single channel dpf experiments to investigate soot cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · presenter tom...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures
DEER ConferenceChicago, IL August, 25, 2005
Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL
Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures
DEER ConferenceChicago, IL August, 25, 2005
Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNLCollaborators
PNNLGary Maupin, Mark Steward, and Heather Dillon
ORNLThomas Watkins, Jiaming Bai, Laura Riester, Mattison Ferber,
Doug Blom, Michael Lance ANL
Pete Jemian
OFCVTSid Diamond
![Page 2: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Transition from Deep Bed to Cake Filtration
Transition from Deep Bed to Cake Filtration
Source: pressure vs time UW-Madison
![Page 3: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Digital Mapping of Substrate Microstructure
Digital Mapping of Substrate Microstructure
PhysicalComputational
• SAE 2003-01-0835Corning EX-80, 100 cpi
Source: Mark Steward CLEERS
![Page 4: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Simulation of Particle MotionSimulation of Particle Motion
Parameters:Aerodynamic diameter 100 nmContact diameter 1μmParticle time step 3×10-7 s
Motion derived from flow fieldBrownian motion superimposedDeposition upon impactDeposits exert Darcy resistanceNo regeneration, restructuring
Source: Mark Steward CLEERS
![Page 5: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Resistance of Deposits to FlowResistance of Deposits to Flow
• Deposition of single particle
• Deposition of second particle
• Increased resistance• Distortion of Flow Field
• Increased resistance• Distortion of Flow Field
Source: Mark Steward CLEERS
![Page 6: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Transition from Deep Bed to Cake Filtration - Lattice Boltzmann ModelTransition from Deep Bed to Cake
Filtration - Lattice Boltzmann Model
Source: pressure vs time UW-Madison
![Page 7: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Validation of LB Models at the Microscopic Scale
Validation of LB Models at the Microscopic Scale
Visual Comparison at Soot Cake / Substrate interfaceComparison of Soot Deposition and Cake characteristics as predicted by the LB Model
However, the challenge is to 1) Prepare DPF samples under precise conditions of flow,
temperature and particulate/cake characterization consistent with LB model.
2) Utilize techniques that are consistent with the microscopic scale
![Page 8: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Full Scale DPF TestingFull Scale DPF Testing
Limitations for Microscopic Studies • Axial and radial flow distribution• Temperature distribution• Sample preparation
![Page 9: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Single Channel Filter AssemblySingle Channel Filter Assembly
Single channel objectives
• Validations of LB models• Soot cake structure• Oxidation versus cake structure• Particle Adhesion• Porosity/permeability • Catalyst distribution vs performance
Controlled flow rate using mass flow controller
Temperature and sample probes
![Page 10: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Single Channel FilterVehicle Exhaust Assembly
Single Channel FilterVehicle Exhaust Assembly
![Page 11: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Single Channel DPF Exhaust Assembly
![Page 12: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Single Channel ExperimentsSingle Channel ExperimentsSingle channel cut from filterOutside surfaces loaded by drawing exhaust through the single channel
![Page 13: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Soot Cake PropertiesSoot Cake Properties
![Page 14: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Soot Loading CurvePe# ~ 0.3
Soot Loading CurvePe# ~ 0.3
![Page 15: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Soot Loading CurvePe # ~ 0.75
Soot Loading CurvePe # ~ 0.75
![Page 16: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Soot Loading CurvePe# ~ 4
Soot Loading CurvePe# ~ 4
![Page 17: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Deep Bed FiltrationDeep Bed Filtration
10 minutes10 minutesPe# ~4Pe# ~4
![Page 18: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Transition from Deep Bed to Soot Cake Filtration
Transition from Deep Bed to Soot Cake Filtration
25 minutes25 minutesPe# ~4Pe# ~4
Pores remaining open
![Page 19: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Fully Developed Soot CakeFiltration
Fully Developed Soot CakeFiltration
55 minutes55 minutesPe# ~4Pe# ~4
Pores remaining open
![Page 20: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Microscopic Comparison to Real Soot Deposits
Microscopic Comparison to Real Soot Deposits
![Page 21: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Low voltage SEM Soot imageLow voltage SEM Soot image
60 μm
Source ORNL HTML
![Page 22: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Nano-indentation Young’s Modulus and Hardness
Nano-indentation Young’s Modulus and Hardness
Sample Comment E (Mpa) H (Mpa)0 Cordierite Sub. 141 2.430 Cordierite Sub. 74.7 1.650 Cordierite Sub. 92.8 0.951 Most dense 11.8 0.951 Most dense 11.0 0.841 Most dense 10.5 0.793 Least dense 8.05 0.683 Least dense 8.31 0.773 Least dense 8.21 0.76
Source ORNL HTML
![Page 23: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Nano-indentationMulti Runs
Nano-indentationMulti Runs
Source ORNL HTML
The bulge in displacement curve during unloading is an Indication of an adhesive force (stickiness)
![Page 24: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Raman spectroscopy long-range order (graphitization) in soot
Raman spectroscopy long-range order (graphitization) in soot
An increase in the ratio of the “G” (graphite) band to the “D” (disorder) band indicates more long range order
Sample 2 experienced temperatures ~ 20 C higher than samples 1 and 3 for a period of an hour which may explain the higher G/D ratio.
D G
0
20
40
60
500 1000 1500 2000cm -1
Ra
ma
n In
ten
si
Fres h650C850C950C
Sample Comment G/D1 Most dense 1.061.1 Most dense 1.082 Middle dense 1.313 Least dense 1.14
Source ORNL HTML
![Page 25: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
USAXS ResultsUSAXS Results
60 μm
Source ORNL HTML
Synchrotron X-rays,33ID @ APS
20 μm
![Page 26: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
USAXS Absorption ResultsUSAXS Absorption Results
![Page 27: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
USAXS ResultsUSAXS Results
![Page 28: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
USAXS Results versusLB model Prediction
USAXS Results versusLB model Prediction
![Page 29: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
![Page 30: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
LB Model versus Experimental ResultsLB Model versus Experimental ResultsP
ress
ure
Dro
p
Time
Soot cake well characterized
Deep Bed filtration is variableamong single channels
![Page 31: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Oxidation Kinetics
Infrared Camera Analysis
Oxidation Kinetics
Infrared Camera Analysis
![Page 32: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Infra Analysis of Soot Oxidation of Full Brick
Infra Analysis of Soot Oxidation of Full Brick
Variations in radial and axial soot deposition makes it difficult to support LB modeling of oxidation reactions
![Page 33: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Single channel objectives
• Oxidation versus cake structure• Particle Adhesion• Porosity/permeability • Catalyst distribution vs performance
Infrared Camera AnalysisSingle Channel Filter Assembly
Infrared Camera AnalysisSingle Channel Filter Assembly
![Page 34: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Optical Access and Soot Coated ChannelOptical Access and Soot Coated Channel
![Page 35: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Infrared and Video Camera SetupInfrared and Video Camera Setup
![Page 36: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Single Channel Oxidation KineticsSingle Channel Oxidation Kinetics
Monitor CO2, NOx and Temperature
![Page 37: Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake … · 2014. 3. 11. · Presenter Tom Gallant, PNNL Single Channel DPF Experiments to Investigate Soot Cake Structures DEER](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022060517/60499f4660333446c52b6d42/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
ConclusionsConclusions
Single channel filter technique has the ability to validate the LB model.
Deep bed filtration of single channels may not be uniform.
USAXS, Raman, and Nano indentation techniques provide insight into the changes in soot cake characteristics.
Optical techniques in conjunction with USAXS, Raman and Nano-indentation can be used to understand the effect different regeneration strategies soot regeneration.