro s i o n a n d de gra de d fo r e s t a re a s sh o u l d b e co ns i de re d f i r s t t o

i mp le m en t Har i ya l i p ro j ec t i n t he s t ud y re g i on . D he re wa di ,

Ku r ha d wa di , B u rd w a d i , B a l e wa d i , V a i k ewa di , Dh an ba rwa d i ,

V a d dw a d i , Mha l u ng e , Ya v a t i , Ke m ba l i , She nd u r a n d Va na l i v i l l a ge

a re as ( F i g ure 6 .9 ) a re m os t su i t ab le f o r Ha r i ya l i p ro j e c t . As s uc h

t he su i t a b l e s i t e s t o i mp le m en t t he H a r i ya l i p ro j ec t a re de p i c t e d in

f i gu re 6 . 9 .

6 . 9 Spr ing Water Harve s t i ng :

In h i l l y a re a s , s p r i n gs a r e t he m os t t r a d i t i o na l so u rc e

o f w a t e r . T he i nc re ase i n p o p u l a t i o n a n d pe r c a p i t a c o n su m p t i o n

ha s g i v en r i s e t o a s i tu a t i o n i n w hi c h t he wa te r d i ve r s i f i ed b y

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s p r i n g i s f o u n d i na de qu a t e . H yd ro l o g i c a l l y , a sp r i n g s t a r t s f r o m a

l in e o r po in t w he re t he wa t e r t a b l e me e t s t he l oc a l t o p o g ra ph i c

s u r f a ce . T h i s u su a l l y ha p p en s o n a h i l l s l ope , wh e re t he wa t e r

pe rc o l a t i n g i n t he h i l l a t i t s t op s u r f ac e m e e t s t opo gra p h ic lo w .

A c co rd i n g t o 20 01 Ce ns u s Am e ni t i e s d a t a , e l e ve n

v i l l a ge s o f D u d h gan ga ba s i n a re d ep en de n t o n s p r in g a s s o u rc e o f

w a te r . B u t n o w a da y , t h i s n a t u r a l w a t e r su pp l y i s f ou nd

i na de qua t e . O n e r e l a t i ve l y e a sy m ea ns o f s t o r i n g an d d i s t r i b u t i n g

s p r i n g wa t e r i s t h ro u gh a de v i ce kn o w n a s a s p r i n g bo x (F i gu re

6 . 1 1 ) . B u i l t u s u a l l y i n t o a h i l l s i d e a n d de e p e n o u gh t o a cc e s s t he

s p r i n g-wa t e r so u rc e , t h i s de vi ce a l l o w s wa te r t o e n t e r f r o m t h e

b o t t om a n d f i l l u p to a l e ve l e s ta b l i sh e d b y a n o v er f l ow o r v e n t

p i pe .

D e pe nd i n g o n l oc a l wa t e r r e q u i re m e n t s an d c o n d i t i on s ,

a nu mb e r o f t h ese s p r i n g b oxe s m a y b e c o n s t ru c te d t o p ro v i de

ye a r - ro un d s up p l y o r use d to re c ha rge o t he r co m mu n i t y wa t e r

s t o ra ge s ys t e ms . The e le va t ed a r ea whe re t he s p r i n g w a t e r e n t e r s

t he ro ck su r f a ce t h ro u gh i n f i l t r a t i on o f r a i n f a l l c an be c o n s i d e r ed

a c a t c hm en t a r ea o f t he s p r i n g . O ne w a y t o im p r o ve t he d i sc ha rg e

o f a s p r i n g i s t he re fo r e , t o in c r ea se t h e i n f i l t r a t i on i n t h e

c a t c h m en t a re a a f t e r i de n t i f y i n g i t .

6 . 9 .1 Spr ing Augmenta t i on Technique :

In h i l l y r e g io n em pha s i s ha s t o be g i ve n f o r s p r i n g

de ve l opm e nt a s i t i s a h i gh l y de s i r a b l e s ou rce o f c o m m u n i t y wa t e r

s up p l y . E l e ve n sp r i n gs o f c on ce rn ed v i l l a ge s a re i d en t i f i e d b y

u s i n g t o p o she e t . Sp r in g wa te r ha rve s t in g t ec h n iq ue b y a p p l yi n g

s p r i n g bo x h as be e n s u gg es t e d fo r t he m . Th ese sp r i n g s a re f u r t h e r

p r op o se d f o r au gm e n t a t i o n a n d s u i t a b l e m ea su res ha ve b een

s u g ge s te d a f t e r id en t i f y in g t he c a tc hm e n t a r ea s .

T o i m p ro ve d i sch a r ge o f sp r i n g , ca t c h me n t a re as

c ha ra c t e r i s t i c s l ik e p h y s io gra p h y , g eo l o gy , ge oh y d ro l o gy an d l a nd

u se l a n d c o ve r h a ve be en a s ses se d in G IS d om a i n t h ro ug h o v e r l a y

a na l ys i s . O ne wa y t o im pr o ve th e d i sc ha rg e o f a sp r i n g i s to

i nc re a se th e i n f i l t r a t i on i n t h e c a t c h m en t a re a . A t a p p ro p r i a t e

l oc a t i on , f o l l o wi n g t h re e m e as u re s a re s u gge s t e d to i nc r e a se the

d i sc ha rge f ro m t he s p r i n g .

a ) Af fore s ta t i on :

A ff o re s t a t i o n i s de f i ne d a s a p l a nne d p roc e s s t ha t a i m s t o r e ga i n

e co lo g i ca l in te g r i t y a n d e nh a n ce h u ma n we l l b e i n g i n d e f o re s t ed o r

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de gr ad ed fo r e s t l a nd sca p e s . Muc h o f th e wo r l d ’s d r i n k i ng w a t e r

c o m es f rom c a t c hm en ts t ha t a re na tu ra l l y f o re s t e d . T he re a p pe a r s

t o be a c l ea r l i n k be t wee n fo re s t s a nd t he qu a l i t y a n d qua n t i t y o f

w a te r c o m i n g o u t o f a c a tc hm e nt . Fo res t s t he re fo re o f t en p ro v i de

t he b a s i s f o r i n te g ra te d m a n a ge me nt o f wa t e r r e so urce s , a l t h o u g h

p r ec i se e f f ec t s va ry f rom p la c e t o p l a ce (Du dl e y an d S to l t o n ,

2 0 03 ) .

F i gu re 6 .1 2 : Sp r i n g Wa t e r H a r ve s t i n g Sy s te m (Ad o pt e d Fro m PH E.

D ep t . o f Me gh a l a ya )

I n t he s t u d y r e g io n th e so u rc e o f s p r i n g wa t e r h a s

d w i n d le d o v e r t he ye a rs d ue t o de fo re s t a t i on a n d i nc re ase in

p o pu l a t i o n . To i m p ro ve t he d i sc ha rge o f sp r i n g wa t e r , c a t c hm e n t

a re as a re i de n t i f i e d a n d su gg es t e d f o r a f fo r e s t a t i o n p ro gra m .

Ma in l y Ha nb a rw ad i , Ku rha d w a d i , Dh e re w ad i , D h an ga rw a d i a nd

V a ik e w ad i v i l l a ge a r e as a re r e co mm e n de d t o i mp le m e nt

a f fo re s ta t io n p ro gr am .

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F i g u re 6 .1 3

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b) Cons truc t ion o f Sma l l Bunds i n the Catchment Area:

T o i m p ro ve th e p e r co la t io n o f ra i n wa te r , sm a l l bu nd s

s ho u l d be c o n s t ruc te d a t s u gg es t ed lo ca t io ns . Th i s s t r uc t u re

r e d u ce s t he run of f , w h i c h h e l ps t o e nh a n ce t he p e r c o la t io n o f r a in

w a te r i n t he ca t ch me n t a r e as o f sp r i n g .

c ) Trenche s :

T hi s i s a ve ry i m p or ta n t ra in wa t e r ha rve s t i n g s t r uc t u re .

A t s u g ge s t e d l oc a t i on s (F i gu re 6 .1 1 ) , t h i s s t ruc t u re c a n be

c o ns t ru c t e d on h i l l s l o pe s a s we l l a s o n de gra d ed a n d b a r re n w a s t e

l a n d s i n b o t h h i g h - a nd lo w - ra in f a l l a r ea s . T he t r en c h es b r ea k t h e

s l o pe a t i n t e r va l s a n d r ed uc e t he ve lo c i t y o f s u r f a c e ru n o f f . The

w a te r re t a i ne d in t he t re nc h w i l l h e l p i n c o n se r v i ng t h e so i l

m oi s tu re a nd g ro u n d wa t e r r ec ha rge t o im pr o ve th e d i sc ha rge o f

s p r i n g wa te r .

6 . 10 Summary :

A c co rd i n g t o LC C, f o u r c l a s se s a r e i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e

s t u d y r e g io n . Th ose a re I I , I I I , IV a n d V I . The a na l y s i s re vea l s

t ha t c l a s s I I i s o bse rve d a l o n g t he D ud h ga n ga r i ve r . Th i s c l a s s i s

l im i te d a s c o m p a re t o o t he r c l a s ses . T h i s c l a s s c o ve r s 1 6 .2 8 p e r

c en t a re a w h ic h i s d om in a te d b y g e n t l e s l o p e . C l a s s I I I i s e x t e nd e d

be t wee n c l a s s I I an d IV . I t s s pa t i a l ex te n t i s m uc h m or e i n l o w er

r e a ch es o f D ud h ga n ga ba s i n a s c om pare to u p pe r re a c he s . The t o ta l

a re a co ve re d b y t h i s c l a s s i s a bo u t 2 1 pe r c e n t . C l a s s VI i s a

d o m i na n t c l a s s wi th r e s p ec t t o a r ea l e x t en t , w h i ch a c co u n t s f o r 34

pe r c en t a re a o f s tu d y re g i on . The ac t io n p l a n f o r l an d re s ou rc es i s

s u g ge s te d b y l a nd s u i t a b i l i t y c la s s i f i ca t i o n . C u l t i va t i o n c a n b e

d o ne b y a d o p t in g s u i t a b l e so i l an d w a t e r c o n se r va t i o n m e a su re s

l ik e c o n t o u r c u l t iv a t i o n , be nc h t e r r ac i n g , g r a de d bu n d i n g a t

s u i t a b le a re a s . C 1 , C 2 , C3 a nd C4 a r e t h e s ym bo l s wh i ch a re u se d

fo r suc h t y pe o f cu l t i va t i o n t o sh ow su i t ab i l i t y o f l a nd a n d t yp e o f

c u l t i va t i o n . A n a l ys i s r e vea l s t ha t C1 t y pe o f c u l t i va t io n c a n be

a d op te d a l o n g th e D u d h ga n ga r i v e r w h ic h ha s l e s s g ra d i e n t a n d

go o d d e p th o f so i l . C o n t o u r c u l t i va t i o n ha s be en s u gg es t e d a l o ng

t he D ud h ga n g a R i ve r a t C 1 l oc a t i o n . Th i s r e g io n i s d o mi na t ed b y

h i gh r a i n f a l l . He n c e , g ra de d bu n d s a r e mo s t s u i t a b le f o r t h i s

r e gi on whe re th e s l o p e r an ge s be t we e n t wo t o s e ve n pe r c e n t .

Be nc h t e r ra c i n g n ee d t o b e p r ac t i c e d o n s l o p p y a gr ic u l t u r a l f i e ld s .

So u t h we s t e rn h i l l y a re a s o f Ra d ha na gr i t ah s i l a r e m os t s u i t a b l e

f o r f o re s t . D e g ra de d l an d a re a s o f sha l l o w to m o de ra t e s o i l d ep th

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m us t be b ro u gh t u n d e r p a s t u r e . H i l l y a r ea s o f Ka r ve e r an d Ka ga l

t a h s i l s a r e m o s t s u i t a b le f o r pa s t u re l a n d .

Se d i me n t y i e l d da t a a re ge n e ra l l y n o t co l l e c t e d fo r

s m a l l e r s ub -c a t c hm e n ts a n d i t b ec om e s d i f f i c u l t t o id e n t i f y t he

a re as m o s t v u l ne ra b l e t o e ro s i o n t ha t sh ou ld be t re a t e d o n t he

ba s i s o f p r i o r i t y . A p p l i c a t i o n o f W ER M m o d e l , w i t h t he a d ve n t o f

r e m o t e s e n s i n g d a t a a n d G I S ca pa b i l i t i e s ha ve be co me ve ry

c o n ve n ie n t t o p re d i c t t he re la t i v e vu l ne ra b i l i t y t o so i l e ros i o n .

V e ry h i g h p r io r i ty m u s t b e g i v en to Vad d wa di , Han ba rwa d i ,

Sh e n d u r , Ba m an e , Kh e ba wa de , D he re w a di , Ma j ga o a n d B u rd wa di

v i l l a ge a re a s . Th e m a j o r f ac t o r s t ha t co n t r i bu te t o so i l e ro s i on

p o te n t i a l in t he se w a te rs h ed s a re h i gh ra i n f a l l , h i l l y t e r ra in a nd

l ac k o f ve ge ta t io n c o v e r . The s i t e s u i t a b i l i t y a na l ys i s f o r l oc a t i n g

t he r a i n wa t e r h a rve s t i n g s t r u c t u r e s u s i n g G IS o ve r l a y t e c hn i q u e

ha s an a dd e d ad va n t a ge o ve r c o n ve n t i o na l su rve y . Ap p ro p r i a t e

s i t e s f o r ra in wa te r ha rve s t i n g s t r u c t u r e s a r e ve ry l im i te d in

w e s te rn a n d so u t h w e s t e r n pa r t s o f t he s t u d y re g i o n . Nor t h e a s te rn

a re as wi t h ge n t l e t o m o d era t e s l o pe a r e h i g h l y f a vo ra b l e fo r r a in

w a te r h a r ve s t i n g s t r uc t u re s . In th e s t ud y r e g i o n , fo r t y t w o a nd

e i g h t ee n s i t e s a re f o u n d su i t ab le f o r t he co ns t ruc t i o n o f c he c k

da m s a n d p e r c o la t i o n t a n k s r e s p ec t i v e l y . T he re a re va r i o us

s u i t a b le s i t e s i n t he s tu d y re g i on w h ere i m pl em e nt a t i o n o f Ha r i y a l i

p r o j ec t i s n ec e s sa ry . T o c o n se rve t h e t ra d i t i o na l so urc e o f s p r i n g

w a te r , e l e ve n sp r i n g s a re p ro po se d fo r au gm e n ta t io n a nd

de ve l opm e nt . B y a p p l y i n g t he su gg es t e d c on se rv a t i on m e a su re s

i n t e g ra te d wa te r r e s ou rce d e ve l op men t w o ul d be po ss ib le i n t h e

s t u d y r e g i on .

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So i l E ro s i on o f t h e Uk a i Da m C a t c hm e nt s U s i n g Re m ote Se ns i n g

a n d G I S” , H y dro lo g i ca l Sc i e nc es , J o u rn a l -De s Sc ie nc e s ,

H yd ro l o g iq ue s , 4 7 (1 ) 3 1 .

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H yd ro . Sc i . J . 4 6 (2 ) , 8 3 3 -8 4 3

La n d Re so u rc es B ran c h (19 90 ) : G ui d e l i n e s f o r A gr ic u l t u ra l La n d

E va l u a t i on i n Q ue en s la n d , Q ue e n s la n d De p ar tm e n t o f Pr im a ry

In du s t r i e s I n f o rm a t i on Se r i e s Q 1 90 005 .

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N a t i on a l B u re a u o f S o i l S u rve y a n d La n d Use P l a n n i n g (2 0 0 5 ) :

So i l Re so u rc e Ma p pi n g P ro j e c t , Na t i ona l Bu re a u o f So i l Su rve y

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H i ma l a y a Pu b l ic a t i o n , B om ba y

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P ro gra m m e: A M ic ro Le ve l Im p e r ia l An a l ys i s” , T ra n sa c t i on s ,

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Ba s i n (Ma h a ra s h t ra ) : A Ge o - Ec o l o g i ca l A na l ys i s” , Un p ub l i s he d

U G C Ma j or R ese a rc h P ro j e c t Re po r t . S .U . Ko p .

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U n i t ed S ta t e s D e p a r tm e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , ( 1 97 3 ) : So i l

C o n se rva t i o n Se rv ic e , La n d Ca pa b i l i t y C l a s s i f i c a t i on , A gr i c u l tu re

H a n db oo k No . 21 0 .

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