sims 213: user interface design & development marti hearst tues, april 6, 2004
Post on 21-Dec-2015
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Another Kind of Evaluation
Evaluation based on Cognitive Modeling Fitts’ Law
Used to predict a user’s time to select a target
Keystroke-Level Model low-level description of what users would
have to do to perform a task. GOMS
structured, multi-level description of what users would have to do to perform a task
Slide adapted from Melody Ivory
GOMS at a glance
Proposed by Card, Moran & Newell in 1983– Apply psychology to CS
• employ user model (MHP) to predict performance of tasks in UI
– task completion time, short-term memory requirements
– Applicable to • user interface design and evaluation• training and documentation
– Example of• automating usability assessment
Slide adapted from Melody Ivory
Model Human Processor (MHP)
Card, Moran & Newell (1983)– most influential model of user interaction
• used in GOMS analysis– 3 interacting subsystems
• cognitive, perceptual & motor• each with processor & memory
– described by parameters» e.g., capacity, cycle time
• serial & parallel processing
Adapted from slide by Dan Glaser
Slide adapted from Melody Ivory
Original GOMS (CMN-GOMS)
Card, Moran & Newell (1983)Engineering model of user interaction
• Goals - user’s intentions (tasks)– e.g., delete a file, edit text, assist a customer
• Operators - actions to complete task– cognitive, perceptual & motor (MHP)– low-level (e.g., move the mouse to menu)
Slide adapted from Melody Ivory
CMN-GOMS
Engineering model of user interaction (continued)• Methods - sequences of actions (operators)
– based on error-free expert– may be multiple methods for accomplishing same goal
» e.g., shortcut key or menu selection
• Selections - rules for choosing appropriate method– method predicted based on context
– hierarchy of goals & sub-goals
Keystroke-Level Model
Simpler than CMN-GOMSModel was developed to predict time to accomplish a task on a computerPredicts expert error-free task-completion time with the following inputs:– a task or series of subtasks– method used– command language of the system– motor-skill parameters of the user– response-time parameters of the system
Prediction is the sum of the subtask times and overhead
Slide adapted from Newstetter & Martin, Georgia Tech
KLM-GOMS
Keystroke level model
1. Predict
(What Raskin refers to as GOMS)
Action 1
Action 2
Action 3
x sec.
y sec.
z sec.+
t sec.
2. Evaluate
Time usinginterface 1 Time using
interface 2
Slide adapted from Newstetter & Martin, Georgia Tech
Symbols and values
KBPHD
MR
Press KeyMouse Button PressPoint with MouseHome hand to and from keyboardDrawing - domain dependent
Mentally prepareResponse from system - measure
0.2.10/.201.10.4-
1.35-
Operator Remarks Time (s)
Raskin excludes
Assumption: expert user
Slide adapted from Newstetter & Martin, Georgia Tech
Raskin’s rules
KBPHD
MR
0.2.10/.201.10.4-
1.35-
Rule 0: Initial insertion of candidate M’s
Rule 1: Deletion of anticipated M’s
M before KM before P iff P selects command
If an operator following an M is fully anticipated, delete that M.
i.e. not when P points to arguments
e.g. when you point and click
Slide adapted from Newstetter & Martin, Georgia Tech
Raskin’s rules
KBPHD
MR
0.2.10/.201.10.4-
1.35-
Rule 2: Deletion of M’s within cognitive units
Rule 3: Deletion of M’s before consecutive terminators
If a string of MK’s belongs to a cognitive unit, delete all M’s but the first.
If a K is a redundant delimiter, delete the M before it.
e.g. 4564.23
e.g. )’
Slide adapted from Newstetter & Martin, Georgia Tech
Raskin’s rules
KBPHD
MR
0.2.10/.201.10.4-
1.35-
Rule 4: Deletion of M’s that are terminators of commands
Rule 5: Deletion of overlapped M’s
If K is a delimiter that follows a constant string, delete the M in front of it.
Do not count any M that overlaps an R.
Slide adapted from Newstetter & Martin, Georgia Tech
Example 1
KBPHD
MR
0.2.10/.201.10.4-
1.35-
Temperature Converter
Choose which conversion is desired, then type the temperature and press Enter.
Convert F to C.Convert C to F.
HPBHKKKKK
HMPMBHMKMKMKMKMK
HMPBHMKKKKMK
Apply Rule 0
Apply Rules 1 and 2
Convert to numbers
.4+1.35+1.1+.20+.4+1.35+4(.2)+1.35+.2
=7.15
Slide adapted from Newstetter & Martin, Georgia Tech
Example 1
KBPHD
MR
0.2.10/.201.10.4-
1.35-
Temperature Converter
Choose which conversion is desired, then type the temperature and press Enter.
Convert F to C.Convert C to F.
HPBHKKKKK
HMPMBHMKMKMKMKMK
HMPBHMKKKKMK
Apply Rule 0
Apply Rules 1 and 2
Convert to numbers
.4+1.35+1.1+.20+.4+1.35+4(.2)+1.35+.2
=7.15
Example 2
GUI temperature interfaceAssume a button for compressing scaleEnds up being much slower– 16.8 seconds/avg prediction
Using KLM and Information Theory to Design More Efficient Interfaces (Raskin)
Armed with knowledge of the minimum information the user has to specify:– Assume inputting 4 digits on average– One more keystroke for C vs. F– Another keystroke for Enter
Can we design a more efficient interface?
Using KLM to Make More Efficient Interfaces
First Alternative:
To convert temperatures, Type in the numeric temperature,Followed by C for Celcius or
F for Fahrenheit. The converted Temperature will be displayed.
MKKKKMK = 3.7 sec
Using KLM to Make More Efficient Interfaces
Second Alternative: – Translates to both simultaneously
MKKKK = 2.15 sec
C
F
Slide adapted from Melody Ivory
GOMS in Practice
Mouse-driven text editor (KLM)CAD system (KLM)Television control system (NGOMSL)Minimalist documentation (NGOMSL)Telephone assistance operator workstation (CMP-GOMS)– saved about $2 million a year
Slide adapted from Newstetter & Martin, Georgia Tech
Fitts’ Law
Models movement time for selection tasks
The movement time for a well-rehearsed selection task • increases as the distance to the target increases• decreases as the size of the target increases
Slide adapted from Newstetter & Martin, Georgia Tech
Fitts’ Law
Time (in msec) = a + b log2(D/S+1)where a, b = constants (empirically derived) D = distance S = size
ID is Index of Difficulty = log2(D/S+1)
Slide adapted from Pourang Irani
Fitts’ Law
Same ID → Same Difficulty
Target 1 Target 2
Time = a + b log2(D/S+1)
Slide adapted from Pourang Irani
Fitts’ Law
Smaller ID → Easier
Target 2Target 1
Time = a + b log2(D/S+1)
Slide adapted from Pourang Irani
Fitts’ Law
Larger ID → Harder
Target 2Target 1
Time = a + b log2(D/S+1)
Slide adapted from Pourang Irani
Determining Constants for Fitts’ Law
To determine a and b design a set of tasks with varying values for D and S (conditions)
For each task condition – multiple trials conducted and the time to execute each is recorded and
stored electronically for statistical analysis
Accuracy is also recorded– either through the x-y coordinates of selection or – through the error rate — the percentage of trials selected with the cursor
outside the target
Slide adapted from Pourang Irani
A Quiz Designed to Give You Fitts
http://www.asktog.com/columns/022DesignedToGiveFitts.html
Microsoft Toolbars offer the user the option of displaying a label below each tool. Name at least one reason why labeled tools can be accessed faster. (Assume, for this, that the user knows the tool and does not need the label just simply to identify the tool.)
Slide adapted from Pourang Irani
A Quiz Designed to Give You Fitts
1. The label becomes part of the target. The target is therefore bigger. Bigger targets, all else being equal, can always be acccessed faster. Fitt's Law.
2. When labels are not used, the tool icons crowd together.
Slide adapted from Pourang Irani
A Quiz Designed to Give You Fitts
You have a palette of tools in a graphics application that consists of a matrix of 16x16-pixel icons laid out as a 2x8 array that lies along the left-hand edge of the screen. Without moving the array from the left-hand side of the screen or changing the size of the icons, what steps can you take to decrease the time necessary to access the average tool?
Slide adapted from Pourang Irani
A Quiz Designed to Give You Fitts
1. Change the array to 1X16, so all the tools lie along the edge of the screen.
2. Ensure that the user can click on the very first row of pixels along the edge of the screen to select a tool. There should be no buffer zone.
Comparing Evaluation Methods
“User Interface Evaluation in the Real World: A Comparison of Four Techniques” (Jeffries et al., CHI 1991)
Compared:– Heuristic Evaluation (HE)
• 4 evaluators, 2 weeks time– Software Guidelines (SG)
• 3 software engineers, familiar with Unix– Cognitive Walkthrough (CW)
• 3 software engineers, familiar with Unix– Usability Testing (UT)
• Usability professional, 6 participants
The Interface:– HP-VUE, a GUI for Unix (beta version)
Comparing Evaluation MethodsJeffries et al., CHI ‘91
Conclusions:– HE is best from a cost/benefit analysis, but requires
access to several experienced designers– Usability testing second best – found recurring,
general, and critical errors but is expensive to conduct– Guideline-based evaluators missed a lot but did not
realize this• They were software engineers, not usability specialists
– Cognitive walkthrough process was tedious