Simultaneous Reduction of Dioxins and CO 2 Emissions in Fossil fuel-fired Utilities and

Industrial Boilers

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21 October 2010, Kuwait.

Mohamed EISAChief and Deputy Director

Environmental Management Branch, UNIDO

Stockholm Convention on POPs� Article 5

“Each party shall at minimum take the following measures to reduce the total releases derived from anthropogenic sources of each of the chemicals listed in Annex C, with the goal of their continuing minimization and, where feasible,

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goal of their continuing minimization and, where feasible, ultimate elimination”

� ANNEX C CHEMICALS� Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans� Hexachlorobenzene� Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Stockholm Convention on POPs� Article 5.d

Promote and require the use of Best Available Techniques (BAT) and Best Environmental Practices (BEP) on source categories identified in Part II and III of Annex C

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� BATsThe most effective and advanced stage in the development of activities and their methods of operations.

� BEPsApplication of the most appropriate combination of environmental control measures and strategies.

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UNIDO’s Initiatives on BAT and BEP

UNIDO POPs Programme� Best Available Techniques (BAT) and Best

Environmental Practices (BEP)

BAT/BEP Forums� East and South East

Asia (ESEA),

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Asia (ESEA),� Countries of Eastern

Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia (CEECCA)

� Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)countries

� Africa (ECOWAS,COMESA, SADC)

Fossil fuel-fired utility & industrial boilers

• In a combustion system which is not properly operated (e.g. temperature, residence time, oxygen & mixing not adequate) PCDD/F, PCB & HCB maybe produced during or may survive the combustion process.

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combustion process.

� Significant mass emissions possible because of large volumes of

flue gas with small concentrations of PCDD/F.

� PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES

The Project

Regional Project: Demonstration of BAT and BEP on Fossil fuel-fired utilities and

industrial boilers

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� Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Mongolia, the Philippines and Thailand

The Project

� Fossil fuel-fired utility and Industrial Boiler is aPriority Sector

� 265.5 g TEQ/year total UP-POPs releases� Need for common rules for PCDD/PCDF

inventories� UNEP Toolkit does not address small (less

FINDINGS and CONCLUSIONS

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� UNEP Toolkit does not address small (lessthan 10t/h steam) industrial boilers

� Special types of fuel are being used in theregion

� Boiler Regulatory Acts mainly on Safety thanEnvironment

� Survey questionnaires to conduct inventory

The Project

� Reduction and elimination unintentionallyproduced POPs (UP-POPs) releases byenhancing guidelines and guidance onBAT/BEP for fossil fuel-fired utility andindustrial boilers through addressing specific

OVER ALL PROJECT OBJECTIVE

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industrial boilers through addressing specificfeatures of industry, common practices in theregion and related socio-economicconsiderations and thus formulating regionalguidelines and guidance on BAT/BEP to beintroduced in implementing the relevantrequirements of SC.

The Project

� Studies on special types of fuels used in the region� Focus on energy efficiency through retrofitting,

revamping or through best practices adopted on boiler operations

SPECIAL FEATURES

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operations� Synergy between reduction of UP-POPs and

greenhouse gas emissions� Contribution to the UNEP Dioxin Toolkit� Pilot-demonstration cases� Technology transfer and investment

Dynamic Synergy

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CLIMATE CHANGESTOCKHOLM CONVENTION

ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Characteristics of Boiler Population in the ESEA Region

� About 6,000 industrial boilers surveyed

� Coal-, biomass- and diesel/fuel oil-fired

� A large percentage are old and are equipped with obsolete combustion technology

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with obsolete combustion technology

� Steam generation capacity averages to about 10t/h of steam

� Average efficiency varies between 55 to 65 percent

Enhancing boiler efficiency

� Regulating excess air can improve efficiency from 72 to 82%

� Reducing ash content by 1% can increase the efficiency by 0.3%

Reduction of 5% moisture content

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� Reduction of 5% moisture contentimproves efficiency by 1%

� Deposits on the water side of the boiler may reduce efficiency by as much as 12%

� Air infiltrations may decrease efficiency by more than 10%

Fuel TypeFuel TypeFuel TypeFuel Type COCOCOCO2 2 2 2 EF, EF, EF, EF,

tons tons tons tons

COCOCOCO2222/MWh/MWh/MWh/MWh

COCOCOCO2222 EF, EF, EF, EF,

tons tons tons tons

COCOCOCO2222/ton /ton /ton /ton

fuelfuelfuelfuel

Dioxins Dioxins Dioxins Dioxins

EF,EF,EF,EF,

µg TEQ/TJµg TEQ/TJµg TEQ/TJµg TEQ/TJ

Coal 0.34 1.84 10

Enhancing Boiler Efficiency:Fuel switching Option

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Coal 0.34 1.84 10

Fuel oil 0.27 3.08 2.5

Natural

gas

0.20 2.93 0.5

References: UNEP Guidelines for Calculating GHS and UNEP Toolkit (Power boilers)

Dioxin Emission Factors, µgTEQ/TJ

Enhancing Boiler Efficiency:Retrofitting/Purchase of New Boiler

Fuel

Type

Old

Boiler

Retrofit

ted

Boiler

BAT/BEP

Boiler

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References: Actual data measured for small industrial boilers

Boiler

Biomass 500500500500 100100100100 50505050

Coal 100100100100 10101010 1111

Fuel oil 10101010 2.52.52.52.5 2.52.52.52.5

Boiler Characteristics and Fuel types for a 10t/h steam -generating industrial boiler:

Assumptions

Boiler Characteristics Values

Steam Generation Capacity 10t/hr at 10 bar (7.6 MWt)

Operating hours/year 7,000 h/yr full load

Feed water temperature 30 oC

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Feed water temperature 30 C

Fuel Types Gross Heating Value

Fuel oil 10,300 kcal/kg

Coal 3,200 kcal/kg

Biomass 5000 kcal/kg

Capital Costs Value

10t/h FBC Biomass boiler 300,000 USD

10t/h FBC coal 350,000 USD

Capital Costs and Other Economic Factors for a 10t/h steam -generating industrial boiler:

Assumptions

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Economics Value

Discount rate 12%

Amortization period 20 years for a new boiler

10 years for old boiler

retrofit

Boiler TypeBoiler TypeBoiler TypeBoiler Type Fuel Fuel Fuel Fuel ConsumptioConsumptioConsumptioConsumptio

n, t/yn, t/yn, t/yn, t/y

Dioxins Dioxins Dioxins Dioxins

EmissionEmissionEmissionEmission

s, s, s, s,

µgTEQ/yµgTEQ/yµgTEQ/yµgTEQ/y

% Dioxin % Dioxin % Dioxin % Dioxin

ReductioReductioReductioReductio

nnnn

COCOCOCO2 2 2 2 emissionemissionemissionemission

s, t/ys, t/ys, t/ys, t/y

% CO% CO% CO% CO2 2 2 2 reductioreductioreductioreductio

nnnn

Old oil boilerOld oil boilerOld oil boilerOld oil boiler 5,8335,8335,8335,833 2,5082,5082,5082,508 0000 17,96617,96617,96617,966 0000

Retrofit oil Retrofit oil Retrofit oil Retrofit oil 5,0005,0005,0005,000 538538538538 79797979 15,40015,40015,40015,400 14141414

Dioxin and CO 2 Emission Values for a 10t/h steam -generating industrial boiler

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boilerboilerboilerboiler

Old coal boilerOld coal boilerOld coal boilerOld coal boiler 13,72513,72513,72513,725 28,68528,68528,68528,685 0000 25,25425,25425,25425,254 0000

Retrofit coal Retrofit coal Retrofit coal Retrofit coal

boilerboilerboilerboiler

12,28012,28012,28012,280 2,5672,5672,5672,567 91919191 22,59522,59522,59522,595 11111111

New coal FBC New coal FBC New coal FBC New coal FBC

boilerboilerboilerboiler

10,76910,76910,76910,769 2,2512,2512,2512,251 92929292 19,81519,81519,81519,815 22222222

Old biomass Old biomass Old biomass Old biomass

boilerboilerboilerboiler

25,92925,92925,92925,929 172, 428172, 428172, 428172, 428 0000 0000 0000

Retrofit Retrofit Retrofit Retrofit

biomass boilerbiomass boilerbiomass boilerbiomass boiler

23,33323,33323,33323,333 31,03331,03331,03331,033 82828282 0000 0000

New biomass FBC New biomass FBC New biomass FBC New biomass FBC

boilerboilerboilerboiler

18,42018,42018,42018,420 12,24912,24912,24912,249 93939393 0000 0000

Boiler TypeBoiler TypeBoiler TypeBoiler Type CapitaCapitaCapitaCapita

l l l l

Costs*Costs*Costs*Costs*

AnnualizeAnnualizeAnnualizeAnnualize

d Costs*d Costs*d Costs*d Costs*

O&M O&M O&M O&M

costs*costs*costs*costs*

Annual Annual Annual Annual

Costs*Costs*Costs*Costs*

Fuel Fuel Fuel Fuel

SavingsSavingsSavingsSavings

****

BalanceBalanceBalanceBalance

Old oil boilerOld oil boilerOld oil boilerOld oil boiler 0000 0000 0000 0000

Retrofit oil Retrofit oil Retrofit oil Retrofit oil

boilerboilerboilerboiler

40404040 5.35.35.35.3 20202020 25252525 500500500500 475475475475

Economics for a 10t/h steam -generating industrial boiler

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Old coal boilerOld coal boilerOld coal boilerOld coal boiler 0000 0000 0000 0000

Retrofit coal Retrofit coal Retrofit coal Retrofit coal

boilerboilerboilerboiler

50505050 6.76.76.76.7 25252525 32323232 867867867867 835835835835

New coal FBC New coal FBC New coal FBC New coal FBC

boilerboilerboilerboiler

350350350350 46.846.846.846.8 30303030 77777777 2,9562,9562,9562,956 2,8792,8792,8792,879

Retrofit Retrofit Retrofit Retrofit

biomass boilerbiomass boilerbiomass boilerbiomass boiler

50505050 6.76.76.76.7 25252525 32323232 78787878 46464646

New biomass FBC New biomass FBC New biomass FBC New biomass FBC

boilerboilerboilerboiler

300300300300 40.240.240.240.2 30303030 70707070 225225225225 155155155155

* Figures in USD x1000

Conclusions• Linkage between energy efficiency and reduction in CO2 and dioxin emissions has been established

• Calculations on retrofitting and

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replacement of small industrial boilers indicate very attractive economics (BAT and BEP)

• Measurement of dioxin releases from boilers of different fuels, capacity, type and age should be carried out to give a more authentic assessment of emissions.

• UNIDO is at the forefront of executing BAT/BEP projects envisaged to account for the synergistic relationships among MEAs

THANK YOU

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www.unido.org/POPs