Signal Signal Transduction Transduction MechanismsMechanismsChemical Messengers and Chemical Messengers and ReceptorsReceptors

Cell SignalsCell Signals

What kinds of environmental factors do What kinds of environmental factors do cells respond to?cells respond to?

Chemical SignalsChemical Signals

What is the difference between hormones and What is the difference between hormones and parcrine factors?parcrine factors?

Signal TransductionSignal Transduction

What elements are involved in cell signaling?What elements are involved in cell signaling?

Signal TransductionSignal Transduction

What is the difference between a What is the difference between a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic hydrophilic and a hydrophobic messenger?messenger?

What kinds of substances fall into each of What kinds of substances fall into each of these categories?these categories?

Signal TransductionSignal Transduction

What exactly do we mean by signal What exactly do we mean by signal transduction?transduction?

Signal TransductionSignal Transduction

What is true about the attachment What is true about the attachment between ligand and receptor?between ligand and receptor?

What is meant by receptor affinity?What is meant by receptor affinity?

What is KWhat is Kdd??

Signal TransductionSignal Transduction

What is meant by receptor down What is meant by receptor down regulation?regulation?

Why is a knowledge of receptor function Why is a knowledge of receptor function so important?so important?

G Protein-Linked G Protein-Linked ReceptorsReceptors

What is a G protein?What is a G protein? What does this type of receptor look like?What does this type of receptor look like?

G Protein-Linked G Protein-Linked ReceptorsReceptors

Structure of G ProteinsStructure of G Proteins

Why are many G proteins considered Why are many G proteins considered heterotrimeric?heterotrimeric?

Activation of G ProteinsActivation of G Proteins

G ProteinsG Proteins

What are some of the effects of activated What are some of the effects of activated G proteins?G proteins?

Cyclic AMP & G ProteinsCyclic AMP & G Proteins

Cyclic AMPCyclic AMP

Cyclic AMPCyclic AMP

How does c-AMP act How does c-AMP act as a second as a second messenger in the messenger in the cell?cell?

Cyclic AMPCyclic AMP

What are some of the observed effects of What are some of the observed effects of c-AMP in cells?c-AMP in cells?

Cyclic AMPCyclic AMP

What do the organisms that cause What do the organisms that cause cholera and pertusis have in common?cholera and pertusis have in common?

G ProteinsG Proteins

Besides c-AMP what other second Besides c-AMP what other second messengers depend upon G proteins?messengers depend upon G proteins?

G ProteinsG Proteins

How is inositol How is inositol triphosphate and triphosphate and diacylglycerol diacylglycerol formed?formed?

G ProteinsG Proteins

Inositol Triphosphate & Inositol Triphosphate & DiacylglycerolDiacylglycerol

What cell functions are regulated by these What cell functions are regulated by these second messengers?second messengers?

Calcium IonsCalcium Ions

How is the CaHow is the Ca+2 +2 concentration in cells concentration in cells regulated?regulated?

Calcium IonsCalcium Ions

How do we know that CaHow do we know that Ca+2 +2 are involved in are involved in cell signaling mechanisms?cell signaling mechanisms?

Calcium IonsCalcium Ions

How does CaHow does Ca+2+2 exert its effects in the cell? exert its effects in the cell?

Calcium IonsCalcium Ions

What role does an What role does an increase in Caincrease in Ca+2+2 play play in the development in the development of animals?of animals?

Calcium IonsCalcium Ions

What role does CaWhat role does Ca+2 +2 play in plant cell play in plant cell function?function?

Calcium IonsCalcium Ions

How are G proteins involved in smooth muscle How are G proteins involved in smooth muscle relaxation?relaxation?

Protein Kinase Protein Kinase Associated ReceptorsAssociated Receptors

What do all of these receptors have in What do all of these receptors have in common?common?

Tyrosine Kinase Tyrosine Kinase ReceptorsReceptors

What do we know What do we know about the structure of about the structure of these receptors?these receptors?

Tyrosine Kinase Tyrosine Kinase ReceptorsReceptors

What are non-receptor tyrosine kinases?What are non-receptor tyrosine kinases?

Tyrosine Kinase Tyrosine Kinase ReceptorsReceptors

What happens when What happens when this receptor is this receptor is activated?activated?

Tyrosine Kinase Tyrosine Kinase ReceptorsReceptors

Growth FactorsGrowth Factors

What are growth factors?What are growth factors?

Growth FactorsGrowth Factors

Fibroblast Growth FactorFibroblast Growth Factor

What role does this growth factor play in What role does this growth factor play in embryonic development?embryonic development?

TGF-TGF-ββ

How does TGF-How does TGF-ββ differ from FGF? differ from FGF?

Growth FactorsGrowth Factors

What do these different pathways have in What do these different pathways have in common?common?

Growth FactorsGrowth Factors

In what way is cancer related to growth In what way is cancer related to growth factors?factors?

HormonesHormones

How do we differentiate an endocrine How do we differentiate an endocrine from a paracrine hormone?from a paracrine hormone?

between a paracrine hormone and a between a paracrine hormone and a growth factor?growth factor?

HormonesHormones What are some physiological functions What are some physiological functions

controlled by hormones?controlled by hormones?

HormonesHormones

Adrenergic HormonesAdrenergic Hormones

In general, how do these hormones affect In general, how do these hormones affect the body?the body?

What are some of the specific effects of What are some of the specific effects of these hormones?these hormones?

Adrenergic HormonesAdrenergic Hormones

What kinds of receptors respond to these What kinds of receptors respond to these hormones?hormones?

Adrenergic HormonesAdrenergic Hormones

On what tissues do we find On what tissues do we find αα receptors? receptors?

ββ receptors? receptors?

Adrenergic HormonesAdrenergic Hormones

What are some of the cell functions regulated What are some of the cell functions regulated by epinephrine via the c-AMP pathway?by epinephrine via the c-AMP pathway?

Adrenergic HormonesAdrenergic Hormones

How specifically does epinephrine influence How specifically does epinephrine influence the breakdown of glycogen?the breakdown of glycogen?

Adrenergic HormonesAdrenergic Hormones

In what way do the In what way do the αα and and ββ receptors act receptors act antagonistically?antagonistically?

How are responses to hormones How are responses to hormones coordinated?coordinated?

Paracrine HormonesParacrine Hormones

What does histamine do and why is it What does histamine do and why is it importantimportant

Paracrine HormonesParacrine Hormones

What role do prostaglandins play in blood clot What role do prostaglandins play in blood clot formation?formation?

Cell Signaling and Cell Signaling and ApoptosisApoptosis

How is apoptosis different from necrosis?How is apoptosis different from necrosis?

Cell Signaling and Cell Signaling and ApoptosisApoptosis

How are caspases related to apoptosis?How are caspases related to apoptosis?

Cell Signaling and Cell Signaling and ApoptosisApoptosis